John Marshall High School Rochester, mn
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- E.A. 79.0 Geology of Rock Climbing
A Short StoryMountain Ranges in NE Minnesota (2.7 billion years ago), remnants can be seen at Giants Ridge – since eroded away. Volcanoes and Lava Flows in NE Minnesota during time of Canadian Shield rifting (splitting apart) 1.1 billion years ago – evidence is thick layer of basalt found on North Shore of Lake Superior and buried here. What is thought to be some of the oldest rock on the planet are exposed in the Minnesota River Valley. Morton Gneiss thought to be 3.5 billion years old. Canadian Shield – Is the foundation of the North American Continent. Evidence shows it to be 3.3 billion years old is exposed in NE Minnesota site of old, current and future mineral mines. Iron Ore Deposits of the 3 Iron Ranges (Cuyuna, Mesabi and Vermillion) were created when iron dissolved from the Canadian Shield combined with oxygen from the first photosynthetic bacteria in seas that covered this area. Massive deposits are in Northern Minnesota where ancient beaches (approx 2.6 to 1.8 billion years ago) collected the rusty sandy sediments, called the Banded Iron Formations. Long Periods of Erosion from 1.1 to 0.4 billion years ago. Intermittent Periods of inland seas 300 to 400 million years ago – evidence is the flat layers of limestone, sandstone, and shale with fossils of trilobites, brachiopods, cephalopods, bryozoans and sharks. Seen around Rochester in the St. Peter Sandstone, Platteville Limestone, Decorah Shale and the Dubuque Limestone. During this Paleozoic time, seas covered Minnesota flooding and receding over and over. Barnes Bluff in Red Wing shows layers of Sandstone and Limestone. Shale is deposited in deep seas; Limestone is laid down in the shallow calm seas and sandstone in shallow beaches. The land mass today known as Minnesota was not always located where it is now. During the Paleozoic it was thought to be located near the equator. Movement of huge plates that the continents sit on brings it to its present location, Plate Tectonics. During the Mesozoic, the time of the Dinosaurs 225- 65 Million years ago, it is thought that Minnesota was tropical/subtropical and moving north of the equator over that time. Again there are layers of sandstone, limestone, and shale that indicate the invasion of inland seas throughout this period. Fossils – No Dinosaurs, shark teeth, marine croc skulls due to Minnesota being submerged. Rocky Mountains Uplifted at the beginning of the Cenozoic Period, 70 million years ago (when the Dinosaurs died off, K-T extinction), very little evidence in MN of this geologic period but during this time it got cold due to movement of the continent north and global changes in the climate. There was thought to be four major glacial advances over the past 2 million years known as the Pleistocene or the ice age. The first three covered MN completely, Nebaraskan, Kansan, and the Illinoin. The last, the Wisconsin, covered all but a small portion of the SE and SW corners of the state, the driftless area. The glaciations wiped out evidence of previous glaciations or erosion (filled in river valleys) except in SE and SW Minnesota. The Wisconsin glaciations peaked 18,000 years ago and ended about 8,000 years ago. Glacial Till – material scraped up and carried by the ice. Canada’s and Northern Minnesota’s topsoil is in Iowa. Till tells the story of where a glacier has been just like mud on your feet tracked into the house tells where you have been Evidence of glaciers at work Moraines, drumlins and eskers – hills of glacial till Scratches in rock – caused by rocks frozen in the glacier and under the pressure of the ice scraped large scratches in the rock in the direction of the glaciers movement (BWCAW) Minnesota River Valley – glacial river Warren which was the drainage of Lake Agassiz. Evidence of the flood is the bluffs along the Mississippi. Brule and St.Croix River Valleys – drainage of glacial Lake Duluth. Minnesota Land Surface Today: NW Corner – bottom of glacial Lake Agassiz, flat fertile land that floods every year. NE Corner – ice scoured Canadian Shield, lava flows and highest elevation at Eagle Mountain, by Lutsen, at 2,301 feet. The lowest elevation is at Lake Superior (602 feet). N Central – S Central – A patchwork of ground and terminal moraines filled with lakes. A large outwash plain North of St. Paul in the area of Cambridge to Askov. SE Corner – no glaciers, ground covered by loess, uniform particles deposited by wind and easily eroded. Much erosion gives us hills and valleys. Bedrock is a Karst/Limestone. Many sinkhole plains and caves. SW – Wedge shaped plateau formed by bedrock called Coteau des Prairies QuestionsWhere can the oldest rocks in Minnesota be found? What are the names of these rocks and how old are these rocks? How did the Banded Iron Formations in NE Minnesota form? What is the Canadian Shield? What did Minnesota look like 300 to 400 million years ago, during the Paleozoic? What are names of the rock layers found in Rochester? Draw a sketch with the first listed as the bottom layer. What is the name of the process that relocated Rochester from the Equator to where it is today, ½ way between the equator and the North Pole? Why are there no Dinosaur fossils found in Minnesota? What is the name of the time period when glaciers covered Minnesota? What are the names of the glaciations? Which did not cover SE Minnesota? When did the period of glaciations end? What are some examples of glaciation at work? What is till? Draw a map of Minnesota with descriptive terms for the land surface characteristics found today. EA #76.5 A Geologic Field Trip of Minnesota The surface of Minnesota is a product of the forces of nature shaped over time. Minnesota is still changing and there is much change yet to come. Read through the booklet and answer the following questions about Minnesota’s Geology. Northeastern Minnesota Changes have taken place over time in Minnesota. List 2 examples of geologic change in the Carlton area. Look at picture #2, which rock, the magma intrusion (basalt) or the surrounding rock, is more resistant to erosion? How can you tell? How are metamorphic rocks, such as metagraywacke, formed? When flowing water slows down, what happens to the suspended eroded particles the water was carrying? When water slows down, what size particles will be dropped out of the water first? How does and esker form? When hot liquid rock cools slowly what size crystals are made? What do you see on the old glacial lake bottom near Duluth, in picture #7? Minnesota has had volcanoes in the past that formed many layers of rock. What is the name of this rock formed from cooled lava? Describe how the two lava flows in picture #8 are different from one another. What is seen on top of the highest lava layer in picture #8? What class of rock is lava? What is a vesicle? In picture #12, Rocky is pointing to two layers of sand and gravel. Which layer was deposited by faster moving water, the top or bottom layer? Why is the Ely Greenstone unique? Why do the pillows of greenstone have small grains on the outside of the pillow and larger grains on the inside of the pillow? When was the first commercial shipment of iron ore made in Minnesota? What is the name of high grade iron ore? What is an outcrop? In picture #17, rocky is pointing to a layer of rock with smaller pieces on the top and larger pieces on the bottom. What is this kind of formation called? What is taconite? Was the iron ore near the town of Tower mined above ground or beneath? Was iron ore near Chisholm mined above ground or beneath? Southeastern Minnesota List two ways southeastern Minnesota is different from the rest of the state. In what type of environment did the fossils that are found in this part of the state live? Describe loess and how it forms. How do sinkholes form? What is a contact? Why can you not see the bottom of the V shaped river valley in picture #44? Which layer of sandstone in picture #44 is older, the dark or light colored sandstone? Why do you think so? Is the Mississippi River today large or small compared to its size at the end of the last ice age? Where did all the water come from to form the valley shown in picture #46? What river dammed the Mississippi River to form Lake Pepin? A break in the rock where the rocks one side of the break has moved is called what? What type of violent motion could have moved the rocks? Describe how a waterfall forms, discuss the hardness of rock layers associated with the waterfall. Do you think a waterfall will form with soft rocks on top of hard rock layers? Describe how a river gorge is formed. EA#77.0 Understanding “Caves” What is thought that the ancients thought of caves? What are some fears brought out by caving? Why do Archeologist like caves? Geologists? Biologists? What is a show cave? A wild cave? How old are the cave drawings in France? How big is Mammoth Cave? How does carbonic acid form? How does the acid get to the limestone? How did the Mammoth Cave form? How did the first cavers see in the dark zones? Why did the ancients go into the caves and what is the evidence? What is a speleothem? How do stalagmites and stalactites form? What some examples of calcite crystal formations? What are some benefits to living in a cave? What is the only animal that lives on the surface and the twilight zone of a cave? What killed the Hidden River Cave? How were the poisons brought to the cave? What was evidence that the cave was coming back to life? Why is the water cleaner in the cave than in the ocean? What is the cause of the cloud layer in the Dragon’s Lair? What is an exobiologist and where are they looking for life? EA #77.5 Student Check List For Wild Caving Dress in layers as the cave is cool (48 F. year round and damp (96 –98 % humidity). First Layer: This layer should be clothes that you don’t mind people seeing you in when you take your muddy (second layer) clothes off. If it’s warm, you could just wear these clothes back to the Nature Center. ____ long or short sleeved T-shirt ____ jogging type shorts, or leggings or long underwear ____ heavy socks, preferably wool
____ wind pants, jeans, or jogging pants. (Baggy pants tend to end up around your ankles if you go through the belly crawl!) ____ shoes/hiking boots with fairly good traction. They will get quite muddy! ____ gloves – work type or stretchy cloth kind ____ thin stocking cap or bandana to wear under the caving helmet
____ jacket, sweatshirt, long sleeved shirt (Depends on the temperature.) ____ jeans or other pants, or if it’s warm enough, shorts. ____ shoes, boots or sandals ____ socks (optional) Additional items to bring: Not optional except for last 2 items! ____ flashlight (new batteries )that you can easily carry while climbing a ladder and it’s OK if it gets dirty. ____ plastic bag to put dirty clothes in ____ sack lunch ____ water bottle & extra snacks (You WILL be thirsty & hungry when you’re done exploring.) ____ cave permission slip ____ book, cards, music for bus ride (optional) ____ camera – disposable ones work well (optional) You may want to carry a backpack or small duffle bag for your extra items and lunch! AGREEMENT TO RELEASE FROM LIABILITY AND MAKE A COVENANT NOT TO SUEFor information about this cave system, see www.karstpreserve.com Owner: Owner is the legal owner of the Land. Visitor: Visitor is the party or parties requesting permission from Owner to enter the Land, to locate, visit, explore, study or map the cave or caves on the Land of the Owner. Visitor includes the family members of Visitor, his parents, wife, children, heirs, people assigned to the legal rights of Visitor, agents, executor and administers. Land: Land includes the real property owned by Owner on which Spring Valley Caverns and other caves are located. This includes the physical surface, either land or water, that must be crossed to reach the entrances to the caves located on the real property of Owner the caves themselves with the necessary surface that must be crossed in order to discover unknown entrances to unknown or known caves on the real property of Owner. Release from Liability: Release from Liability within this agreement means a relinquishment and giving up by Visitor of all his legal rights, claims and privileges against Owner that now exist or may come to exist in the future. It intended to extinguish and end forever any right of legal action by Visitor against Owner for any damage, injury or death to Visitor or his property while on the Land. Covenant Not to Sue: Covenant Not to Sue within this agreement means Visitor is forever barred from enforcement by lawsuit against Owner of any claim or cause of action for damage, injury or death to Visitor or his property now existing or coming into existence in the future arising from any activity of Visitor while on Owner’s Land. General Agreement: This contract between Owner and Visitor shall be construed as a whole. Words used will be construed according to their ordinary meaning. This contract is intended to be the complete and final expression of the intentions of both parties and is formed and binding when signed by both parties below. Specific Agreement: Owner makes an unconditional promise to allow Visitor to enter upon Land and visit, enter, explore, study and map caves on the Land. Owner disclaims any and all responsibility for bodily injury, death or damage to Visitor or his property while on Owner’s Land. In addition, Visitor makes with Owner a Covenant Not to Sue Owner for any reason arising from any bodily injury, death or damage to Visitor on his property occurring while on Owner’s Land. Visitor acknowledges the inherent dangers of cave exploration and assumes any and all risks arising out of travel across the Land of Owner and travel within the caves located below the surface of Owner’s Land. Intention of Parties: Parties intend and contemplate this contract will be binding with respect to any claims made by Visitor against Owner based upon death, injury, or damage to Visitor or his property arising from a visit by Visitor to Owner’s Land which includes: (1) Known and expected injuries and damages to Visitor and his property and expected and unexpected consequences of those injuries and damages; (2) Unknown and unexpected injuries and damages to Visitor or his property and expected and unexpected consequences of those injuries and damages; and (3) Any other injury or damage to Visitor and his property and the consequences of those injuries and damage that may not be within the contemplation of the parties at the time this contract is signed. Consideration: Owner acknowledges that Visitor’s promise to Release Owner from Liability and make with Owner a Covenant Not to Sue has value to Owner. Visitor acknowledges Owner’s promise to allow Visitor to enter Owner’s Land has value to Visitor. Owner and Visitor both agree that Owner’s promise to allow Visitor to enter Owner’s Land caused Visitor to Release Owner from Liability and make Owner a Covenant Not to Sue. Owner and Visitor both agree that Visitor’s promise to Release Owner from Liability and make with Owner a Covenant Not to Sue caused Owner to allow Visitor to enter Owner’s Land, something Owner would not otherwise have done and for which Owner except for this contract has no obligation to do. Time Period Contract in Effect: The period of time Owner grants permission to Visitor to visit on his Land is set forth next to Owner’s signature. Visitor’s Release from Liability and Covenant Not to Sue is and shall be in effect forever. Date: (Date agreement starts) Parent or Guardian: . . Signature Print Name Legibly Visitor: . . Signature Print Name Legibly Signed: Period of time within Visitor may visit Owner’s Owner Land: One Year John Ackerman Revised: 4-1-2007 EA #78.0 Spelunking Field Trip Over 400 million years ago most of Minnesota was covered by a warm shallow sea. Geologist came to this conclusion by observing the rock layers that are exposed in this area. The rock layers like the Saint Peter Sand Stone are from beaches, the Dubuque and Galena Limestone are from shallow warm water coral formations and the Decorah Shale is from near shore mud deposits. These were all laid down in the Ordovician Period (time of bony fish) which occurred some 400 million years ago. In some areas these rock layers can be hundreds of feet thick. The Dubuque and Galena limestone are responsible for some very interesting topography (physical features of the earth’s surface) in South Eastern Minnesota. Limestone dissolves and erodes more easily that do other rock layers such as shale and sandstone. Much of the limestone that is exposed to water, either above ground or beneath the ground, has been eroded over the years to form the bluffs, rock chimneys (Eagle Rocks near Forestville), sinkholes and caves. In places where the layers of Dubuque and Galena Limestone are near the surface caves and sinkholes can be found. As rain water filters through the ground, it will pass through cracks in the limestone and widening the cracks by dissolving away the limestone. Through this process caves are formed underground. Some of the caves near the surface will become so large that the ceiling of the cave cannot be supported and the ceiling collapses forming a sinkhole. Sinkholes are entrances to many caves. And that is how Spring Valley Cave was discovered, in 1966 John Latchman was looking for a lost calf in a ravine and discovered the opening to these caves in a sinkhole. The dissolved limestone is deposited in the caves during times of lowered water tables. This is caused by the evaporation of the water leaving the limestone or calcium carbonate behind. This process is why glasses become white in dishwashers and shower doors become cloudy. In a cave this process forms spectacular formations such as soda straws (formed from water dripping from the ceiling) and then stalactites and when the water drips to the floor and evaporates on the floor a stalagmite is formed. If the two structures unite they form a column. Water evaporating as it flows over a wall or ledge will form flow stone. The caves we visited have many levels and are part of a cavern system that stretches to Fountain at Mystery and Niagara Caves and then all the way into central Iowa. One environmental issue that we face is ground water contamination by depositing our wastes into sinkholes. Even though they are pervasive and once something is thrown into them it is out of sight and mind, the cavern system is huge and connects the entire area. This means that something thrown into a sinkhole 30 miles away can end up in your communities’ wells. Questions: What was Minnesota like 400 Million years ago? What are the Earth’s physical features called? What are the Dubuque and Galena Limestones? Why are caves found in limestone formations? How does a cave form? What is a sinkhole and why are they an environmental problem? How are stalactites and stalagmites related? How was the cave we visited discovered? What was the most memorable part of the experience for you? Describe it in a paragraph on the back of this sheet. E.A. #79.0 Geology of Rock ClimbingGranite – Igneous, slow cool = large crystals = good friction Exfoliation – erode in sheets parallel to the surface (onion-like) This result in large expanses without lots of holds, crack climbing, hand jams and laybacks are the norm. Yosemite, Joshua Tree, Black Hills (Needles) Sandstone – Sedimentary, under the sea, pressure and heat fix particles together can be crumbly or as hard as granite (quartzite) Can be very steep with multiple overhangs, often requires dynamic climbing, one must keep moving to climb, stay still and tired arms and legs will be worn out. Can be so soft you can scratch it with a fingernail Limestone – Sedimentary but instead of sand particles it is made up of shells of creatures like radiolaria, myogipsinids, and foraminifera… it is essentially one big fossil. Can be very smooth and has holes that are often too small for ones feet Does not break up in any pattern and is often bolted Metamorphic – to diverse to try to categorize but all changed by heat and pressure Questions: Which of the above rock types can be found in the Rochester Area? Which of the rock types would you think would be the most difficult to climb? Describe why you picked this rock type. Which rock type would be the most likely to have rocks falling from above? Which rock type would have unsure hand holds? What are some characteristics you must think about when planning a climb, other than it looks fun? EA # 79.5 Basic Rock Climbing Resource Manual pp 371-392 Describe the difference between “climbing” and” technical climbing”. Why is the summit not the goal of climbers and the peak not the greatest challenge? At what point of the climb does the classification begin? Using the Sierra Club Classification System describe the six classes of climbs. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Draw a diagram showing how a single full climb can have all six classes of climbs. Discuss how a Class 3 climb could be more dangerous than a Class 6 climb. Why has the Sierra Club added decimals to their classification system of climbs? How is it possible for a climb to change in difficulty? Say a 5.3 becomes a 5.9. Why must a climber’s equipment be light and compact? What are the two categories of equipment? What is the climbers most important piece of personal equipment? What is the best all around sole for climbers? What high boot is generally the most satisfactory? What type of pants should you wear to climb? How much water should you bring along when climbing? List some miscellaneous personal equipment you may want to bring climbing? List the beginning class 5 climbing equipment. What are the three major categories of climbing techniques? What are rock slides often the home for? Why should you not rush up the talus? Describe using the “rest step”. What advantage does man have over four footed animals in climbing? What part of your body should carry your weight when climbing? When face climbing how do you produce the greatest friction and stability? What is the result of stepping or reaching too far? Quick movement when climbing will have what result? What are “sewing machine legs”? How does and experienced climber move? What is a “pitch”? How many steps ahead should you plan when climbing? How should you move your feet on a very narrow traverse? Describe “Three Point Suspension” and why it is necessary. How do you determine if a hold will support your body weight? What type of climber falls? From what sport is “belaying” derived? What does it mean? From where does a falling body multiply its weight? How much will you “weigh” at the end of falling 25 feet? What are some typical lengths ropes may be? What is the average diameter of a climbing rope? Average test strength? What is breaking strength of 3/8” Goldline? How much does 100 ft of the rope weigh? Why is it important for rope to have elasticity? How do you cure a rope to the proper elasticity? What is a “perlon” type rope? Describe some ways that a rope may be protected from damage. How should a rope be stored? What should you yell when throwing a rope? What are the two types of belay and how do they differ from one another? In a “static belay” how much slack do you allow in the line? What is the belayer holding in his hands? List the duties of the belayer? Sketch how a belayer would lock the brake to stop a falling climber. What knot should a climber use to tie a rope to himself? What should the climber wait for before pulling on the rope? What should the climber do if the belayer is not keeping up with him? Define the following calls: rock, ready,
on belay, testing, test, climbing, climb, up rope, slack, tension, falling, off belay, belay off, rope,
off rappel Using a “dynamic belay” how far up should the climber move up before driving in another piton? Where should a belayer put himself with respect to anchor and climber? What does the “belay chain” consist of? For what is a belay tower used? ROCHESTER FIRE DEPARTMENT – ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS CLASS – TRAINING PARTICIPANT RELEASE FORM I am a member of the JM High School Environmental Awareness Class and I wish to participate in training to be supervised by the Rochester Fire Department at the Olmsted County Regional Public Safety Training Center (RPSTC). If I am a minor, my parent or guardian is aware of and has authorized me to participate in this training. I acknowledge that the use of the services, activities and facilities of the RPSTC carries a risk of serious personal injury or death if training activities are not properly supervised. I will be receiving instruction from members of the Rochester Fire Department and I agree I will follow that instruction. I agree that Olmsted County will not be providing any supervision of training activities at the RPSTC and I hereby release and hold harmless Olmsted County, and its employees and authorized agents from liability for any claims arising out of my training activities, except to the extent the County or its employees or agents are negligent in their maintenance of the RPSTC facility. If I intend to be a user of the facility weapons ranges, I hereby declare that I am not a convicted felon, nor have I been convicted of Domestic Violence and am not therefore using this facility in violation of State or Federal Law. If I intend to be a user who will be operating a motor vehicle within the facility, I hereby declare that I possess a valid Minnesota Driver’s License. I hereby declare that I am either of adult age, or if I am a minor, that my parent or guardian will act on my behalf, that I have carefully read the foregoing declaration and understand the contents thereof. That I agree I may not use the services, activities or facilities of the RPSTC without signing this declaration and that I sign it of my own free will. FOR ANY USER WHO IS AN ADULT, PLEASE SIGN BELOW. Date:_______________ ____________________________________ Signature of Individual User ____________________________________ Printed Name of Individual User FOR ANY USER WHO IS A MINOR, A SIGNATURE OF PARENT OR GUARDIAN IS REQUIRED Date _________________ ____________________________________ Signature of Parent or Guardian ____________________________________ Printed Name of Parent or Guardian EA #79.7 VIDEO: EVEREST 1. When was the first successful climb on Everest made? 2. Who are the members of the team, and their role? 3. What Mountain range is Everest a part off? 4. How was Everest formed? 5. How tall is Everest? 6. Why would you need to acclimatize before climbing the summit? 7. How many people have died on Everest? 8. What is the illness called when your lungs fill with fluid? 9. Why is helicopter rescue dangerous high on the mountains? 10. What is the final 3000 ft. known as? 11. What was the purpose of placing the G.P.S. system on Everest? EA #80.0 “The Power of Water” What percent of the Earth’s water is fresh? For the west, the salmon symbolizes what? Native Americans used the salmon for what? Why did we damn rivers? How are the young salmon moved down river now? What is the fisherman’s main concern, and what do you see as the real reason he is upset? The Great Lakes hold what percent of the Earth’s fresh water? What does activism replace? What does purpose replace? Who is making the Buffalo River a safer place? What percent of wading birds are no longer present in the Everglades? How many Everglades are there on the Earth? Where does the water come from to irrigate the crops near Garden City? What percent of the Everglades are lost? What are the future plans for the Everglades? How fast is the aquifer in Kansas being depleted? What is the name of this aquifer? How much has the water table dropped? How much more land does a dry land farmer need? What percent of the Colorado River reaches the ocean? How many states does the Colorado River run through? Who gets the largest share of the water? How many people move to Las Vegas each month? How much rain does Las Vegas get in a year? When will Las Vegas run out of water? What does the Mirage do to conserve water? What is more important, a way of life or income from large groups of people? Is water a renewable resource? EA #80.5 “Water, Water Everywhere” Directions: Read the packet Water, Water Everywhere from pages 6-26 and answer the following questions in your journal. What is the cause of acid rain? What is the definition of pH? A change in pH from 4 to 5 would equal how much of a change in the concentration of the acid? Define buffering. How can acid rain be controlled? Define ecology. Why can’t trout live in the Columbia River anymore? List some good and bad things about dams. Do you agree with the packets definition of pollution? Explain your answer. How long does it take for lichen to create an inch of topsoil? Give two ways that too much biodegradable waste in a river effects the water quality. Define eutrophication. The warmer the water gets what happens to the dissolved oxygen concentration? Why does the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water matter? What problems will siltation create in a river or lake? Define bio-accumulation. Why are animals at the top of the food chain affected the most by bio-accumulation? What is a fool proof way of getting rid of radioactive waste? What is the primary part of sewage treatment? What percent of the biodegradable waste is removed by secondary treatment? What does tertiary treatment remove from the water during treatment? E.A. #80.7 Acid Rain This activity is a study of acid rain that will be completed by getting information from the EPA web site(or do your own search), http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/index.html. Choose the page “What is acid rain?” and answer the question, what is acid rain? Where do the precursors, or chemical forerunners of acid rain result from? What are the primary man-made emissions that are chemical precursors for acid rain? Click on the term “Sulfur dioxide” and write the definition. Do the same for “Nitrogen oxides”. What fraction of Sulfur dioxide and Nitrogen oxides are the result of power generation? What results when these gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen and other chemicals? Why is acid rain considered to be a regional problem and not just a local problem? Sketch the diagram of sources and receptors of acid rain. Define the term Wet Deposition. What does the strength of the effects of acids in the environment depend? Define “buffering capacity”. What fraction of the acidity in the atmosphere falsl back to earth through dry deposition? On the menu on the left select “Measuring Acid Rain”, what scale is used to measure acid rain? Click on “pH page”, how is hot and cold like acid and base? How many more times acidic is a pH of 6 than 7? What term is used to describe a pH of 7? Of 1? Of 14? Give examples of liquids that neutral, acidic and basic. In the menu select “Effects of Acid Rain”, what are some of the negative effects caused by acid rain to the environment and buildings? Select the “Surface waters” page, where are the effects of acid rain most clearly seen? Where are does acid rain primarily affect the environment and why? What is “chronic acidity”? What percentage of lakes surveyed that were found to be acidic were found to be caused by acid rain? Of streams? What regions in the US were identified as containing many surface waters sensitive to acidification? What is one of the most acidic lakes? What is its pH? What percentage of streams are acidic in the New Jersey Pine Barrens? What is “episodic acidification”? What areas throughout the US are sensitive? How many lakes in Eastern Canada are estimated to be acidic? What is released from soil as acid rain flows through the soil? Besides being toxic what else may the chronic stress lead to in the fish? If the pH of a lake or stream is at 5 what happens to most eggs? What type of animal can tolerate the lowest ph? Fish? Why might frogs die out even though they are not affected by the acidic conditions? Why is the nitrogen from acid rain and important factor to water bodies? Now select “Reducing Acid Rain” from the menu, what do the ways to reduce acid rain range from? What are scientists from the EPA, state governments and academia doing to understand acid deposition? What are the options for reducing SO2 emissions? What are the additional benefits of some of the approaches to removing Sulfur dioxide? What is a method similar to scrubbers that is used to remove NOx emissions? What are sources of electricity besides fossil fuels? What are alternative energies for automobiles? What factors must be weighed when deciding which energy sources to use? How long could it take chronically acidified lakes, streams, forests and soils to heal? What three reasons are given for not liming in the US? Why are some lakes limed? EA #81.0 Chemical and Physical Aspects of Water Pollution Handout “Chemical and Physical Aspects of Water Pollution” In collecting data on a field trip to a polluted body of water what do you try to determine about the water quality? Why can you not say that raising the temperature of water caused an increase in the lobster death rate? What are six characteristics of oxygen? What is the most significant test that you can perform to measure the quality of water? In general what concentration (ppm) of oxygen must a body of water contain for aquatic life? What is a Salmo trutta? What does the rate of oxygen consumption depend upon? What determines the selection of habitat by fish and other aquatic species? What are the two sources of dissolved oxygen in lakes? What is the cause of an oxygen deficit in a lake? How does the oxygen saturation compare in the 5 Great Lakes? What consumes the oxygen at the bottoms of Erie and Ontario? What does the term “limiting factor” refer too? What five things does dissolved oxygen (D.O.) depend? Why is a single determination of D.O. having little value? Why does polluted and stagnant water stink? Why is it important to consider factors affecting the concentration of carbon dioxide? Which gas, Carbon dioxide or Oxygen, exhibits the greater temperature dependence with its solubility? How many years would it take Carbon dioxide and Oxygen to saturate calm water to a depth of 50 meters by diffusion only? What remarkable phenomenon is the process that exchanges gases in deep regions of a lake? Draw a diagram of the Carbon cycle. How many times more Carbon dioxide will water hold than air? What other four factors will affect the Carbon dioxide content and Dissolved Oxygen content of water? What does pH refer to? Draw the pH scale. With an arrow show what pH range will generally support a good fish population. What is the relationship between the acidity of a body of water and its age? What does the term “Oliogotropic” mean? Eutrophic? What are the limits of pH for unpolluted water? What could possibly be some of the sources of this pollution? What does the alkalinity of water refer to? What are the most common bases? Basic salts? What does ppm stand for? What is the acceptable range for alkalinity? If water is highly acidic does it have a high or low pH? What is acidity defined as? What are two typical weak acids? When do they release their hydrogen ions and become acids? What is the difference between “free acidity” and “total acidity” of water? What ions cause hardness in water? What bicarbonate is hardness due to in natural waters? What are two sources of Calcium chloride in water? Why is hardness undesirable in water (give two reasons)? What is the difference between temporary hardness, permanent hardness and total hardness? What are the commonly accepted standards for degrees of hardness in ppm of Calcium carbonate? At what value is total hardness considered to be hazardous to human health? List the six elements that are considered to be nutrients due to organisms requiring them in relatively large amounts. Which element is present in all proteins? Sketch the nitrogen cycle. What are the three major reservoirs of nitrogen in nature? EA #82.0 Water Analysis of Cascade Creek Equipment: Water Monitoring Kit (Or Vernier Probes) Data
Directions Make a small map of the area studied on the back of this sheet. Use your compass to determine the direction of current flow (Show north on your map). Include on your map the following: width of stream, direction of flow, height of banks, amount and type of vegetation. Determine velocity of current by timing a leaf as it travels a known distance. Determine your dissolved oxygen as soon as you take your sample. Chemical Analysis
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