July 2014 Table of Contents
Details of the Expected Outputs
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- Output 1: Green Livestock Farming Practices Promoted
- Output 2: Efficient Irrigation Systems for Horticulture Cash Cropping Established
Details of the Expected OutputsA clear set of expected outputs, indicators, activities, baseline (11th FYP or EFYP), CCAP Target, EFYP Target, Means of verification and assumptions & risks; which are the ingredients of the Monitoring Framework, have been agreed among the key stakeholders at the Mongar workshop. These are essential in order to carry out monitoring and evaluation systematically. This framework serves as a plan for monitoring and contains:
In addition, relevant risks and assumptions in carrying out planned monitoring activities is also considered. The SAPA translates the overall national goals related to CC into sectoral practice and implementation by operationalizing a number of thematic action areas to measure and document adaptation strategies for CC. In this way CC effectively has been integrated into the 11th FYP. The challenge now lies in implementing the planned activities successfully on the ground, and monitoring their impacts. Not all the following activities are equally relevant from an adaptation perspective and not all have the same potential to be self-sustained and replicated. However, both economic viability and CC impacts of the activities will be monitored to ensure a solid basis for decision makers to identify future priorities. The outputs and corresponding activities are described below: Output 1: Green Livestock Farming Practices PromotedGlobally livestock sector plays an important role in climate change with emissions estimated at 7.1 giga-tonnes CO2-eq per annum, which represents 14.5 percent of human-induced GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions. Cattle milk production account about 20 percent of the sector’s emissions while pig meat, poultry meat and eggs contribute respectively 9 percent and 8 percent to the sector’s emissions. Feed production and processing, and enteric fermentation from ruminants are the two main sources of emissions representing 45 and 39 % of sector emissions, respectively. Manure storage and processing represent 10 percent. In Bhutan the major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) Nitric oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), and carbon monoxide (CO). The six major sources which are contributing to GHG emission are: energy, industrial processes, solvent and other product uses, agriculture, land-use change and forestry, and waste. In agriculture, there are several important activities that account for the emissions of greenhouse gases. Major GHG-emitting activities include enteric fermentation and manure management from domestic livestock, rice cultivation; flooded rice fields, agricultural soils, and field burning of agricultural residues. However, there are existing technologies and practices that help reduce emissions. Technologies and practices that improve production efficiency at animal and herd levels are the use of better quality feed and feed balancing to lower enteric and manure emissions. Improved breeding and animal health help to shrink the herd overhead (i.e. unproductive part of the herd). Manure management practices ensure the recovery and recycling of nutrients and energy contained in manure and improvements in energy use efficiency that would further contribute to mitigation. Fodder grass plantations could significantly offset emissions by carbon sequestration. Therefore, based on the above justification, some of the activities will be: To develop biogas accessories and facilities for clean energy, to initiate improved pasture development in registered -and fallow land, and in SRF leased land, and to introduce and propagate new fodder varieties through clean ensiling technologies to cope up with shortages during lean season.
Output 2: Efficient Irrigation Systems for Horticulture Cash Cropping EstablishedAlthough there are numerous rivers and streams in the country, agriculture is still dominated by dry land farming that depends on the south-westerly monsoon rain that accounts to 60 to 90 % of annual precipitation. A wide range of agriculture and horticulture crops can grow year round in the agro-ecological zones from the wet-subtropical (150-600 masl) with a mean annual rainfall of 2500-5500 mm to temperate zones (2500-3500 masl) of mean annual rainfall of about 500 - 1,000 mm. The irrigated land in the country is less than 18 % of the total arable land and it is mostly focused on rice cultivation. The horticulture crops, fruit crops in particular, are hardly irrigated although the agriculture export is dominated by the horticulture crops. Options of improved conveyance and efficient means to irrigate crops are not explored in great depth. Programs on water harvesting, efficient conveyance system, water storage structures, use of groundwater, and modern irrigation technologies (drip, sprinkler) are at infancy stage.
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