Text 1 You are going to read an article about the dangers of cold weather. For questions 1-8

1-8, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Rescue coordinator Graham Gibb said, "I have never found anyone alive on the fourth day of a rescue in these conditions." Wilson overcame a simple problem: how to get himself to safety while conserving heat - heat that was being used up by the activity necessary to save his life. Wilson achieved this through common sense and a high level of fitness. Trapped by high winds and deep snow, he dug a snowhole. The following day he walked further before digging anoth­er snowhole for the night. It wasn't until the following morning, after 70 hours on the mountain­side, that he was able to reach civilisation.

When things get dangerously chilly, intelligence and experience can make the difference between life and death. Death from hypothermia can occur only two hours after its onset. A major cause of hypothermia is dehydration. The blood thickens as it loses water, limiting the body's ability to keep warm - especially at the extremities like the hands and feet, where frostbite becomes a risk.

Sufficient food is also important. Our bodies carry reserves of fat, but making use of this resource takes time, and the body's internal temperature can fall to dangerous levels in the meantime. Mountaineers snack regularly on high-energy foods. Wilson probably survived because of the sandwiches and chocolate that he had brought with him to maintain his energy levels.

Human beings must also maintain a constant body temperature. Even slight variations make the body less efficient. At temperatures below 28"C, an unclothed body loses more heat than it can produce. Another factor is evaporation. Even in cold climates we sweat, and cold air drawn into the lungs has to be warmed and moistened to 100 per cent humidity, a process that speeds up greatly at higher altitudes and can lead to dehydration.

However, the greatest threat in cold weather is convection. Air surrounding the skin is warmed by the body. The colder the air, the more the body has to heat it and more energy is used. If it is²⁷ moving, the process must be continual. This is the principle of wind chill. Temperatures that in still air pose little threat can kill if increased by only a 20 mph wind. Rescuers calculated that the wind-chill factor, where Wilson was lost that weekend, made the temperatures equivalent to -32°C.

Hypothermia also increases the risk of frostbite. Victims are sometimes unaware of the danger until their fingers or toes have become totally numb. Skin turns blue and becomes very painful, and blisters appear on fingers, toes, the nose or ears. Long-term exposure will cause gangrene and the affected area may need to be amputated. Careful use of heat and antibiotics must be applied when treating frostbite to help re-establish the victim's circulation and respiration.

The fact that he survived was the result of remarkable stamina and a lot of courage. Incredibly, he will be out on the mountains again this weekend.

1. The fact that Wilson survived his ordeal was

1. 
   an usual occurrence.
   
2. 
   due to his being found.
   
3. 
   due to his treating it as a game.
   
4. 
   an unusual occurrence.
   

1. 
   save all his body heat.
   
2. 
   create heat by building shelters.
   
3. 
   keep as much of his body heat as possible.
   
4. 
   stay warm by exercising.
   

1. 
   not drinking sufficient liquid.
   
2. 
   being cold for two hours.
   
3. 
   getting frostbite.
   
4. 
   trying too hard to keep warm.
   

1. 
   have a lot of body fat.
   
2. 
   frequently eat sugar-rich foods.
   
3. 
   take the time to check their body temperature.
   
4. 
   have high blood pressure.
   

1. 
   too much internal heat.
   
2. 
   lack of perspiration,
   
3. 
   lack of moisture in the body
   
4. 
   too much moisture in the air.
   

1. 
   the human body
   
2. 
   the air
   
3. 
   heat
   
4. 
   cold
   

7. People suffering from frostbite

1. 
   can be easily treated.
   
2. 
   should be made warmer quickly
   
3. 
   may develop gangrene
   
4. 
   usually feel nothing.
   

Questions 8 through 12 are based on the following reading

Exceptions were made only for emergencies and out-of-state drivers. Those who could not get gas were forced to walk, bike, or skate to work.

This plan was expected to eliminate the long lines at many service stations. Those who tried to purchase more than twenty gallons of gas or tried to fill a more than half filled tank would be fined and possibly imprisoned.
8. All of the following are true except

1. 
   officials hoped that this plan would alleviate long gas lines
   
2. 
   a gas limit was imposed
   
3. 
   California has 9.9 million drivers
   
4. 
   the governor signed the bill concerning gas rationing
   

9. Those who violated the rationing program

1. 
   were forced to walk, bike, or skate to work
   
2. 
   were fined and possibly imprisoned
   
3. 
   had to wait in long lines
   
4. 
   were forced to use odd-numbered days
   

B. odd-numbered license plates

3. 
   all-lettered plates
   
4. 
   out-of-state plates
   

1. 
   a recent oil crisis necessitated it
   
2. 
   too many drivers were filling their tanks with more than twenty gallons and spilling it
   
3. 
   people were not getting enough exercise and needed to walk, bike, or skate
   
4. 
   too many motorists had odd-numbered plates
   

1. 
   Ricky, thank you ... and best of luck with the flight. And what advice do you have for other people who fancy a trip into space?
   
2. 
   My guest today will soon be joining a very small and very special group of people. Ever since the idea of space tourism was first seriously considered in the late 1990s, some people have had their name on the waiting list, as they saved up the fee. One of those people is Ricky Butler, who is just about to leave on the trip of a lifetime. He'll be spending ten days on a space station as it orbits the Earth. Ricky, welcome! What are you most looking forward to about the flight?
   
3. 
   What sort of things will you be doing?
   
4. 
   And was the training difficult^?
   
5. 
   Don't you feel scared at all?
   
6. 
   Is everybody able to take up space tourism?
   
7. 
   Some people are completely against the idea of tourists going into space. Do you see this trip as a holi­day^?
   
8. 
   Are you fond of 'space tourism'?
   
9. 
   Will you have specific responsibili­ties on the fight?
   

In this test you will select from the three tasks written on the board. Choose one which you feel you are most capable to write about.

1. 
   Modern information technologies make the world smaller. Write about:
   

• 
  which of them you believe has been a breakthrough;
  
• 
  in what respect these technologies cut the distances between continents and nations;
  
• 
  which one you find the most useful for yourself.
  

2. 
   Some people in Ukraine think that the school system must undergo still more changes. Share your ideas as if you were writing a report to a conference. Write about:
   

• 
  if you think the system of education in Ukraine needs to be modified at all and why;
  
• 
  what benefits for students in the existing school system you know;
  
• 
  what drawbacks of the system you have personally experienced and how you coped with problem;
  

3. 
   Imagine that you have just written a best-seller on how to keep fit. Now you are answering your readers’ questions.
   

• 
  Don`t you think that our society is too obsessed with problems of weight and fitness?
  
• 
  Do you know of any special diets that guarantee success?
  
• 
  Do people follow diets for reasons other than fitness and health?
  

1. 
   General Arthur Wilson, had been retired for five years when suddenly he died while playing bridge with his wife.
   
2. 
   Mrs. Wilson’s husband had left his wife the shares of a small engineering firm, and with the income they brought her, she led a comfortable life.
   
3. 
   Mrs. Wilson was a good and lucky bridge player.
   
4. 
   About an hour before her guests arrived, she took the mousse from the oven and put it in the freezer to cool for a few minutes.
   
5. 
   Both lunch and bridge were a great success and everyone was very impressed with the mousse and asked for its recipe.
   
6. 
   The last of her guests had left at about eight, Mrs. Wilson sat down in an armchair in the sitting-room, miserable and angry with herself.
   
7. 
   The doctor advised Mrs. Wilson to telephone each of the guests and meet him at the hospital as soon as possible.
   

a) 2; b) the text doesn’t say;

c) 4; d) 5.

9. What meal did the guests come to?

a) lunch; b) dinner;

c) neither lunch nor dinner; d) afternoon tea.

10. Was Mrs. Wilson's husband there?

a) yes; b) no;

c) probably not; d) the text doesn't say.

11. Where does Mrs. Wilson live?

a) in town; b) in a flat just outside town;

c) in a house near the town; d) in a house with a garden.

12. Who saw the cat at the mousse?

a) Mrs. Wilson; b) the guests;

c) the neighbour; d) no one.

13. What was Mrs. Wilson's immediate reaction to the cat at the mousse?

a) she was pleased; b) she was embarrassed;

c) she was mortifiеd; d) she was horrified.

14. Who did Mrs. Wilson telephone for advice?

a) the hospital; b) her neighbour;

c) the guests; d) her doctor.

15. How was the cat killed?

a) by food intoxication; b) by salmon bone;

c) by a car; d) the text doesn't say.

Speaking Comprehension Test For 10^th Form Students
Directions:

In this test you will select three task slips from those before you. After selecting three, choose the one you feel you are most capable to speak about and return the other two to the table face down. Then take about a minute to collect your thoughts before you begin to speak on the topic. You may refer to the topic as needed. Take a deep breath and begin.

* Do you feel that litter is a problem in Ukrainian cities and towns? Why or why not?

* What are some practical ways in which the litter problems around the world could be addressed?

* Why do you think they would be effective?

*What are the qualities of a good teacher-student relationship?

*Describe an optimal educational environment for teachers and students.

*How do teachers and students have to work together to create this environment?

* What is your opinion?

* Do you agree or disagree?

* Give reasons to support your opinion.

*Explain the importance of this event.

*Tell about the positive and negative impacts of this event on society.
5. Every year more and more people are out of work.

* What can be done to solve the problem of unemployment?

* Give reasons to support your opinion.
6. You have been put on the Ukrainian Board of English Education.

* Decide what topics you think are important for learning English.

* Explain your choices.
7. If you could become a character from any book or play that you have read, who would that character be?

* Why would you choose this character?

* How would you act differently than the character acted?

* In what time period does this character live? How would you adjust to living in this time period?

* What do you choose?

* Why will you choose this? Will you use it to help others, for personal gain, or for both?

* How do you think others will treat you because of your gift?

* Describe where you see it.

* Explain why you consider it to be so bad. How does it affect society as a whole and the individuals making up that society?

* How would you propose to do away with this problem?

* How have men's roles changed? What new roles do they have?

* How about women? What's changed with them?

* Do you think these roles should change to meet the needs of present times?

* Explain your choice.

* Where and when did the event happen?

* What preparations had been made?

*What happened on the actual day?

* What is your opinion?

* Do you agree or disagree?

* Give reasons to support your opinion.

* What is your opinion?

* Give reasons to support your opinion.
17. Is graffiti mindless vandalism or an art form?

* What is your opinion?

* List your reasons.

* Is graffiti art a way to express your feelings?

During the summer months, towns all the way along the coast organize festivals to attract and entertain holiday-makers. The local inhabitants benefit both from the festivities and from the influx of tourists which keeps local industry busy. While most festivals are either of music or drama, the Town Council of Oakridge this year decided to offer a touch of mystery to its programme by organizing a Festival of Conjuring and Magic. The festival, spread over a week, took place in the castle park. In the event of rain, it was foreseen to use the municipal theatre. In view of the hot spell during the last two weeks however, all the shows, the last of which was yesterday evening, took place in the open air. The festival, which attracted more than 45,000 people, presented classical numbers of conjuring, pick-pocketing and magic. There were also two demonstrations of hypnosis, one of telepathy, and one of telekinesis, or the art of moving objects from a distance without touching them. Each programme was split up by intervals during which acrobats and jugglers gave a touch of extra colour to the performance.

Yesterday evening, during a demonstration of pickpocketing, a strange incident took place. Several of the audience had been invited up to the stage to take part in the act. The conjurer set about demonstrating his agility as a pickpocket, removing watches, jewels and wallets... which he subsequently returned to their astonished owners amidst the laughter and applause of the public. He was so deft that none of the victims realized that anything had happened. At the end of the act, he finished up by removing one spectator's tie and another's belt without either realizing; the second case nearly provoking an unfortunate sequel by "letting down" the embarrassed owner.

During the second part of the show however, some of the spectators realized that certain things were missing from their pockets, watches from their wrists, jewelry from their necks... At the end of the show, they went to see the Theatre Manager to complain about these losses and ask for the articles back.

The Manager was surprised and assured the people in ques­tion that there had almost certainly been some confusion on the part of the conjurer. He immediately went to the conjurer's dressing-room and not getting an answer to his knock, went in to find the conjurer... bound and gagged.

The performer had been a crook and a real pickpocket. The show had offered him a superb chance to show off his talents in front of everyone.

The police were called immediately though after an initial investigation they were able to find out no clues. In addition they do not think that they have much chance either of finding the thief or of recovering the stolen objects. This is partly due to the total lack of clues and partly to the fact that during all the show the conjurer had worn a mask. In this way, he had been able to operate freely and in public, without the least risk of discovery.