Major Periods In American History
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Reconstruction 1865-1877Themes: How was the nation to be reunited? How was slavery to be undone? How was economic recovery in the South to be accomplished? Would Congress become the dominant branch of government? Issues of former slaves 1. Black Codes/Rise of Jim Crow 2. No land for freedmen 3. K.K.K. 4. Freedmen’s Bureau
1. Lincoln Plan 2. Johnson Plan 3. Radical Plan – “ironclad oath” 4. 13th, 14th and 15th amendments 5. Radical Republican Governments Congressional supremacy 1. Congressional (“Radical”)Reconstruction 2. Impeachment attempt – Tenure of Office Act, Command of the Military Act
1. Manufacturing Boom in North 2. Depressed cotton economy > tenant farmers, sharecroppers in south
Grant Administration (1868-1876) Corruption – not Grant personally but his cabinet (Credit Mobilier, Indian Ring, Whiskey Ring) City Corruption – Boss Tweed, machine politics, Tammany Hall Compromise of 1877 – GOP Rutherford B. Hayes “defeats” Dem. Samuel Tilden in 1876 election Hayes loses popular vote and trails electoral vote – 3 disputed states Commission to decide the 3 states – rules Hayes the winner in all 3 To gain legitimacy, Hayes promises to pull federal troops out of south in return for their support. End of Reconstruction as white southerners return to mistreating newly freed former slaves Gilded Age – late 1800s (“Forgotten” presidents) Themes: Contrast between the rich (“gilded” life) and poor Industrialization – workers leaving farms for cities/factories, immigrants pouring in, cities overcrowded/unsanitary/dangerous Rise of “Robber Barons” – Rockefeller, Carnegie, Morgan, Vanderbilt – horizontal/vertical integration, Gospel of Wealth, social Darwinism Tariff – GOP wants it high, Dems lower – McKinley tariff 1890 Money Issue – add silver to currency? William Jennings Bryan Cross of Gold speech (1896) Angry Farmers – Grange Movement, Alliances, Mary E. Lease, Munn v Illinois, Wabash case, Coxey’s Army Populist movement – silver and a graduated income tax; government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephone; the direct election of U.S. senators; a one-term limit on the presidency; the adoption of the initiative and referendum to allow citizens to shape legislation more directly; a shorter workday; and immigration restriction. Union movement – Knights of Labor vs. AFL (Samuel Gompers), Railroad Strike (1877), Haymarket Affair (1886), Homestead Strike (1892), Pullman Strike (1894) Attempts at reining in corporate power – Interstate Commerce Commission (1877) Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890) Booker T. Washington vs W.E.B. DuBois – Atlanta Compromise, Talented Tenth Civil Service Reform – Pendleton Act Reform Writers – Edward Bellamy Looking Backwards, Henry George Progress and Poverty Realism – William Dean Howell, Theodore Dreiser (“Sister Carrie”, “An American Tragedy”) Imperialism Why? No more frontier in US, (Turner thesis), more markets for products, racial attitudes, nationalism Major Writings: 1. Josiah Strong's Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis 2. Alfred Thayer Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power upon History
1. Hawaii - Queen overthrown by business inetersts like Dole Fruit Co. (not US gov’t). Done after McKinley Tariff of 1890 made imports more expensive. Eventually annexed 2. 1898 Spanish-American war - McKinley (1896-1901): Americans sympathetic to Cuban rebels vs Spanish rulers, William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer - the new "yellow journalism", Dupuy de Lome letter, Teller Amendment ,USS Maine Explosion Results: Freedom for Cuba (American protectorate), acquire Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines Insular Cases, Platt Amendment 1901, TR a hero 3. US – Philippines War 1899-1902 4. Open Door in China 5. Panama Canal (Teddy Roosevelt 1901-1908): “Big Stick” Policy, Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty (1903) 6. Roosevelt Corollary – interventions in Latin America Great White Fleet Gentlemen’s Agreement
16th – Income Tax (1913) 17th – direct election of US Senators (1913) 18th – Prohibition (1919) 19th – Women’s Suffrage (1920)
crowded, unsanitary, unsafe cities workers mistreated, exploited believed government can be a positive force mostly middle class, educated - important role for women Muckrakers: Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffens Jacob Riis Upton Sinclair Women – Jane Addams, Lillian Wald (settlement houses), Florence Kelley-Nat’l Consumers’ League Wisconsin – Robert Lafollette Reforms: recall, lobbying/campaign contribution limits, initiative, referendum, progressive income tax, direct primary Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1908) TR's Square Deal for Labor control of the corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. 1902 coal miners strike
Elkins Act – 1903 - fines to be placed on railroads that gave rebates and on the shippers that accepted them Hepburn Act of 1906, restricting free passes and expanding the ICC Northern Securities Case - 1902 – “trust buster” not against all trusts (but JP Morgan shocked TR – a fellow Republican – would sue his company under Sherman Antitrust Act) Pro-Consumer Meat Inspection Act of 1906. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 Conservation Forest Reserve Act of 1891 – by 1900, 125million acres Carey Act of 1894 – private companies can irrigate western lands Newlands Act of 1902 – irrigation of West "multiple-use resource management" (TR returns as 3rd Party – Progressive/Bull Moose – candidate in 1912 – New Nationalism) William Howard Taft (1908-1912) Payne Aldrich Tariff – disappoints Progressives and TR (which Taft continues to do) Pinchot Ballinger Affair Anti-Trust vs US Steel Dollar Diplomacy More anti-trust suits than TR Woodrow Wilson (1912-1920) Triple Wall of Privilege – Tariff (Underwood), Banks (Federal Reserve), Trusts (Clayton Act-no interlocking directorates, unions are not monopolies) New Freedom Federal Trade Commission Workmen’s Compensation (fed’l workers), child labor restrictions (interstate commerce) Moralistic foreign policy (yet intervenes in Latin America) WWI – 14 points, League of Nations, fails with Treaty of Versailles (Borah, Lodge, “Irreconcilables”) Home front in WWI – Liberty bonds, Suppression of civil liberties (Schenck and Abrams Sup Ct cases – similar theme in Koramatsu during WWII) Roaring 20s Themes: GOP Presidents (Harding, Coolidge, Hoover) Laissez Faire economics – cut taxes (Andrew Mellon), keep government out of economy Higher Tariff – Fordney McCumber 1922 (tough for Allies to re-pay debts to U.S.), Dawes Plan More freedom for women – new inventions free up time (freezer, washing machine), smoke, drink, birth control (Margaret Sanger), sex – Freud’s writings, divorce, work, flappers (short hair/dresses, one-piece bathing suits) Prohibition (poorly enforced – leads to organized crime) KKK revived – “Birth of a Nation” Red Scare – Palmer Raids, Sacco and Venzetti African Americans - Great Migration, Marcus Garvey, Harlem Renaissance - music (jazz), literature (Langston Hughes) Cultural change – dance, advertising, sports (Babe Ruth), literature (Lost Generation – Hemingway, Fitzgerald), cynicism – H.L. Mencken, “talkies” – “The Jazz Singer” 1927 Isolationism (?) – Washington Naval Conference, Kellogg-Briand Immigration reform – Emergency Quota 1921, National Origins Act 1924 Modernism vs Traditionalism – Scopes Trial Transportation – planes, automobile age Communication – radio, film Farmers – bad decade – McNary Haughen (vetoed by Coolidge), overproduction Great Depression/1930s Themes: Stock market crash – Oct, 1929 – Black Tuesday (overspeculation, buying on margin) Smoot-Hawley 1929 Overproduction is problem (not enough buyers) Hoover – rugged individualism - does allow Reconstruction Finance Corp and Hoover Dam but vetoes Muscle Shoals project – not enough Bonus Army Japanese aggression (Manchuria – 1931) – U.S. preoccupied, does nothing Good Neighbor Policy – continued by FDR FDR – Relief, Recovery, Reform 100 Days – Emergency Banking Act, Glass Steagall (FDIC), gov’t buys gold = inflation FERA, WPA, CCC, TVA, AAA, CWA, SEC, FHA, Soc Security Critics – Coughlin, Long, Townsend Supreme Court – NRA, AAA – leads to “court packing” Dust Bowl – farmers head West Labor – much better decade than 1920s NLRA (Wagner Act) sets up NLRB, Fair Labor Standards Act (minimum wage established), John Lewis CIO, 1936 GM sit-down strike “Keynesian” approach WWII Lead-up to War: 1935, 1936, 1937 – Neutrality Acts – no loans, no sailing, no arms sales to belligerent nation 1935-36 Hitler violates Versailles Treaty – occupies Rhineland 1936-1939 Spanish Civil War – with aid from Hitler, fascists take power 1938 (Sept) Munich Conference 1939 – Hitler takes Czechoslovakia 1939 (August) Hitler-Stalin Pact 1939 (Sept 1) Hitler invades Poland Britain and France declare war on Germany 1939 Neutrality Act – allies need help – “cash and carry” policy 1940 (Sept) US gives 50 destroyers to Britain in exchange for bases on British soil – violation of Neutrality Acts. Opposed by America First Committee (Lindberg) U.S. is “Arsenal of Democracy” 1941 Lend-Lease 1941 (August) Atlantic Charter – FDR and Churchill - goals for post-war world 1941 (Dec 7) Pearl Harbor During War: Two wars – Europe (1st priority) and Asia Draft/War production ends Depression Women play key roles in labor force – Rosie the Riveter Japanese-Americans – Koramatsu vs. US Labor – threat of strikes to vital industries – Smith Connally Act – gov’t can seize factories Latinos – Zoot Suit Riots, bracero program African Americans – 2nd Great Migration, segregated units Native Americans – code talkers Pacific – “island hopping”, “leapfrogging” – Midway, Iwo Jima, Guadalcanal Europe – Northern Africa Up through Italy Western France – 2nd front to help USSR (D-Day June 1944) Yalta Conference – Feb, 1945 - FDR gets promise of UN, free elections in Eastern Europe FDR dies April 12, 1945 Potsdam Conference – Truman, Churchill, Stalin – June 1945 – threaten Japan with annihilation August 6, 9, 1945 - Hiroshima, Nagasaki Post-War: US the only superpower (mainland untouched in war) Only nation with nuclear bombs 20 million Soviets dead Western Europe, Japan destroyed Post-WWII/Cold War Why a Cold War? USSR unhappy US didn’t open western front sooner US distrustful of ally with former ties to Hitler No elections in Eastern Europe No diplomatic recognition of USSR until 1933 USSR gloating during Depression US Economy: Initially, strikes, inflation, unemployment as troops return (Truman unpopular) Long-term great economic growth through 1950s Taft-Hartley (1947) passed over Truman’s veto – closed shop outlawed/”right to work” allowed GI Bill Sun Belt vs Rust Belt/Frost Belt – political power shifts Suburbs – Levittown Baby Boom Interstate Highways (Eisenhower) Foreign Affairs: UN – Security Council IMF/World Bank Germany –split “Iron Curtain” speech by Churchill Berlin Airlift NATO/Warsaw Pact Containment (George Kennan) Truman Doctrine (Greece, Turkey) Marshall Plan Japan – Douglas MacArthur Anti-Communism/Red Scare HUAC – Nixon, Hiss, Chambers Hollywood 10 McCarran Internal Security Act Mao takes over China Korean War – 1950 – Truman fires MacArthur, Matthew Ridgeway replaces him Joseph McCarthy (1950) Army – McCarthy hearings. “Senator, have you no decency?” 1948 Election: Truman makes comeback, defeats Dewey/Strom Thurmond (“States’ Rights Party”) Eisenhower (1952-1960) Foreign Policy John Foster Dulles - Brinksmanship Rollback 1957 - Sputnik/Space Race/NASA/Math and science education U-2 Crisis (Kruschev) Support Shah of Iran takeover, CIA topples left-leaning leader of Guatemala The Sixties Kennedy Foreign Policy (1960-1963) New Frontier Bay of Pigs Alliance for Progress Cuban Missile Crisis Berlin Wall Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Vietnam Promises man on the moon by end of decade (achieved) Cultural Change Rock (Elvis) to British Invasion to Woodstock Counterculture Beat Poets – Allan Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac Steinbeck, Hemingway, Faulkner Early Feminism – Betty Friedan’s “The Feminine Mystique” Environmentalism – Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring” Civil Rights Movement/Unrest in Cities, Malcolm X, Black Panthers Sexual Revolution Protest – Vietnam , Woodstock, SDS , The Weathermen, Cesar Chavez/Dolores Huerta – migrant workers’ rights Gay Rights – Mattachine Society, Stonewall Riot Immigration Reform 1965 – no more quotas – more from Latin America, Asia, less from Europe Lyndon Johnson (1963-1968) Great Society – HUD, NEA, VISTA, Head Start War on Poverty Civil Rights – 1964 Civil Rights Act, 1965 Voting Rights Act Medicare, Medicaid Vietnam – Gulf of Tonkin, protest, guns and butter= inflation, Tet Offensive, My Lai Massacre, “Hey, Hey LBJ, How many kids did you kill today?”, Robert MacNamara 1968 – MLK, Jr., Robert Kennedy, Democratic Convention, George Wallace, Richard Nixon Impact of Warren Court – Baker v. Carr, Miranda v. Arizona, Gideon v. Wainwright 1970s Themes: Disillusionment with political parties/politics (Watergate, Pentagon Papers, Nixon resignation/Ford pardon, Carter the outsider, rise of Independents) Campaign Finance Reform (1974) End of unpopular Vietnam War – returning veterans struggle War Powers Act 1973 oil embargo – inflation, shortages in US – end of post WWII economic boom - caused by U.S. support of Israel Perception of America as weak – “malaise”, stagflation, misery index, Iran hostage crisis/failed rescue, Russia invades Afghanistan, US boycotts 1980 Olympics in Moscow Return of American confidence in Ronald Reagan (1980-1988) 1980s Themes: GOP presidents (Reagan/Bush) Tax-cutting Wants to cut social programs (Dems in Congress oppose) Defense build-up – S.D.I. (“Star Wars”) Anti-communism (then attempts at better relations) – INF Treaty Budget deficits Conservatives appointed to Supreme Court (O’Connor - first woman- Scalia, Kennedy) Supply-side economics, “trickle-down”, “Reaganomics” Aid to anti-communists (Nicaragua) – Iran Contra Scandal Missile strikes against Libya (1985) 1990s Themes: End of one-term Bush (Sr.) presidency – First Gulf War victory, Americans with Disabilities Act, Koramatsu case resolved, wants conservatives on Supreme Court (David Souter – no/Clarence Thomas -yes) Doomed by recession in early 1990s Bill and Hilary Clinton Contract with America – GOP takeover of House/Gov’t shutdown Monica Lewinsky scandal – impreachment but no conviction Strong economy – internet boom Clinton as New Democrat - “Era of big Gov’t is over”/”triangulation” Deficit reduction Welfare Reform Attempt at universal health care Terrorism – Oklahoma City/Timothy McVeigh – US embassies bombed Kenya/Tanzania Trade agreements – NAFTA, China Impeachment Attempt Liberal Supreme Court justices (Ginsburg, Breyer) George W. Bush – 2001-2009 Disputed election/Supreme Court role Runs as “compassionate conservative” No Child Left Behind Social conservative – abortion/gay marriage/two conservative on Supreme Court Response to Katrina Major tax cuts/increasing deficits Sept 11 – war with Afghanistan then Iraq (motive, evidence questioned) Department of Homeland Security Reelection over John Kerry 2004 Expands Medicare with prescription drug benefit Bogged down in two wars – 2007 “surge” of additional troops Leaves with low approval ratings Barack Obama – 2009-present Historic victory “Obamacare” Financial crisis (begins at end of Bush presidency) Financial reforms – Dodd-Frank, Credit Cards, Consumer Protection Bureau Large ($787 billion) stimulus program – 2009 Guantanamo Bay Killing Osama Bin Laden Battles with GOP – immigration, spending, threats of government shutdowns U.S. Government Structure 1. Separation of powers – 3 branches Congress – 2 Houses – 17 delegated powers + elastic clause Senate – ratifies treaties (2/3), tries impeachment (2/3), approves appointments to courts and executive branch House – impeaches, starts finance bills, chooses Pres if no electoral majority President – executes the laws with cabinet and departments commander in chief chief of state sets foreign policy wins by majority of electoral college
9 on Supreme Court can find laws unconstitutional – Marbury v. Madison
Roles for federal government – delegated powers, limited power 3. Checks and balances – impeachment Judicial review Appointments must be approved 2 Houses Veto and Override 4. Unwritten constitution- 2 term-limit for President (“written” as of 1951) Cabinet
Political parties 5. Adaptability of Constitution- Amendments Elastic clause Judicial interpretation 6. Ambiguities- War power Foreign policy Interpretation of federalism Executive privilege 7. Amendments – Bill of Rights Expansion of voting – 18, poll tax forbidden, blacks, women, Washington DC, direct election of Senate. President – electoral college votes for Pres and VP separately, 2 terms, disability, shorten lame duck Income tax Blacks – 13, 14, 15 14th – equal treatment for all by federal and state government. 8. Parties - primaries, conventions (not mentioned in Constitution) President: head of his party Amendments to the Constitution 1-10: Bill of Rights, ratified 1791 1: freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion (includes separation of church and state); freedom to petition the government. 2: Right of militia to bear arms. 3: No quartering of soldiers in citizens’ homes without consent. 4: Protection from search and seizure of property without a warrant 5: Grand jury indictment required; no double jeopardy; Right to not incriminate oneself; can’t be deprived of life, liberty, or private property without due process. 6: Right to speedy trial by jury of peers; specific charges required; accused must be present during witness testimony; Right to a lawyer and to compel witnesses to testify on one’s behalf. 7: Right to a jury trial. 8: No cruel or unusual punishment; reasonable bail while awaiting trial. 9: This listing of rights doesn’t mean one doesn’t have other rights, or that those unmentioned rights are any less important. 10: Powers not given to federal or kept by state government belong to state governments and the people. 11: Citizens of another state or country can’t sue a state in federal court without its permission (1798) 12: Separated out electoral college vote for vice president to avoid a repeat of the election of 1800 deadlock (Jefferson and Burr tied) Civil War Amendments: 13-15 13: abolished slavery, 1865 14: establish equality under the law for African-Americans, 1868 15: established suffrage for former slaves, and all African-Americans 16: established government’s power to collect income taxes from individuals, 1916 17: Switched U.S. senate selection to direct election by people (instead of by the state legislatures), 1916 18th: Established government’s right to enforce prohibition, 1919 19th: Established woman suffrage, 1920 20th: “lame duck” amendment moved up presidential inauguration and Congress meetings to January (from March) 21st: Repealed prohibition, 1933 22nd: Made the two-term limit on presidency part of the Constitution (as opposed to the “unwritten constitution,” 1951 23rd: representation and right to vote in Washington, D.C., 1961 24th: Abolished the poll tax, a charge for the right to vote, 1964 25th: Established Congressional power to legislate a process for presidential succession, in the event of the president’s incapacity to govern, 1967 26th: Lowered suffrage to age 18 from age 21, 1971 27th: Congress can’t vote itself a raise to take effect during the same term, 1992 Laws by Topic Directory: cms -> lib -> NY01913703 -> Centricity -> Domain lib -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> 1. naclo 2017 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> Chem I honors Unit 2 Notes: Numbers in Chemistry Measurement lib -> Sanderson High School ap human Geography Summer Assignment 2016 lib -> Find fantastic ousd elementary music programs lib -> American Studies Pacing Calendar 2014-2015 lib -> The ap history Timeline 8000bce-the Present lib -> Absolutism in Europe Domain -> Unit 1: Getting Ready for Chemistry Download 372.8 Kb. Share with your friends:
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