Early Administrations 1789-1812

Early Administrations 1789-1812

1. 
   State and Federal governments firmly established
   
2. 
   American caught in the English/French wars
   
3. 
   Parties develop
   
4. 
   Boundaries enlarged by Louisiana Purchase (Jefferson hypocrisy?)
   

1. domestic achievements:

federal courts established (Judiciary Act 1789)

Bill of Rights added to Constitution (James Madison 1791)

Hamilton’s Financial Plan- manufacturing strengthened (tariffs imposed), pay war debt “at par”, assume states’ debts – deal with Jefferson for capital in DC, 1^st Bank of the United States, excise taxes –whiskey - Report on the Public Credit

1794 - Whiskey Rebellion – PA – object to excise tax – crushed by GW with federal troops – no repeat of Shays’ Rebellion

2. 
   foreign affairs:
   

Jay Treaty – England leaves fur posts in Ohio Valley (not popular among French-loving Democratic Republicans like Jefferson, Madison who don’t want stronger ties to England)

Pinckney’s Treaty – Spain fears US-Brit alliance. Signs deal giving US right to navigate Mississippi River to New Orleans and disputed land north of FL

Genet affair – Resist attempts of France to get aid for French Revolution

No permanent alliances (Farewell Address)
Adams (1797-1801)

1. 
   Domestic:
   

Republicans or “Democratic-Republicans” or “Jeffersonian Republicans” (Jefferson, Madison)

Alien and Sedition Acts – restrictions on freedom of speech and on foreigners

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions – (Madison and Jefferson) Ky. and Va. Assemblies protest the Alien and Sedition Acts, foreshadows Nullification Crisis (Andrew Jackson vs John Calhoun)

2. 
   Foreign
   

Adams refuses to go to war with France (does expand Navy, establish Marines)

1. 
   Domestic:
   

tries to prevent Adams “midnight appointments” – can’t

Marbury v. Madison – John Marshall declares Supreme Court can decide whether a law is constitutional (judicial review)

Aaron Burr (1^st VP) – duel with Hamilton, tries to lead New England/New York secession, traitor

2. 
   Foreign:
   

sends Lewis and Clark into wilderness – water route to Pacific?

War with Barbary Pirates (Lybia – had demanded increased “tribute” from US)

Embargo Act of 1807 – tries to make France and England respect American neutral rights unsuccessful/dumb – harms US economy – does revive US manufacturing in New England. Followed by Non-Intercourse Act and (Madison’s) Macon’s Bill #2
Madison (1808-1816)

1. War of 1812 against England –

2. Caused by trade disputes (above), nationalism (War Hawks), impressment, British aid to Indians, seizing ships

3. British invasion of America – burned Washington D.C.

4. Jackson’s victory at New Orleans (after war over – goes on to seize parts of FL cities without authority)

5. Treaty of Ghent – nothing changes

6. Hartford Convention – during war, New England threatens to secede; quickens demise of Federalists

7. “American System” – Henry Clay’s formula for economic success – internal improvements (roads and canals paid by federal gov’t), protective tariff, strong banking system (supports Bank of US)

1. 
   Monroe Doctrine – nationalism, supported by British
   
2. 
   “Era of Good Feelings” – little political opposition (Federalists losing clout), rise of nationalism, economic power
   
3. 
   Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treay) – 1819 from Spain
   
4. 
   Missouri Compromise
   

1. 
   Corrupt Bargain
   

1. 
   Jackson’s presidency signals more democratic trends
   
2. 
   coincides with beginning of industrialization and the market revolution
   
3. 
   followed by reform movements
   
4. 
   followed by manifest destiny and westward expansion
   

1. 
   From the “west” (Carolinas then Tennessee) – not part of the old aristocracy
   
2. 
   democratic tendencies – increased suffrage (state property requirements dropped), party conventions replace Caucus system, “spoils system”
   
3. 
   Opposes and destroys second Bank of US/Nicholas Biddle – institution of the privileged – Clay’s role to use Bank as issue in 1832 election - backfires
   
4. 
   Strongly nationalistic – opposed Calhoun’s Nullification – “force bill”, resolved by Clay’s Compromise in 1833
   
5. 
   Webster-Hayne debate (union vs liberty)
   

6. 
   Panic of 1837 – caused by Jackson’s specie circular (must buy western land with metal, not paper money), removal of money from Bank of US into “pet banks”
   
7. 
   Handpicks Martin Van Buren to succeed him (loyal during “pettitcoat affair” - Peggy O’Neill). Memories of death of his wife Rachel.
   

1. 
   Industrialization centered in Northeast
   
2. 
   Cotton gin transforms south to cotton area
   
3. 
   Old Northwest Territory linked to northeast by canals (Erie Canal) and railroads
   

1. 
   Women’s rights – Susan B. Anthony/Elizabeth Cady Stanton
   
2. 
   Abolitionists - William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas
   
3. 
   Education – Horace Mann
   
4. 
   Prison/Mental Health – Dorothea Dix
   
5. 
   Temperance – Neal Dow
   
6. 
   Good writers centered in New England – Transcendentalists
   

Ralph Waldo Emerson

• 
  Opposed authority of government, espoused civil disobedience
  
• 
  Loved nature
  
• 
  Abolitionists
  
• 
  Pacifists
  
• 
  True knowledge “transcended” the senses
  

1. 
   Builds on Monroe Doctrine – America turns away from Europe
   
2. 
   Florida from Spain – 1819 Adams – Onis Treaty
   
3. 
   Annexation of Texas - 1845
   
4. 
   Oregon – dispute with British (54’40” or Fight), James Polk
   
5. 
   Mormons in Utah – Joseph Smith, Brigham Young
   
6. 
   California settlers gold (49ers)
   
7. 
   War with Mexico
   
   1. 
      Polk – take entire southwest plus California (TX already annexed)
      
   2. 
      Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: America gets southwest
      
8. 
   Gadsden purchase added 1853
   
9. 
   China and Japan trade develops
   
10. 
    Continuing problem of slavery in the new lands
    

Compromise of 1850

11. 
    Westward Movement – 1862 Homestead Act, 1862 Morrill Act, 1887 Hatch Act
    
12. 
    Turner Thesis – no frontier post-1890
    

Daniel Webster – nationalist (a war hawk in 1812) – Webster-Hayne debate, Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay – the Great Compromiser – for the American system (a war hawk in 1812), part of “corrupt bargain”, plays key role in Missouri Comp, Nullification Crisis, Compromise of 1850
Civil War

Themes:

1. Increasingly difficult to compromise the slavery issue (Missouri Comp, Comp of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty, failed Crittenden Compromise)

2. Multiple causes – economics, philosophy of government, fanaticism

3. Devastating war for five years 1861-1865

4. North fought to preserve union – added war aim of emancipation

5. Emancipation Proclamation – changes purpose of war

6. Gettysburg Address – reinforces new meaning of war, “new birth of freedom”
Leading up to war

1. How to deal with slavery in the new lands from Mexico – compromise of 1850

2. Douglas reopens Kansas and Nebraska to popular sovereignty

3. “Bleeding Kansas”

4. Increased abolitionist activity – underground railroad, North won’t cooperate with Fugitive Slave law

5. Dred Scott decision

6. John Brown’s Raid

7. Preston Brooks (SC) – attacks Charles Sumner (MA) on Senate floor

8. Different economic interests – no tariff (South) v. protective tax

9. Lincoln’s election in 1860 as a Republican scares South – they secede

10. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
The War

1. Devastation – 600,000 died

2. Lincoln has poor generals, but a navy which can enforce a blockade.

3. 1863 – July 3^rd and 4th key victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg.

4. Finally won with U.S. Grant and Sherman (“March to the Sea”).

5. South has Lee and holds out for a long time – hopes for English aid but doesn’t come

6. Lincoln widens war aim with Emancipation Proclamation and 13^th Amendment

7. Ends at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia

8. Lincoln assassinated – 1865