Masaryk University
Download 236.92 Kb.
|
“Preserving Senatorial Traditions: The Censure of Senator Joseph R. McCarthy.” The National Archives. 17 June 2008. Rorabaugh, W.J. Kennedy and the Promise of the Sixties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Rosenberg, Jonathan and Zachary Karabell. Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice. New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003. Saymour, M. Hersh. The Dark Side of Camelot. New York: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown and Company, 1998. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Boston, New York: Mariner Books, 2002. ---. “On the Presidential Succession.” Political Science Quarterly 89.3 (1974): pp. 475-505. JSTOR, 10 Aug. 2008. Schwab, Peter. John F. Kennedy. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1974. “Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice President Richard M. Nixon First Joint Radio-Television Broadcast.” J.F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 2 Sept. 2008. “Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice President Richard M. Nixon Second Joint Radio-Television Broadcast.” J.F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 2 Sept. 2008. Shattuck, John. “JFK, MLK, RFK: 1960 to 1968, Session I.” Recorded Conference, 23 October 2005. John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. 10 Oct. 2008. ---. “JFK, MLK, RFK: 1960 to 1968, Session II.” Recorded Conference, 23 October 2005. John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. 10 Oct. 2008. ---. “Presidential Courage.” Recorded forum, 12 September 2007. John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. 10 Oct. 2008. < http://www.jfklibrary.org/NR/rdonlyres/93052A00-B07D-4826-A720-9355CDD17ADD/41107/PRESIDENTIALCOURAGE.pdf>. ---. “On Kennedy and King.” 11 June, 2003. Recorded forum, 11 June, 2003. John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. 10 Oct. 2008. ---. “The Presidency of John F. Kennedy.” Recorded forum, 19 October, 2003. John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. 10 Oct. 2008. < http://www.jfklibrary.org/NR/rdonlyres/EB97DD74-1BE1-4B2E-938B-87BF4782B596/30052/PresidencyofJFK101904.pdf>. Sigel, Roberta S. “Race and Religion as Factors in the Kennedy Victory in Detroit, 1960.” The Journal of Negro Education 31 (1962): 436-447. JSTOR, 22 July 2008. Silvestri, Vito N. Becoming JFK: A Profile in Communication. Wesport: Praeger Publishers, 2000. Soreson, Theodore C. Let the Word Go Forth, The Speeches, Statements and Writings of John F. Kennedy 1947 to 1963. New York: Dell Publishing, 1991. “Speech of Senator John F. Kennedy, Greater Houston Ministerial Association, Rice Hotel, Houston, Tex., Monday Evening, September 12, 1960.” J.F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 20 Aug. 2008. Stern, Mark. Calculating Visions. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1991. ---. “Eisenhower and Kennedy: a comparison of confrontations at Little Rock and Ole Miss.” Policy Studies Journal 21. (1993). Questia Media America, 17 July 2008. Stewart, John. “The Struggle for Civil Rights.” Recorded Symposium, 28 Apr. 1998. Session I. John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. 10 Oct. 2008. “Stroke of the Pen.” TIME 30 Nov. 1962. 21 Sept. 2008 Talbot, David. Brothers, The Hidden History of the Kennedy Years. New York: Free Press, 2007. “Television and Radio Interview: ‘After Two Years – a Conversation With the President’.” December 17, 1962. JFK Link. 30 Sept. 2008. “The Constitution of the United States, Amendments 11 – 27.” The National Archives. 21 July 2008. “Transcript of Interview With William Lawrence Recorded for the Program ‘Politics – 62’.” JFK Link. 30 Sept. 2008. “Troops and Little Rock Crisis.” BBC. 17 July 2008 Williams, Juan. Eyes on the Prize, America’s Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965. New York: Penguin Books, 1988. Winquist, Thomas R. “Civil Rights Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1957.” Michigan Law Review 56. 4 (1958) : 619-630. JSTOR, 30 July 2008. Wooley, John T. and Gerhard Peters. “Political Party Platforms.” The American Presidency Project. 17 July 2008. 1 Reconstruction (1865 – 1877) was a period following Civil War during which the United States planned to reconstruct the South. 2 13th Amendment from 1865 abolished slavery, 14th Amendment, passed in 1866, guarantees citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States; and according to the 15th Amendment, the right to vote cannot be denied “on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude” (“The Constitution”). 3 “Jim Crow era in the American history dates from the late 1890s, then Southern states began systematically to codify (or strengthen) in law and state constitutional provisions the subordinate position of African Americans in society“ (Davis 1). 4 From December 1, 1955 to November 1956. 5 The most serious were scarlet fever and diphtheria. He suffered from different allergies. During his studies at Choate school, private boarding school, he often missed several months of school due to his health problems. During his adulthood, Kennedy suffered from Addison disease. 6 Joe Kennedy served as Ambassador to Great Britain since 1938 to 1940. 7 This was the founding conference of the United Nations. 8 JFK had five sisters: Rosemary (institutionalized in a hospital for mentally handicapped), Kathleen Agnes (died in a plane crash in 1948), Eunice Mary, Patricia and Jean Anne, who served as Ambassador to Ireland. 9 Carpetbagger – this term refers to someone who is trying to gain political success and in order to achieve so he/she moves to a different place, to which he/she had previously no connection (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English). 10 Poll taxes enacted in Southern states between 1889 and 1910 had the effect of disenfranchising many blacks as well as poor whites, because payment of the tax was a prerequisite for voting. 11 Kennedy was reelected in 1948 and 1950. 12 “...while traveling in England, Congressman Kennedy suffered a physical collapse, a result of Addison’s disease” (Kenney 28). 13 Lodge was at that time a respected politician who had served three terms in the Upper House (Dallek, Unfinished Life 169). In 1916, Kennedy’s grandfather John F. Honey Fitz campaigned for Senate against Lodge’s grandfather (Bryant 34). 14 Boston Chronicle was the widely read black newspaper (Bryant 35). 15 JFK gained support from different ethnic groups – Albanians, Greeks, Italians, Irish, Polish, and Jews. His advertisements were also placed on foreign language newspapers (O’Brien 245). 16 The Cloture Rule originally required a supermajority of two-thirds of senators “present and voting.” The so called filibuster was particularly used by senators from the Southern states to block civil rights legislation. It was first applied in 1919. In 1975, “the Senate reduced the number of votes required for cloture from two-thirds to three-fifths, or sixty of the current one hundred senators” (“Filibuster and Cloture”). 17 The book is about courageous acts performed by members of the Senate through history. 18 St. Lawrence Seaway is a system of canals which enables ocean vessels to pass from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. 19 Joe Kennedy favored McCarthy and he had invited him to Hyannis Port – residence of the Kennedys. 20 A hundred and one senators signed the Manifesto and three did not. Among the three who refused to sign it was Lyndon B. Johnson. He refused to “place himself in opposition to the law of the land” (Stern, Calculating Visions 131). 21 NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the American civil rights organization which was challenging racial discrimination since the beginning of the twentieth century. 22 Montgomery Bus Boycott was fighting the segregation on buses in Montgomery, Alabama. Rosa Parks – NAACP activist refused to give up her seat to white man. King’s philosophy of non-violence proved to be successful in this case – in November 1956, the Supreme Court declared segregation on public buses unconstitutional (Williams 59 – 89). 23 In 1955, several blacks were killed in Mississippi by white men. Mississippi was the most segregated state in the USA “and racially motivated murders were not new to the state” (Williams 39). The most striking case was the murder of Emmett Till, a fourteen year old boy who came from Chicago to visit relatives in Mississippi. The story was covered by media all over the country and the American people were shocked at the cruelty of killing. It is often seen as a turning point in the struggle of African Americans for their civil rights. 24 Among the well known civil rights supporter was Senator Huber Humphrey of Minnesota and Senator Paul Douglas of Illinois (O’Brien 367). 25 Powel Amendment suggested cutting federal funding in the states which had refused to integrate schools. 26 Southern Manifesto was a document denouncing the Brown v. Board of Education decision. 27 On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court outlawed segregation in public schools in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka by interpreting the 14th Amendment. 28 Filibuster means to “delay or block legislative action” (“Filibuster and Cloture”). 29 Part IV would increase the power of the Justice Department to seek injunctions against actual or threatened interference with the right to vote (“Civil Rights” par.4) 30 According to the rules, the civil rights bill passed by the House would go to the Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by James Eastland, Senator of Mississippi – “hated symbol of Southern racism” (Golden 129). 31 “Mark De Wolfe Howe, renowned civil libertarian and leader in Americans for Democratic Action; Paul Freund of Harvard Law School” (O’Brien 371) advised Kennedy to support the amendment because “weakened bill was better than no bill at all“ (Bryant 74). 32 Orval Faubus served as governor of Arkansas from 1955 to 1967. During his administration only nine out of four hundred and ten school districts were desegregated (“Politics” par.7 -10). 33 Kennedy voted against continuing farm price support in 1952, 1954 and 1956. He voted for reduction of funds for the Agriculture Conservation Program in 1953. (“John F. Kennedy’s Voting Record” p. 3) 34 New Deal was a series of programs organized under President Hoover with the aim to recover the economy of the USA after Great Depression. 35 Kennedy named presidents under the age of forty-four (Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, James Madison) who made significant contributions to the American nation (O´Brien 461). 36 John Patterson was Governor of Alabama. He was a supporter of segregation in the South. He played an important role during Freedom Rides in 1961. 37 Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S Ambassador to the United Nations, had been defeated by Kennedy during the 1952 contest for U.S. Senate seat. 38 The pamphlet cover read: “’No Comment’ Nixon versus a Candidate With a Heart, Senator Kennedy: The Case of Martin Luther King” (Brauer 50). 39 It was the first-ever televised presidential debate (Allen par.1). 40 Wofford urged Kennedy to express his support to civil rights movement. He saw it as a chance to show the civil rights plank – “the Democrats´ strongest asset” (Bryant 171). 41 The term Mason Dixon Line is used to refer to cultural differences between the North and South of the USA. 42 “Of the twenty standing committees of the House, ten were chaired by Southerners; nine of the sixteen standing committees of the Senate were chaired by southerners” (Stern, Calculating Visions 40). 43 Kennedy established by the executive order a Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity on March 7, 1961, and it replaced two existing but according to Brauer “largely ineffectual” committees (79). The aim of the committee was to “undertake specific plans for progress involving recruitment, training, hiring and upgrading of Negro employees” (Dallek, Unfinished Life 383). Kennedy nominated Lyndon Johnson the chairman of the committee. According to 1964 Civil Rights Act, the Committee was transformed to Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 44 The number of protests (demonstrations, sit-ins, prayers) increased considerably at the beginning of the 1960. The civil rights activists organized a lot of protests aware of the fact that they might turn into a violent demonstration. However, they anticipated that it would give them a legitimate reason to demand reactions from government officials, particularly president administration. 45 The CORE organized “Journey of Reconciliation” in 1947 after the Supreme Court outlawed segregated seating on interstate buses and trains. At that time they traveled only through the Upper South, however, they were attacked during the journey and eventually arrested in North Carolina for “violating the segregation laws of the state” (Williams 147). 46 James Farmer was black civil rights activist, one of the founders of CORE in early 1940s. Farmer as well as Martin Luther King studied and advocated the Gandhi philosophy of nonviolence. 47 The meeting with Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna was scheduled for June 3-4, 1961. 48 According to O’Reilly, FBI had information that members of Ku Klux Klan were planning an attack on Freedom Riders and provided this information to the local police, however, nothing was done to prevent the attack. It was also the case of Birmingham (206 - 207). 49 The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was a civil rights organization which was established in 1960. It played important role during sit-in demonstrations and Freedom Rides. 50 The Albany Movement was an umbrella organization which included Ministerial Alliance, the Negro Votes League, and the Criterion Club (Williams 167). 51 M.L.King was sentenced together with his aide Ralph Abernathy for forty-five days in jail or a 178 USD fine. Both of them chose jail. 52 James Meredith claimed that he was inspired by John F. Kennedy’s inaugural speech. 53 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – one of the most influential civil rights organizations in the USA. 54 Judge Ben F. Cameron was a member of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals who kept postponing the injunction of ordering integration of Ole Miss by issuing four separate stays (“Integrating Ole Miss”). 55 Barnett was found guilty of civil contempt and “ordered to purge himself by following Tuesday or face arrest and a fine of ten thousand U.S. dollars per day” (Schlesinger 943). 56 The candidates were both segregationists – T. Eugene “Bull” Connor – police commissioner and Albert Boutwell, who was the more moderate of these two. He was also more preferred by African Americans (Brauer 230). 57 Vivian Malone became the first African American woman to graduate from the University of Alabama. 58 Tuscaloosa is a city in central Alabama where the University of Alabama is located. 59 A.Philip Randolph, President of the Negro American Labor Council, together with Bayard Rustin and A.J.Muste planned a march in 1941 to protest against segregation in army and unfair employment opportunities for African Americans. To forestall the march President Roosevelt issued the so called Fair Employment Act (The Executive Order 8802) – the first federal action against racial discrimination practices in employment. 60 The Big Six were representatives of the largest civil rights organizations: M.L. King (SCLC), J.Farmer (CORE), J. Lewis (SNCC), R. Wilkins (NAACP), Whitney Young (Urban League) and A.P. Randolph (Silvestri 256). 61 Figures referring to the number of participants differ from 200,000 to 300,000 people depending on the source. 62 Among the celebrities who expressed their support to civil rights issues at the March were Marlon Brando, James Garner, Paul Newman, Bob Dylan and many others (Lloyd) 63 Although a lot of speeches during his campaigns for Congress were motivated by political reasons – he needed to win the votes of African Americans, Kennedy delivered a courageous speech at NAACP meeting very shortly before the Democratic Convention in Los Angeles in 1960. 64 The term Dixiecrat refers to Southern Democrats who refused to allow federal government to change the traditional Southern way of life. 65 His bills regarding domestic issues were related to economical issues – tax cuts, medical care system and educational system. Download 236.92 Kb. Share with your friends:
|