**Mass Transit 1ac 1ac – economy advantage
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- Poverty is the worst form of violence –systemic violence outweighs any imaginable war
Sprawl – Poverty Add-OnPublic transit helps strengthen local economies and reduces poverty by helping those without transportation obtain jobs that were previously out of reachFleischfresser 11 (Channtal Fleischfresser Worked for The Economist, WNET/Channel 13, Al Jazeera English, Wall Street Journal and Associated Press, September 6, 2011 “Better public transit could help economic recovery”) As the U.S.’ unemployment numbers stagnate around 9 percent, policymakers from the president downwards are struggling to find ways to get people back to work. Those promoting public policy might consider improving public transportation as a way to strengthen local economies. The Obama administration has made recent investments in high-speed rail and other national-level infrastructure initiatives. But the solution could be more localized. If a recent study by the Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program is any indication, cities with more effective public transportation programs may be better able to recover from economic slumps than those with poor public transit options. According to the study’s writers, around 700,000 homes in the 100 largest metropolitan areas lack access to personal vehicles or public transportation. This means that people without cars who live out of walking or biking range of a potential job are likely to be excluded from a work opportunity in an inaccessible part of town. In cities with better public transit, people who do not have a personal vehicle and are looking for work have a much wider range of jobs open to them. The fact that public transportation can be in itself a barrier to access to employment and education has led groups like the Leadership Conference Education Fund to see transportation as a civil rights issue. Poor public transit creates economic problems beyond job availability: it also reduces property values, which can create further problems for a community struggling economically. It’s no surprise that the Obama administration has recently poured money into national infrastructure projects. But local solutions might go a long way towards facilitating economic recovery for struggling communities. Not only would these investments generate construction and manufacturing jobs, and increase property values, but people without a car might have access to jobs that were previously out of reach, at least geographically speaking. Poverty is the worst form of violence –systemic violence outweighs any imaginable warGilligan 2000 (James Gilligan, Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Violence: Reflections on Our Deadliest Epidemic, p. 195-196) You cannot work for one day with the violent people who fill our prisons and mental hospitals for the criminally insane without being forcibly and constantly reminded of the extreme poverty and discrimination that characterize their lives. Hearing about their lives, and about their families and friends, you are forced to recognize the truth in Gandhi’s observation that the deadliest form of violence is poverty. Not a day goes by without realizing that trying to understand them and their virulent behavior in purely individual terms is impossible and wrong-headed. Any theory of violence, especially a psychological theory, that evolves from the experience of men in maximum security prisons and hospitals for the criminally insane must begin with the recognition that these institutions are only microcosms. They are not where the major violence of our society takes place, and the perpetrators who fill them are far from being the main causes of most violent deaths. Any approach to a theory of violence needs to begin with a look at the structural violence of this country. Focusing merely on those relatively few men who commit what we define as murder could distract us from examining and learning from those structural causes of violent death that are far more significant from a numerical or public health, or human, standpoint By “structural violence” I mean the increased rates of death and disability suffered by those who occupy the bottom rungs of society, as contrasted with the relatively lower death rates experienced by those who are above them. Those excess deaths (or at least a demonstratably large portion of them) are a function of class structure; and that structure is itself a product of society’s collective human choices, concerning how to distribute the collective wealth of the society. These are not acts of God. I am contrasting “structural” with “behavioral violence,” by which I mean the non-natural deaths and injuries that are caused by specific behavioral actions of individuals against individuals, such as the deaths we attribute to homicide, suicide, soldiers in warfare, capital punishment, and so on. Structural violence differs from behavioral violence in at least three major respects The lethal effects of structural violence operate continuously rather than sporadically, whereas murders, suicides, executions, wars, and other forms of behavioral violence occur one at a time. Structural violence operates more or less independently of individual acs; independent of individuals and groups (politicians, political parties, voters) whose decisions may nevertheless have lethal consequences for others. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 0.91 Mb. Share with your friends:
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