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Sprawl – Obesity Link Extn
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- Reliance on cars – instead of mass transit – leads to health issues
- Sprawl – Food Production
- Urban sprawl decreases food production
- Urban sprawl results in fewer crops harvested successfully
- Urban sprawl reduces photosynthetic productive, this leads to loss in food production
Sprawl – Obesity Link ExtnUrban sprawl causes multiple health problems like obesityFackelmann, 2003 – writer, USA Today (Kathleen, “Studies tie urban sprawl to health risks, road danger,” USA Today, 08/28/03, http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-08-28-sprawl-usat_x.htm)//AX “People living in sprawling American neighborhoods walk less, weigh more and are more likely to be hit by a car if they do venture out on foot or bicycle, suggests a series of studies out Friday. The studies are among the first reports to link shopping centers, a lack of sidewalks and bike trails and other features of urban sprawl to deadly health problems. The studies appear in the September issues of The American Journal of Health Promotion and the American Journal of Public Health. These reports come as more and more Americans are moving out to the suburbs — and walking less and less. Studies by the Federal Highway Administration show that Americans make fewer than 6% of daily trips on foot. In the first report, Reid Ewing, a researcher at the University of Maryland, and his colleagues studied more than 200,000 Americans living in 448 counties in major metropolitan areas. The team assessed the degree of sprawl in each county and then looked at some key health characteristics. Team members found that people who lived in sprawling neighborhoods walked less and had less chance to stay fit. These neighborhoods were built to accommodate cars and SUVs, not walkers, says Richard Jackson of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. People living in urban sprawl often can't walk because the shops are miles away, often in strip malls accessible only by high-speed roadways, he says. Ewing's study shows that such everyday driving trips to the store or to the corner bus stop can add up: People in sprawling neighborhoods weighed about 6 pounds more on average than the folks living in compact neighborhoods where sidewalks are plentiful and stores and shops are close to residential areas. The report also shows that people living in sprawling urban areas were more likely to suffer from obesity, which can put people at higher risk of cancer, diabetes and a host of other diseases. Urban sprawl also put residents at a slightly higher risk of developing high blood pressure.” Reliance on cars – instead of mass transit – leads to health issuesHDMT, 2000 – Census data (Unknown, “Indicator HH.1g Residential Density,” San Francisco’s Healthy Development Measurement Tool, < “Urban sprawl is a term that has been used to describe a “pattern of uncontrolled development around the periphery of a city.” Urban sprawl development is generally characterized by the reliance on automobiles to get from one place to the next and historically has not been suitable for more active transportation options such as walking, biking or mass transit. Negative health implications have been associated with urban sprawl. Research has found that people living in counties with sprawling development are less likely to walk, weigh more and are more likely to suffer from high blood pressure than those living in more compact counties. Walking for utilitarian purposes, such as going to work, shopping, and school, is more prevalent in dense, mixed-use neighborhoods which supports a more active lifestyle for residents, thereby helping to prevent obesity, cardiovascular disease and other chronic illnesses associated with physical inactivity. Additionally, metropolitan areas with lower degrees of urban sprawl have been found to have an increased prevalence of cycling.” Sprawl – Food ProductionUrban sprawl drastically decreases food productionCNN, 2000 (“Satellite images show effects of urban sprawl,” CNN, 02/21/00, http://archives.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/02/21/sprawl.space.01/index.html )//AX “WASHINGTON (CNN) -- New images from Earth-observing satellites are documenting the effects of urban sprawl on the landscape, hinting at adverse long-term consequences related to the rapid growth of cities. NASA on Monday released satellite image sequences of Atlanta; Washington; Portland, Oregon; and Shenzhen, China. Each provides a time-lapsed view of how the landscape in and around these cities has changed as a result of development. The pictures show suburban Atlanta and Washington undergoing rapid deforestation as trees are cut down and roads, businesses, and houses are built. In contrast, Portland, with tight zoning laws intended to control growth, remained relatively free of the deforestation associated with sprawl. According to NASA, 50 percent of the world's population now lives in cities -- an increase of more than 1 billion people in the last 50 years. According to Research Atlanta Inc., the population of the Atlanta metropolitan area increased 27 percent between 1970 and 1980, and 33 percent between 1980 and 1990. Urbanization has lead to increased traffic jams and air pollution in many cities. According to the Partnership for a Smog-Free Georgia, Atlanta experienced 68 "smog-alert" days in 1999 -- days in which the area exceeded federal guidelines for ground level ozone. Additionally, scientists have documented a "heat island effect" in areas where vast tracts of trees have been cut down to be replaced with roads and buildings. During the hot summer months, green vegetation is no long present in these areas to absorb the heat -- which instead bakes into black asphalt and rooftops, raising temperatures as much as 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit. Other research shows crop productivity can decline significantly when urbanization and industrialization occur on an uncontrolled basis. "Human survival depends on the ability of the landscape to produce food," NASA Goddard Space Flight Center researcher March Imhoff said in a statement. "Food production can be fundamentally linked to primary production or photosynthesis. If the capacity of the landscape to carry out photosynthesis is substantially reduced, then the ability of the planet to support human life must also be diminished," the statement said.” Urban sprawl decreases food productionCNN, 2000 – “Nature Urban Sprawl curbs food production, study shows,” CNN, 2000, http://articles.cnn.com/2000-02-28/nature/sprawl.enn_1_urban-sprawl-arable-land-ecosystems?_s=PM:NATURE ) //AX “Nature Urban sprawl curbs food production, study shows SATELLITE February 28, 2000 Humans tend to congregate where the best resources are, said Marc Imhoff, a researcher at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Is it wise to take the best soils and turn them into parking lots To find out, Imhoff and his colleagues took satellite imagery of city lights, which serve as a measure of urban sprawl, and combined it with data from another satellite that records the photosynthetic potential of the landscape. By merging the satellite data we could examine how urbanization affects the potential of the land surface to carry out photosynthesis by looking at the greenness index inside and outside the urbanized area, he said. It turns out that urban sprawl can reduce the photosynthetic ability of land by as much as 20 days in areas where construction is particularly dense. Put another way, said Imhoff, the effect is like turning out the lights in a greenhouse for 20 days. With only 3 percent of the land in the United States covered by urban development and ample arable land yet untapped, urban sprawl does not yet pose a significant threat to the nations food supply. In countries like Egypt, where there is not much arable land and all the urbanization is taking place along the Nile River, in terms of local food supply it is a serious issue, said Imhoff. However, the study also showed that human activity could increase productivity by altering the environment. For example, this was the case for arid and semiarid areas where lawn irrigation and planting changed the ecosystems from shrub lands and desert to deciduous forests, said Imhoff. Since human survival depends on photosynthesis, the researchers hope urban planners will find the study useful. Imhoff suggests that cities should be built on poorer soils, even though construction costs might be bit higher. As population increases we are going to have to rely on our soil resources more and more, said Imhoff. Because of their style of consumption, in Europe the amount of land needed to support urban areas is 100 times larger than the urban area itself.” Urban sprawl results in fewer crops harvested successfullyNASA, 2000 – space organization (“Urban Sprawl Curbs Food Production,” NASA, 2000, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/view.php?id=20901 )//AX “Urban sprawl limits the amount of carbon dioxide the land can convert to biomass, which could lead to a significant decrease in crop yields. Marc Imhoff at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center says currently 3 percent of the United States is covered by urban development and urban sprawl does not yet pose a threat to the nation's food supply. Imhoff suggests that cities should be built on poorer soils so that urbanization won't influence crop production. Urban sprawl reduces photosynthetic productive, this leads to loss in food productionKlaes, 00 - President of the Nation l space society (Larry, http://eugen.leitl.org/tt/msg01715.html) A study of the impact of urbanization and industrialization over the past seven years using satellites shows that annual photosynthetic productivity can be reduced by as much as 20 days in some areas where urbanization is intense, not unlike turning the lights off in a greenhouse during the growing season. The study also reveals that urbanization may be creating vast heat islands that can actually lengthen the growing season, but do not improve the productivity of the land. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (Greenbelt, Md.) researcher Dr. Marc L. Imhoff presents his findings during a news media briefing at the 2000 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Annual Meeting at the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel (Washington, D.C.) on Monday, Feb. 21 at 3 p.m. in the Wilson Room. According to Imhoff's research, urbanization and industrialization have resulted in the development of mega-cities and urban and suburban sprawl. The environment is altered as a result of replacing land cover with roads, housing, and commercial and industrial structures. "Human survival depends on the ability of the landscape to produce food," said Imhoff. "Food production can be fundamentally linked to primary production or photosynthesis. If the capacity of the landscape to carryout photosynthesis is substantially reduced -- then the ability of the planet to support human life must also be diminished."Imhoff said data from the mid-1990's from two different satellite systems were combined with land cover maps and census information on population and housing to study the effect of urbanization on photosynthetic production in the United States. Nighttime images from a Department of Defense satellite, which show a dramatic picture of Earth's city lights, were used to determine which areas and how much land have been converted to urban, suburban, or industrial use. Maps showing urban, peri-urban (suburban), and non-urbanized areas were created from the "city-lights" satellite data. "Using a computer, we combined the city-lights satellite data with another type of satellite data that records a measure of 'greenness' or photosynthetic potential of the landscape over the course of an entire year," Imhoff said. "By merging the satellite data we could examine how urbanization affects the potential of the land surface to carryout photosynthesis by looking at the 'greenness' index inside and outside the urbanized areas for the whole continental United States." Results show that urbanization can have a measurable but variable impact on photosynthetic productivity. Annual photosynthetic productivity can be reduced by as much as 20 days in areas where housing and commercial land use is very dense. "However, we also found that in resource limited regions, human activity can increase productivity by altering the environment," he said. "For example, this was the case for arid and semi-arid areas where lawn irrigation and planting changed the ecosystems from shrub lands and desert to deciduous forests." A most interesting finding according to Imhoff was that urbanization seems to elongate the growing season, yet still reduces the overall productivity of the land. "Vegetation greens up earlier in the spring and takes longer to senesce in the fall, but has lower peak season productivity than similar nearby areas that are not urbanized," he said. "This could be demonstrating a profound urban heat island effect and have implications in climate change, especially in the northern Hemisphere where urban development is most intense." Analysis of the data also found clear evidence that human beings definitely tend to locate themselves on the most productive land and that those lands are being transformed into less productive types. "The results of this study should increase our awareness of the importance of land use planning especially in the context of sustainable growth and development," Imhoff stated. "Human survival depends on photosynthesis. If urbanization and industrialization continue, the capacity of the landscape to carry out photosynthesis is substantially reduced. " Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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