Методическая разработка по теме «Артикль» Тверь, 2005 Lasciate ogni speranza voi ch’entrate



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COUNTABLE

(with A)


(an idea, a fact, etc.)




COUNTABLE

or

UNCOUNTABLE







UNCOUNTABLE




COUNTABLE

A


(an idea, a fact, etc.)




COUNTABLE

or

UNCOUNTABLE





can be used with or without A





without A

  1. in general sense

2) modified by 12 groups of descriptive attributes (See Page 18)

with A

  1. It’s a …

  2. What a …

  3. certain, peculiar

  4. aspective meaning

  5. modified by

a descriptive

attribute

with A



  1. it’s a …

  2. what a …

  3. curtain, peculiar

  4. aspective meaning

  5. modified by

a descriptive

attribute
can be used with A or not

without A



  1. in general sense

  2. modified by 12 groups of descriptive attributes




only without A

advice, assistance, bliss, cunning, control, evidence, guidance, health, fun, information, luck, nature, news, nonsense, permission, progress, weather


USE OF ARTICLES WITH PROPER NOUNS
Articles with personal names
1. Personal names are normally used with no articles: John, Mary, Mr Brown, etc.
2. The definite article is used:

a) when a personal name has the plural form to indicate a whole family: the Joneses, the Browns, etc.:

One June evening I went to dine with the McDonalds.

b) when a personal name is modified by a limiting attribute:

It was the Jane I had known before.

She was not the Mary of your youth.

c) when a personal noun is modified by adjectives. It is important to stress that a personal name with the definite article modified by an adjective is never the rheme of the sentence (it is never the focus of communication):

“I am the celebrated Mortimer Ellis,” he said.



The late Mrs Jones was a very nice person.

The Talented Mr Ripley

NOTE 1: No article is used with personal names modified by the adjectives old, young, dear, poor, little, tiny, honest:



Old Anthony met us at the station.

Poor John ran away.

Little Willy found a machine-gun.

NOTE 2: If the personal name modified by an adjective is the rheme of the sentence and conveys the most important part of the communication, it is used with the indefinite article. The adjectives usually denote the mood of the person described:



The dinner was served by a silent Mrs Keats.

I saw an infuriated Jennifer who started shouting at me the moment I opened the door.
3. The indefinite article is used:

a) when a personal name indicates a member of a family:

“The boy is a Benbow!” he replied hotly.



b) when a personal name indicates one resembling somebody:

His face always reminded Michael of a Lincoln grown old.

c) when a personal name is modified by the adjective certain, or the meaning certain is implied:

A certain John Smith is waiting for you. (=someone who called himself John Smith)

He was engaged to be married to a Miss Smith.

A Mr Drake phoned in the morning, but he didn’t leave a message.

“Did a woman see you some time today? A Nelly Conway?” he asked anxiously.



d) when personal names denote things associated with the names of certain persons. In this case personal names turn into common nouns and follow the general rules of the use of articles for common nouns:

Every morning he drove out in a rickety old Ford. (=a car)

“Has the museum a Petrov-Vodkin?” I asked. (=a picture)



On one long wall hung a row of Van Goghs.
Articles with geographic names
1. The following geographic names are used with no article:

a) Names of continents: Africa, North America, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, Antarctica, etc.;

(But: the Antarctic, the Arctic)



b) Names of countries: Barbados, Kiribati, Russia, French Guiana, Bhutan, Lesotho, Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast), etc.

NOTE 1: The exceptions are the Netherlands and the Gambia.

NOTE 2: The article is used with names of countries occupying archipelagos: the Maldives, the Philippines, the Comoros.

NOTE 3: The article is optional with (the) Congo, (the) Senegal, (the) Cameroon, (the) Sudan, (the) Lebanon, (the) Ukraine, (the)Yemen.

NOTE 4: The article is used with names of countries including the words republic, states, kingdom, federation, etc.: The Democratic Republic of Congo, The Czech Republic, The Russian Federation, The United Arab Emirates, The United Kingdom, The United States of America, The Federated States of Micronesia, The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg [′lΛksəmbə:g], The Commonwealth of Dominica, etc.

c) names of counties, states, provinces, territories, areas, etc,: Polynesia, Alabama, Nebraska, New Brunswick, New England, Quebec, Bavaria, Lower Saxonia, Montenegro, Cheshire, East Anglia, Lothian, Siberia, Flanders, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, Brittany, Provence, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Queensland, Patagonia, Bophuthatswana [‚bOpu:tət’swa:nə], Ulster, Transylvania, Nunavut, etc.

NOTE: The article is used with the Ruhr, the Saar, the Riviera, the Transvaal, the Highlands, the Lowlands, the Midlands, the Borders, the Wirral, the Lake District, the Peak District, the Costa Brava, the Cotswolds, the Côte d’Azur, the Yukon, the Klondike, The Tyrol, (the) Transkei, the District of Colombia, the Algavre, the Maghreb, etc.

d) Names of cities and towns: Leicester [’lestə], Reading [’rediŋ], Slough [’slau], Berwick [’berək], Phoenix [’fi:niks], Ouagadougou [wa:gə’du:gu:], Thiruvananthapuram, etc.

NOTE: The exception is The Hague [heig]

e) Names of separate islands: Jamaica, Anglesey [‘æŋgəlsi], Great Britain, Java, New Caledonia, Zanzibar, Guam, Alcatraz, etc.

NOTE: The article is used in names of islands containing the preposition of: The Isle of Man, The Isle of Wight, etc.

f) Names of bays and gulfs: Hudson Bay, Manila Bay, Chesapeake Bay, etc.

NOTE: The article is used in the names of bays containing the preposition of: the Bay of Biscay, the Gulf of Mexico, the bay of Pigs

Remember: the Persian Gulf

g) Names of peninsulas and capes: Kamchatka, Yucatan, Labrador, Cape Horn, Cape Cod, Cape Canaveral, etc.

NOTE: The definite article is used if the name contains the preposition of or the word peninsula: the Balkan Peninsula, the Hindustan Peninsula, the Cape of Good Hope, etc.



h) names of mountain peaks: Everest, Fuji, Vesuvius, Elbrus, Hekla, Capital Hill, Popocatépetl [pOpəkætə’petl], Snowdon, Carrauntoohill [kærən’tu:əl], K2 (Mount Godwin Austen).

NOTE: The article is used with the names of European mountains which have an article in the local language: Der Matterhorn=The Matterhorn, La Meije=The Meije. But the article is not used before Mont: Le Mont Blanc is called Mont Blanc.



i) Names of lakes containing the words lake, loch or lough: Lake Baikal, Loch Ness, Lough Neagh [lox‘nei] , Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Seliger, etc.

NOTE: The article is used if there is the preposition of or the word lake is absent: The Lake of Baikal, the Baikal.



j) Names of some city areas: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Chelsea, Westminster, Docklands, etc.

NOTE: But The City, the East End, the West End, the Bronx, etc.



k) Names of parks and zoos: Hyde Park, Regent’s Park, Central Park, Chester Zoo, London Zoo, Yosemite [jəu’semiti] National Park, Disneyland, Disney World, etc.

l) Names of streets and squares: Baker Street, Oxford Street, Trafalgar Square, Piccadilly Circus, Fifth Avenue, 47th Street, Broadway, etc.

NOTE 1: But (the) High Street, the Strand, the Mall (in London), the Strip (in Las Vegas), the Plaza Square, the Flinchly Road, the King’s Road, the Euston Road.

NOTE 2: Some names of foreign streets and squares are used with the article: The Rue des Pyramides, the Place de la Concorde. (the) Red Square.
Geographic names that are used with the zero article may take the definite or indefinite article under the following conditions:

a). if a limiting attribute is used a geographic name may take the definite article:

It was not the France of his youth.

b). if a descriptive attribute is used a geographic name may have the indefinite article:

It was a different Paris, unknown to him.

c) the definite article is used in the following patterns containing the preposition of: The Bay of Biscay, The City of New York, The Mount of Olives, The Strait of Dover, etc.
2. The following geographic names are used with the definite article:

a) Names of seas and oceans: The Pacific (Ocean), The Atlantic (Ocean). The Mediterranean (Sea), The Yellow Sea, the Caribbean (Sea) [kæri’bi:ən], etc.

b) Names of rivers, channels and canals: the Volga, the Severn, The St Lawrence River, the Rubicon, the Lethe [’li:Θi], the Danube [’dænju:b], the St Lawrence Seaway, the English Channel, The Bering Strait, The Bosp(h)orus [’bOspərəs], the Dardanelles [da:də’nelz], the Suez Canal, the Bristol Channel, etc.

c) Names of archipelagos: the Canary Islands, the West Indies, the Caribbean, the Bahamas, the Seychelles, the Windward Islands.

d) Names of mountain chains: the Andes, the Rocky Mountains, the Cambrian Mountains, the Himalayas, the Cheviot Hills, etc.

e) Names of deserts: the Sahara (Desert), the Gobi, the Atacama, the Mojave [məu’ha:vi:] Desert, the Kalahari, the Namib, etc.

Articles with names of astronomical objects

1. Articles are not used with:

a) the word space (Outer Space). But the cosmos.

b) Latin Names of constellations (but the definite article is required with their English equivalents): Gemini (=the Twins), Saggitarius (=the Archer), Pisces (=the Fish), Cygnus (=the Swan), Ursa Minor (=the Little Bear, AmE the Little Dipper), Taurus (=the Bull), etc.

NOTE: The definite article is used if the word constellation is present: the constellation Hydra, the constellation Cassiopea, etc.

Exception: The Pleiades [’plaiədi:z] (=the Seven Sisters).

c) Names of stars (but the definite article is used if the word star is present): Polaris (=the North Star), Sirius (=the Dog Star), Betelgeuse, Aldebaran, Mizar, Alcor, Deneb, Capella, Vega, Alpha Centauri, Proxima Centauri, etc.

d) Names of planets and satellites: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto; Phobos, etc.
2. The definite article is used with names of galaxies: the Milky Way, the Large Magellanic Cloud, etc.

But: Dwingeloo 1, Dwingeloo 2.


Articles with other semantic groups of proper nouns
1. Proper nouns of the following semantic groups take no articles:

a) Names of universities and colleges: Tver State University, Oxford University, Yale, Brasenose College

NOTE: The article is used if the name contains the preposition of: The University of Oxford.



b) Names of magazines: National Geographic, Punch, Private Eye, Newsweek, World Soccer, Time, Reader’s Digest, etc.

NOTE: But The Economist, The New Yorker, The Lancet, etc.



c) Some names of buildings, bridges: Buckingham Palace, Edinburgh Castle, Westminster Abbey, St Paul’s Cathedral, Carnegie Hall, Westminster Bridge, Tower Bridge, London Bridge, etc.

NOTE 1: But: the Tower, the Old Bailey, the Regent Palace, the Albert Hall, the Canary Wharf Tower, the White House, the Capitol, the Empire State Building, the Sears Tower, the Pentagon, the Parthenon, the Acropolis, the Taj Mahal, the Kremlin, the Forth Bridge, the Clifton Suspension Bridge, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Brooklyn Bridge, etc.



d) Names of stations, airports, airlines: Kings Cross, Victoria Station, Grand Central Station, Kennedy Airport, Heathrow, Gatwick, La Guardia, British Airways, Lufthansa, etc.

e) Names of stadiums and football grounds if they do not contain the words stadium or ground: Wembley, Old Trafford, Anfield, Villa Park, Hillsborough, etc.

NOTE: But The Victoria Ground, The Olympic Stadium, etc.



f) Names of historical events and periods: the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Great Depression, the French Revolution, the Stone Age, the Tertiary period, the Cenozoic era, etc.

But ancient times, mediaeval times, paleolithic times


2. proper names of the following semantic groups are used with the definite article:

  1. Names of theatres, museums, monuments: the National Gallery,

the Hermitage, the Louvre, the Prado, the Tretyakov Gallery, the Tate Gallery, the Bolshoi, the Old Vic, the Washington Monument, the Jefferson Memorial, the Cenotaph, etc

b) Names of hotels, restaurants, clubs, cinemas: the Ritz, the Hilton, the Sheraton, the Odeon, the Carlton Club, etc.

c) Most names of newspapers: The Times, the Sun, the Chicago Tribune, the Boston Globe, the Los Angeles Times, the Sentinel.

NOTE: But USA Today, Pravda



d) Names of vessels: the Titanic, the QE2, the Lusitania, the Kon-Tiki, the Sir Winston Churchill

e) Names of most political parties: the Conservative Party, the Democrats, the Republicans, the Likud, etc.

NOTE: But Plaid Cymru [plaid ’kΛmri], Sinn Fein [ſin’fein]


Use of articles with abbreviations
1. No article is used if the abbreviation is pronounced as a word: NATO ['neitəu] (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization), UNESCO [ju'neskəu] (the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), NASA ['næsə] the National Aeronautics and Space Administration), OPEC ['əupek] (the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), ASEAN ['æsiæn] (the Association of South-East Asian Nations), FIFA ['fifə] (Federation Internationale des Football Associations), etc.
2. The definite article is usually used if the abbreviations is pronounced letter by letter: the CIA [si: ai ‘ei] (the Central Intelligence Agency), the FBI [ef bi: ‘ai] (the Federal Bureau of Investigation), the UN [ju: ‘en] (the United Nations Organization), the CIS [si: ai ‘es] (the Commonwealth of Independent States), etc.
SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES IN THE USE OF THE ARTICLE
Articles with names of seasons
1. Names of seasons (winter, spring, summer, autumn) are mostly used without articles, though the definite article may be found even in general statements. The definite article may have a generalizing meaning denoting time in an abstract way:

In London there are certain afternoons in (the) winter when the clouds hang heavy and low.

“I hate (the) autumn,” Jane said.



2. Names of seasons are used with no article in the function of a predicative:

It was spring and the air was pleasant.

3. If names of seasons are modified by limiting attributes or limitation is clear from the context or situation, the definite article is used:

It happened in the autumn of 2007.

4. The definite article is obligatory after the prepositions during, for, through:

The family moved to the country for the winter.

During the autumn he often came to see me in my office and one day asked me for a job.

“He won’t last through the summer,” Cora repeated.



5. When names of seasons are modified by descriptive attributes they take the indefinite article:

It’s been a hard winter for me. (Cronin)

And did you have a pleasant summer?

NOTE: No article is used when names of seasons are modified by the adjectives late or early:



It was late autumn.
Articles with names of times of the day and night
1. Names of times of the day and night (day, night, evening, noon, afternoon, dusk, twilight, midnight, nightfall, daytime, sunrise, sunset) are used with no article:

a) when they denote “light” or “darkness”:

Dusk fell without my noticing it.

The sun set behind the hills and night came.

b) after the prepositions at, after, before, by, till, until, towards, past (at night, by evening, past midnight, at dawn, at dusk, before noon, till morning, until midnight, etc.)

c) in the function of a predicative:

It was evening.

d) when these nouns are modified by the nouns denoting days of the week or the words yesterday, tomorrow, late, early:

We’ll meet tomorrow morning.

By late afternoon the guests began to arrive.

e) in the combinations of adverbial character: all day (long), all night (long), day after day, day in day out, from morning till night. night after night, day and night, from day to night:

Quietly Dr Walker walked to his work day after day.

f) in names of holidays containing the word day: Independence Day, Red Nose Day, etc.
2. Names of times of the day and night are used with the indefinite article if modified by descriptive attributes:

It was a frosty night.
3. Names of times of the day and night are used with the definite article:

a) when a specific night or day is meant:

The rain had stopped and the night was starry.

  1. when these nouns are used in a generic sense:

He spent the morning eating and the evening sleeping.

c) after the prepositions in, during, through (in the morning, in the night, in the evening, during the night, during the day, through the night, through the morning, etc.)

NOTE: After the preposition for both the definite and indefinite articles are possible depending on the meaning:



I must go to Sheffield for the day. (the day is specified)

I must go to Sheffield for a day. (for one day)

d) when these nouns are preceded by the pronoun other:

I went to the dentist the other day.
USE OF ARTICLES WITH NOUNS DENOTING UNIQUE POSTS, RANKS AND OCCUPATIONS
1. Nouns denoting unique posts, ranks and occupations (president, prime minister, chancellor, chairman, head, king, queen, prince, princess, captain, director, principal, etc.) are usually used with the definite article:

The president knocked at the door, but I didn’t open.

The director is waiting for you near the entrance.

Several people shouted at the chairman; feelings were running high.
2. The definite article is optional with these nouns when:

a) they function as a predicative:

He was (the) head of a great publishing house.

Excuse me, are you (the) president of the United States?

b) after the verbs to appoint, to elect, to choose, to make, to call, to consider, to run for:

Women in the USA may run for president; but so far no woman has become president.

Who appointed me prime minister?

They elected him president.

They made him (the) captain of the team.

c) after the preposition as:

When I don’t sleep, I work as prime minister.

Bill Clinton attracted voters with his thorough plans for what he would do as president and his concern for ordinary people’s problems.

d) in the function of apposition after personal names:

Mr Turner, (the) head of the firm, spent a few days there waiting for a taxi.

George Bush, (the) president of the USA, will make a state visit to the far East next year.

NOTE: There is no article if the title precedes a personal name: Queen Elizabeth, President Roosevelt, Princess Margaret, King Midas, King Taufa’ahau Tupou IV, etc. (The article may precede some foreign titles: (the) Pharaoh Cheops [‘ki:əps], (the) Emperor Nero, (the) Emperor Haile Selassie etc.)


USE OF ARTICLES BEFORE THE WORDS LAST AND NEXT
1. Nouns denoting time such as day, night, morning, afternoon, week, year, century, millennium, etc. are used with no article when they are modified by the adjectives last and next in present time context:

They arrived last year.

I’m going to a football match next week.

In past time contexts the definite article may be used in similar cases, but its use is not obligatory:



(The) next day Mr Drinkmore woke up with a headache.

However, when the adjectives last and next are followed by an ordinal numeral the definite article is obligatory:



The next twelve years the students studied the use of articles.

2. When we talk about the period of time immediately before or after the present one we use last and next with no article (the prepositions on, in, at are not used either in these expressions):
last week today next week

Monday Sunday


We saw Mr Scrooge last week.

See you next week.

I remember meeting you last century.

Let’s talk about it next millennium.

Last year was difficult.

The last and the next can be used to talk about a period of time that continues up to the present moment:
the last week today the next week

Monday Sunday


The last year was difficult.

I’m going to be very busy for the next week.

NOTE: The last and the next can also mean the last or the next in a series (with no relation to the present):



In the last week of the holiday a strange thing happened.

That was the last day I went to University.
ABSENCE OF ARTICLE IN PARALLEL STRUCTURES

The article is not used in parallel structures such as from town to town, from house to house, arm in arm, hand in hand, face to face, day and night, from right to left, from beginning to end, etc.



It went on raining day after day.
OMISSION OF ARTICLE IN ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTIONS

Articles or other determiners (for example, possessive pronouns) may be omitted in Nominative Absolute Constructions:



She was electrically alive, eyes bright, smile inviting.
USE OF ARTICLES IN SOME SET PHRASES


GROUND




to get something off the ground

сдвинуть с места

to cut the ground from under somebody’s feet

выбить почву из под ног

to suit somebody to the ground

полностью устраивать кого-либо

on the ground of …

по причине, под предлогом

to keep both feet on the ground

не отрываться от реальности

to gain (get) ground

продвигаться вперед

to give ground

отступать

to break new ground

начать новую деятельность

to go to ground

затаиться

to gain ground on somebody

получать преимущество перед кем-то

to be on dangerous ground

быть в опасности

to be on safe ground

быть в безопасности

above (below) ground

на поверхности земли (под землей)

on familiar ground

в знакомой обстановке




RUN




to be on the run

быть в бегах, в работе

in the long run

на долгий срок, в конце концов

in the short run

на кратковременный срок

out of the common run

необычный

to have the run of something

иметь право пользоваться чем-то

a run of something

период

a big run on something

большой спрос на что-либо

to take a run

предпринять вылазку, экскурсию)

to go with a run

идти как по маслу

to give somebody a good run for their money

  1. получить полное удовольствие за свои деньги

  2. оказать сопротивление

at a run

  1. бегом

  2. подряд




GO




to be on the go

иметь много дел

to be all the go

пользоваться популярностью

to have a go on something

попытаться что-либо сделать

to make a go of something

преуспевать в чем-либо

to be full of go

быть полным энергии




TIME




all the time

всё время

for the time being

на первое время

at the time

в своё время

to pass the time

проводить время

at a time

за один раз (присест)

for a time

какое-то время

to work against time

стараться уложиться в срок

prime time

час пик на телевидении

to do time

отбывать срок заключения

to play for time

выигрывать время

to make up for lost time

наверстать упущенное время

to be behind time

опаздывать, отставать




LIGHT




to see the light

понять, осознать

to give somebody a light

дать прикурить

in a new light

в новом свете

in a good (bad) light

в хорошем (плохом) свете

to come to light

выйти на поверхность

Let there be light!

Да будет свет!




LINE




to hold the line

проводить политику

to draw the line

подвести черту

to put something on the line

рискнуть чем-либо

down the line

полностью, во всех отношениях

to read between the lines

читать между строк

to take a tough line against somebody

проводить жесткую политику против кого-либо

to be in line with something

совпадать, согласовываться с чем-либо

to fall into line

придти к согласию

to be in line for something

ожидать что-л.




EYE




to meet the eye

бросаться в глаза

with the naked eye

невооруженным глазом

to give somebody the eye

взглянуть на кого-либо

to look somebody in the eye

смотреть кому-либо в глаза

to be easy on the eyes

приятно выглядеть

to be up to the eyes in work

быть по уши в работе

to cast an envious eye at something

завидовать

to keep an eye on something

следить за чем-либо

with an eye to something

с расчетом на что-либо

to have a wandering eye

иметь блуждающий взгляд

to have a good eye for distances

иметь хороший глазомер

to set (clap) eyes on something

видеть что-либо

to see eye to eye on something

соглашаться с чем-либо




EAR




pleasing to the ear

приятный на слух


to get the ear of somebody

добиться чего-либо внимания

to have a good ear for something

иметь хороший слух

to have an ear to the ground

быть в курсе событий

to lend an ear to somebody

выслушать кого-то

to turn a deaf ear to something

быть глухим к чему-либо




AIR




in the air

1) у всех на слуху

2)в неопределенном состоянии

to clear the air

устранить разногласия

to be on the air

быть в эфире

to have an air of …

иметь вид

to walk on air

быть на седьмом небе

to put on airs

важничать

to disappear into thin air

бесследно исчезнуть

to appear out of thin air

появиться из неоткуда




HAND




to take the upper hand

иметь преимущество перед кем-то

to have a hand in something

быть причастным к чему-либо

to give somebody a hand in doing something

помочь

to give somebody a big hand

аплодировать

to write a legible hand

писать разборчиво

to keep a strict hand over somebody

держать в ежовых рукавицах

by hand

в ручную

to hear somebody at second hand

знать что-либо понаслышке

to be on hand

быть в наличии

close at hand

рядом, по соседству

to have somebody in hand

контролировать кого-либо




HEAD




to come to a head

достигнуть критической точки

to have a good head for something

хорошо разбираться в чем-либо

not to make head or tail of something

не понимать

to tumble head over heals

покатиться вверх тормашками




HEART




to take to heart

принимать к сердцу

to lose heart

падать духом, отчаиваться

at heart

в глубине души

by heart

наизусть




FACE




to disappear off the face of the earth

исчезнуть с лица земли

in the face of something

перед лицом чего-либо

to have the face to do something

иметь наглость что-либо сделать

on the face of it

на поверхности, на первый взгляд

to pull a long face

скорчить гримасу

to lose face

потерять репутацию

to save face

сохранить репутацию



WAY




out of the way

что-либо выдающееся

It is always the way!

И вот так всегда!

by the way

кстати

in a way

в некотором отношении

to be in a bad (good) way

быть в плохой (хорошей) ситуации

to have a way with somebody (something)

иметь свой подход к кому-либо

by way of something

ради чего-либо, с целью; в качестве чего-либо; через

to give way to something

уступить, не выдержать

to make way

освободить путь

to be under way

зайти достаточно далеко; идти полным ходом




TURN




to be on the turn

меняться коренным образом

to make a left (right) turn

повернуть налево (направо)

to do somebody a good turn

оказать кому-либо услугу

to take a turn for the worse

меняться к худшему

to a turn

в самый раз

to have a witty turn of phrase

уметь хорошо говорить




ORDER




to be in good (bad) order

быть в хорошем (плохом) состоянии

in alphabetic order

в алфавитном порядке

in order of importance

в порядке важности

to get out of order

испортиться, сломаться

to put something in order

привести в порядок

to keep order

соблюдать порядок

in short order

быстро

made to order

сделанный на заказ

to call to order

призывать к порядку




POINT




When it comes to the point …

Когда доходит до дела…

The point is …

Дело в том, что…

to be beside the point

не иметь отношения к делу

to be on the point of doing something

собираться; почти сделать что-либо

off the point

некстати

to the point

кстати

to make a point of something

придавать чему-либо слишком большое значение

a boiling point

точка кипения

to stretch a point

немного обойти правила

in point of fact

фактически

a case in point

как раз тот случай

breaking point

критическая точка




BOARD




to go by the board

остаться за бортом; пойти насмарку

to sweep the board

выиграть все, что можно

on board (the ship)

на борту

to take something on board

принимать что-либо во внимание; соглашаться

to pay for board

платить за питание

above board

открыто, явно



END




in the end

в конце концов

to put an end to something

положить конец чему-либо

on end

1) беспрерывно, подряд

2) стоймя, дыбом

REFERENCES




  1. Barmina L.A., Verkhovskaya I.P. Learning to Use Articles. M., 1989

  2. Briskin R.U. Articles and Their Use in Modern English. Kiev, 1978

  3. Swan M. Practical English Usage. M., 1984

  4. S.Makarov’s Grammar Page: http://www.angelfire.com/ks2/grammar


CONTENTS



Article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Use of articles with class nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Meaning of articles with class nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Articles with countable nouns modified by attributes . .

Use of articles with collective nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Use of articles with material nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Use of articles with abstract nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Use of articles with uncountable abstract nouns . . . . . .



Use of articles with proper nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Articles with personal names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Articles with geographic names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Articles with names of astronomical objects . . . . . . . . .

Articles with other semantic groups of proper nouns . . .

Use of articles with abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .



Special difficulties in the use of articles . . . . . . . . . . .

Articles with names of seasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Articles with names of times of the day and night . . . . .

Use of articles with nouns denoting unique posts,

ranks and occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Use of articles before the words last and next . . . . . . . .

Absence of articles in parallel structures . . . . . . . . . . . .

Omission of articles in absolute constructions . . . . . . . .



Use of articles in some set phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

4

4



6

9

9



11

16

21



21

22

25



26

27

28



28

29
30

31

32

32



32

39





1 Barmina L.A., Verkhovskaya I.P. Learning to Use Articles. Moscow, 1989. p.27-29.


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