Minnesota's Black Baseball Players

164 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 88; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 187.

165 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 91; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 198.

166 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 92, 93; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 209.

167 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 96; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 223.

168 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 99; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 234.

169 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 101; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 245.

170 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 103; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 261.

171 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 105; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 274, 275.

172 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 108; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 294.

173 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 112; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 301.

174 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 113, 114; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 307.

175 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 114; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 318.

176 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 119; James A. Riley, Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1994), p. 765.

177 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 119; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 338, 339.

178 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 122; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 351, 353.

179 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 127; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 376.

180 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 129; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 383, 384.

181 John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 394.

182 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 133; Mike Shatzkin, ed., The Ballplayers: Baseball's Ultimate Biographical Reference (New York: Arbor House, 1990), p. 1070.

183 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 135; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 417.

184 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 137; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 422, 423.

185 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 140; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 434.

186 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 142; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 446; Larry Lester, Sammy J. Miller, and Dick Clark, Black Baseball in Chicago (Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), p. 59.

187 Donn Rogosin, Invisible Stars: Life In Baseball's Negro Leagues (New York: Kodansha International, 1995), p. 38.

188 "Independent Baseball," Minneapolis Tribune, June 27, 1909, p. 4, Sports; "News of Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, July 18, 1909, p. 3, Sports.

189 "Crack Chicago Colored Team," Twin City Star [Minneapolis & St. Paul], July 21, 1910, p. 1; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 61; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 74.

190 John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 82; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.

191 John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 89; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63-64.

192 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 64, 65; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 92.

193 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 66; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 97.

194 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 67; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 104.

195 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 69; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 111.

196 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 70.

197 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 76; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 142.

198 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 79; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 156.

199 "Keystones Blank Coughlin's Men," Minneapolis Tribune, April 27, 1908, p. 5 [boxscore].

200 "Two Big Games Booked," St. Paul Dispatch, June 2, 1910, p. 11.

201 "Twin City Gophers Play Werdens at Nicollet Park," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 3, Sports.

202 "Hennepins Fall Before Heavy Batting of Steels," Minneapolis Tribune, June 3, 1912, p. 11; "Two Fast Players of the Hennepin Clothing Team," Minneapolis Tribune, May 26, 1912, p. 3, Sports.

203 "Pretzels Pounce on Deacon Davis," St. Cloud Daily Times, June 23, 1913, p. 4, boxscore.

204 "Spectacular Plays Feature in Pretzel Win Over Melrose 7-0," St. Cloud Daily Times, July 28, 1913, p. 4, boxscore; Dretchko in "Win Both Games On Trip," Minnesota Daily [University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN], May 14, 1907, p. 1.

205 "Plutos Burn Their Fingers," St. Cloud, MN, Daily Times, July 27, 1914, p. 8, boxscore; "Bob Marshall Leaves Saints," St. Cloud, MN, Daily Journal-Press, July 31, 1914, p. ?.

206 "Hutchinson 2, Cokato 0," Cokato [MN] Enterprise, June 3, 1915, p. 4; Dretchko in "Cokato Wins One Games and Loses," Cokato [MN] Enterprise, June 24, 1915, p. 1; Ursella in "Cokato Loses to Waverly," Cokato [MN] Enterprise, August 12, 1915, p. 1.

207 "Bob Marshall a Football Star for 17 Years," Minneapolis Daily News, April, 1920, Bobby Marshall Scrapbook.

208 "Local News," Minneapolis Messenger, July 2, 1921, p. 2; "Bobby and Joe Making Good," Minneapolis Messenger, July 16, 1921, p. 2; "Bobby Marshall to Retire," Minneapolis Messenger, October 1, 1921, p. 2.

209 "May Play In Big League," Minnesota Messenger, September 30, 1922, p. 1.

210 "Local Team All Ready for Coming Baseball Season," Minnesota Messenger, March 10, 1923, p. 1; "Uptowns Lose Close Game to Bayport Nine," Northwestern Bulletin [St. Paul], May 26, 1923, p. 4; "Uptowns Lose Game to Fort Snelling Nine," Northwestern Bulletin, May 19, 1923, p. 4.

211 "Sports," Northwestern Bulletin, May 23, 1925, p. 3.

212 Hancock [MN] Record, July 5, 1926.

213 "Baker Post Defeats All-Stars by 4-2 Score," Twin City Herald, May 7, 1927, p. 2.

214 Little Falls Daily Transcript, May 21, 1928.

215 "St. Paul Monarchs Have Strong Team," Twin City Herald, July 23, 1932, p. 4.

216 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 55

217 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 56.

218 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

219 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 56.

220 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 57.

221 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 57.

222 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 58.

223 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 58; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 51, 52.

224 "St. Paul Colored Gophers," St. Paul Dispatch, May 18, 1907, p. 4, Sports section; "Gophers Tackle Saints Today," St. Paul Pioneer Press, September 21, 1907, p. 4.

225 "Colored Gophers Are Ready for First Game," Minneapolis Tribune, March 1, 1908, p. 2, Sports; "Locals Have Bad Inning," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, June 8, 1908, p. 4.

226 "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports.

227 "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3, box score.

228 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 62; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 82.

229 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 43; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 57.

230 John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 55; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 59.

231 "Faribault Flecks Defeat Gophers," Minneapolis Tribune, May 31, 1909, p. 3 [boxscore].

232 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 60.

233 "From Tuesday's Daily," Mankato Free Press, September 9, 1910, p. 5, boxscore.

234 "Keystones Blank Coughlin's Men," Minneapolis Tribune, April 27, 1908, p. 5 [boxscore].

235 "Independent Baseball," Minneapolis Tribune, April 18, 1909, p. 4, Sports; "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports; "Home Run Wins in Thirteenth," Duluth News Tribune, August 14, 1909, p. 7.

236 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 8, photocopy.

237 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 8, photocopy.

238 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 8, photocopy.

239 "Independents Notes," Minneapolis Tribune, February 2, 1908, p. 3, Sports, tells of Wallace playing with a Baltimore team in 1907.

240 "Colored Gophers Are Ready for First Game," Minneapolis Tribune, March 1, 1908, p. 2, Sports; "Locals Have Bad Inning," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, June 8, 1908, p. 4; "Negro Starts Excitement," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, August 24, 1908, p. 2; Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 8, photocopy.

241 "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports.

242 "Crack Chicago Colored Team," Twin City Star [Minneapolis & St. Paul], July 21, 1910, p. 1; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 61; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 74.

243 John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 82; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.

244 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.

245 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 64-65; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 92, 93.

246 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 65; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 99, 100-101.

247 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 67; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 104.

248 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 68, 69; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 114, 115.

249 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 70, 71.

250 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 73; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 125, 126.

251 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 74, 75; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 129.

252 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 77; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 141.

253 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 81; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 155.

254 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 96.

255 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

256 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

257 "Too Much Johnson," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], July 9, 1902, p. 1; "Win From Webster City," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], July 16, 1902, p. 1; "Take One From Ft. Dodge," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], July 23, 1902, p. 1; "Algona Wins Three," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], August 2, 1902, p. 1.

258 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

259 "St. Paul Colored Gophers," St. Paul Dispatch, May 18, 1907, p. 4, Sports section; "Final Game Ends in Tie," St. Paul Pioneer Press, September 25, 1907, p. 4, Sports section.

260 "Colored Gophers Are Ready for First Game," Minneapolis Tribune, March 1, 1908, p. 2, Sports; "Gophers And Lunds to Play at Minnehaha," Minneapolis Tribune, June 14, 1908, p. 4, Sports section; "Locals Have Bad Inning," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, June 8, 1908, p. 4.

261 "Werdens Lose the First Game to Colored Gophers," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 2, Sports; "Hayward and Gophers Split," Minneapolis Tribune, July 31, 1911, p. 7.

262 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

263 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 46.

264 Jerauld County Review [Wessington Springs, SD], July 18, 1907, p. 1; "Gophers Defeat the White Stars," Aberdeen [SD] Weekly American, July 25, 1907, p. 5; "Gophers Win Again," Minneapolis Journal, September 15, 1907, p. 3, Sports Section.

265 "News of Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, July 26, 1908, p. 4, Sports; "News of Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, August 2, 1908, p. 4, Sports.

266 "What the Independents Are Doing," Minneapolis Tribune, April 12, 1908, p. 3, Sports.

267 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

268 "News of the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 31, 1908, p. 4, Sports; "Gophers Win Second," boxscore, Long Prairie Leader, June 23, 1908, p. 3; "Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, July 19, 1908, p. 4, Sports.

269 "Gophers Meet Newgard's Team at Red Wing," Minneapolis Tribune, September 13, 1908, p. 4, Sports; "Red Wing Team Wins From Colored Gophers," St. Paul Pioneer Press, September 14, 1908, p. 5

270 "News of Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, July 18, 1909, p. 3, Sports.

271 "Gophers Leave Field With Score Tied," Minneapolis Tribune, June 1, 1909, p. 9; "Locals Win and Lose," Long Prairie Leader, June 29, 1909, p. 4 [boxscore].

272 "Gophers Defeat the White Stars," Aberdeen [SD] Weekly American, July 25, 1907, p. 5; "Gophers Tackle Saints Today," St. Paul Pioneer Press, September 21, 1907, p. 4.

273 "Keystones Blank Coughlin's Men," Minneapolis Tribune, April 27, 1908, p. 5 [boxscore].

274 "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports; "Gophers Are Beaten, Locals Take First,"

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