AMERICAN POPULATION DENSITY, 1860

CANALS IN THE NORTHEAST, 1823–1860

1. 
   Growth of canals resulted in increased migration of people westward.
   
2. 
   Railroads became integral to the population growth westward.
   
3. 
   The rivers became more navigable.
   
4. 
   Riverboat transportation became very important.
   

1. 
   The urban economies began to grow rapidly.
   
2. 
   More immigrants from overseas came to the United States.
   
3. 
   The opening of canals led to agricultural specialization.
   
4. 
   Canals helped open the market economy to the westward lands, promoting migration to those lands.
   

1. 
   The building of the canals and resulting migration patterns forged strong ties of interdependence between the Northeast and the Old Northwest.
   
2. 
   Commercial farming became a profitable enterprise in the Old Northwest.
   
3. 
   The canals helped integrate the Chesapeake region with the East and Old Northwest.
   
4. 
   Expansion westward contributed to a decrease in urban growth in the East.
   

1. 
   Desire for continued exploration and trade with Native Americans
   
2. 
   Further expansion of white settlements into the frontier
   
3. 
   Access to vast new sources of mineral wealth
   
4. 
   Access down the Mississippi River to the port of New Orleans
   

1. 
   Arguments by Southerners for careful federal management of expansion
   
2. 
   Conflicts with Native Americans and ceding of land by Native Americans
   
3. 
   Assimilation of Native Americans into white society and conversion to farming
   
4. 
   A series of land treaties between states and Native American tribes, which became notable for being unbroken, continuing through the 20^th century.
   

(A) It improved the balance of trade

(B) It enriched many plantation owners

(C) It ruined American shipping

(D) It was ruinous to subsistence farming
16. The Louisiana Purchase was significant because it:

(A) eliminated Spain from the North American continent

(B) gave the United States control of the Mississippi River

(C) eased tensions between Western settlers and Native Americans

(D) forced the British to evacuate their posts in the Northwest
17. John Adams was defeated by Thomas Jefferson in the election of 1800 primarily due to:

(A) the platform of stronger federal defense policies advocated by Jefferson

(B) the presence of the hated Aaron Burr as vice-presidential candidate on Adams’ ticket

(C) divisions within the Federalist Party over Adams’ refusal to declare war on France

(D) Adams’ promises to abolish slavery if reelected
18. One of the unexpected results of the Hartford Convention was the:

A. nomination of Andrew Jackson for president

B. swift decline of the Federalist Party

C. decline of Iroquois rule in the northwest

D. abolition of the three-fifths compromise
19. Which of the following is correct about tariffs passed during the period 1816-1828?

A. They reduced barriers to free trade.

B. They were supported by all sections of the nation.

C. Their constitutionality was tested in the courts.

D. They were the first tariffs whose major purpose was protection.
20. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 was important because it:

A. established the role of the federal government in internal improvements.

B. strengthened the ties between the eastern manufacturing and western agricultural regions.

C. made the invention of the steamboat economically viable.

D. spurred innovation in the railroad industry.
21. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions took the position that:

A. only the United States Supreme Court had the power to restrict freedom of speech and press.

B. the authority of state governments included the power to decide whether or not an act of Congress was constitutional.

C. only fiscal measures initiated by state legislatures could be acted on by Congress.

D. Congress was responsible for maintaining the vitality of a “loyal opposition” political party
22. Henry Clay’s “American System” called for all of the following EXCEPT:

A. a tariff for the protection of industry.

B. internal improvements at national government expense.

C. sale of federal lands to finance higher education.

D. greater reliance on domestic financial resources.
23. Which of the following about the Monroe Doctrine is accurate?

A. It was announced by the President over the serious objections of Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.

B. It was issued simultaneously with a British policy statement on Latin America.

C. It stressed that Europe and the Western Hemisphere had essentially different political systems.

D. It was immediately accepted as international law.
24. The greatest significance of the Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison was that it:

A. claimed for the first time that the Supreme Court could issue directives to the president.

B. claimed that the Supreme Court alone was empowered to say what the Constitution meant.

C. claimed for the first time that the Supreme Court could declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional.

D. was openly defied by President Thomas Jefferson.
25. The Missouri Compromise provided that Missouri be admitted as a slave state, Maine be admitted as a free state, and

A. all of the Louisiana Territory north of the northern boundary of Missouri be closed to slavery.

B. all of the Louisiana Territory north of 36 degree-30 minute latitude be closed to slavery.

C. the entire Louisiana Territory be open to slavery.

D. the lands south of 36 degree-30 minute latitude be guaranteed to slavery and lands north of it be negotiable.
26. Henry Clay’s “American System” advocated all of the following EXCEPT:

A. federal funding for the building of roads.

B. a national bank.

C. high protective tariffs.

D. an independent treasury.
27. The Treaty of Ghent signaled the end of the:

A. Revolutionary War

B. Spanish-American War

C. War of 1812

D. Mexican-American War
28. The “Era of Good Feeling” referred to ____________ presidency.

A. James Monroe’s

B. James Madison’s

C. John Quincy Adam’s

D. Andrew Jackson’s
29. The Hartford Convention of 1814 focused on:

A. revising military strategy against the British in the stalemated War of 1812.

B. the creation of a national bank to stabilize US currency and establish US credit overseas.

C. Federalist desires for a massive rewriting of the Constitution to neutralize the power of Southern Republicans.

D. Republican desires for lessened federal control and increased states’ rights in matters of international trade critical to New England’s survival.
30. The Federalist Papers:

A. were written anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

B. argued that under the constitution the states would relinquish too much sovereignty

C. opposed ratification of the Constitution without the addition of a bill of rights.

D. convinced Patrick Henry to support the Constitution.
31. The Supreme Court’s decision in McCulloch v. Maryland:

I. weakened the implied powers of the Congress

II. asserted the principle of strict and limited construction of the Constitution.

III. confirmed the Hamiltonian or “loose interpretation of the Constitution.

IV. established the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.
A. I and II only

B. I, II, and III only

C. II, III, and IV only

D. I, II, III, and IV

I. resulted in the emergence of Andrew Jackson as a military hero.

II. ended the possibility of a British empire on the lower Mississippi River.

III. strengthened the Federalist Party’s grip on the national government.

IV. assured the ratification of the treaty ending the war without notable changes by the British.
A. II and III only.

B. III and IV only.

C. I, II, and III only.

D. I, II, and IV only.

A. New England merchants who blamed the decline of foreign trade on Great Britain.

B. Roman Catholics who wanted to bring the Catholic population of Quebec into the union.

C. the agricultural areas of the South and West.

D. military leaders who wanted to end the Spanish presence in the trans-Mississippi West.
34. In his message to Congress on December 2, 1823, Monroe asserted:

A. Any new European colonization required United States approval, including the transfer of colonies from one European power to another.

B. A long range American policy goal was the removal of all European colonies from the New World.

C. As a New World power the United States was entitled to participate in conferences involving the major European powers.

D. The political systems of the Old World were so different from those of the New World that any attempt to extend European political systems to the New World was dangerous to the United States.
35. Chief Justice John Marshall asserted that only Congress, not the states, possessed the power to control interstate commerce. This case was:

A. Marbury v. Madison

C. McCulloch v. Maryland

A. Creek

C. Choctaw

1. 
   the end of the Federalist party in America
   
2. 
   the rise of individualism and popular democracy in America
   
3. 
   the first rue consolidation of federal power over the states since the drafting of the Constitution
   
4. 
   the beginnings of a genuine American aristocracy in government
   

1. 
   Andrew Jackson’s belief that it was unconstitutional for the federal government to provide funds for a road built within the borders of a single state.
   
2. 
   Andrew Jackson’s belief that it was unconstitutional for the federal government to provide funds for a road built across the borders of two or more states.
   
3. 
   Andrew Jackson’s resentment that the road would be built in Kentucky, a state he failed to carry in the 1828 election.
   
4. 
   Andrew Jackson’s realization that the road would be built by unpaid black slaves rather than paid workers.
   

1. 
   a man should serve a term in office, then return to the status of private citizen
   
2. 
   men who held office too long became corrupted by a sense of power.
   
3. 
   the duties of government were too complex for the average citizen
   
4. 
   political appointments by newly elected officials promoted democracy
   

1. 
   I and II only
   
2. 
   II and III only
   
3. 
   III and IV only
   
4. 
   I, II, and IV only
   

1. 
   a central bank was established.
   
2. 
   The value of paper currency issued by individual banks became uniform
   
3. 
   The number of banks, each issuing its own paper currency, increased.
   
4. 
   A nationwide banking system was begun.
   

1. 
   taxation of consumer items.
   
2. 
   reelection of Andrew Jackson
   
3. 
   enunciation of the doctrine of nullification.
   
4. 
   alliance of Southern planters and Western farmers.
   

1. 
   attack on the Tariff of Abominations
   
2. 
   defense of the principle of national union
   
3. 
   assertion of the idea of States' rights
   
4. 
   apology for New England's disloyalty in the War of 1812
   

1. 
   the White residents of Oklahoma
   
2. 
   President Andrew Jackson
   
3. 
   the United States Supreme Court
   
4. 
   the Democratic press
   

1. 
   the creation of the “independent treasury”
   
2. 
   an expansion of credit and speculation
   
3. 
   the failure of state banks
   
4. 
   the establishment of modern banking regulations
   

1. 
   an aristocracy posed no danger to the Republic
   
2. 
   the National Republicans alone knew what was right for the people
   
3. 
   political participation by the common man should be increased
   
4. 
   political rights should be granted to women
   

1. 
   won the support of Irish immigrants
   
2. 
   secured the removal of Native Americans (Indians) to lands west of the Mississippi.
   
3. 
   supported the American System of Henry Clay
   
4. 
   favored a laissez-faire economy
   

1. 
   unrestricted land speculation in the new territories west of the Mississippi River
   
2. 
   fears of a war with Britain over disputed territory along the border between Canada and Maine
   
3. 
   fears of a war with Mexico over disputed territory in Texas
   
4. 
   tight monetary policies by Jacksonian Democrats culminating in the issuance of the Specie Circular.
   

1. 
   A group of old friends and unofficial advisors of the president
   
2. 
   A number of persons of low social standing, including a former cook, who were appointed by Jackson to high cabinet positions
   
3. 
   A suggestion as to where Jackson might keep the federal government’s money if he removed it from the Bank of the United States
   
4. 
   A coterie of Jackson supporters in the U.S. Senate
   

1. 
   Hayne-Webster Debate
   
2. 
   Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
   
3. 
   Nullification Controversy
   
4. 
   Resignation of Vice President John C. Calhoun
   

1. 
   the abolition of slavery
   
2. 
   the temperance movement
   
3. 
   the westward expansion of U.S. territory
   
4. 
   the creation of a new national bank
   

1. 
   He was felt to be ineffective in pushing the Whig agenda through Congress.
   
2. 
   He spoke out in favor of the annexation of Texas
   
3. 
   He opposed the entire Whig legislative program
   
4. 
   He criticized Henry Clay’s handling of the Nullification Crisis.
   

1. 
   Slavery should be prohibited in the lands acquired as a result of the Mexican War
   
2. 
   No lands should be annexed to the United States as a result of the Mexican War
   
3. 
   California should be a free state while the rest of the Mexican Cession should be reserved for the formation of slave states
   
4. 
   The status of slavery in the Mexican Cession should be decided on the basis of “Popular Sovereignty.”
   

1. 
   forced the United States to give up the Mesabi iron range
   
2. 
   resolved the border issues between the US and the British North American colonies
   
3. 
   settled the dispute over the Oregon boundary
   
4. 
   was not ratified by the Senate
   

1. 
   The so-called “Aroostook War,” involving a boundary dispute between Maine and New Brunswick
   
2. 
   The demand for the annexation of all of the Oregon country
   
3. 
   The demand for the readjustment of the boundary with Mexico
   
4. 
   The demand by free-soil Northerners that some limit be placed on the spread of slavery in the territories
   

1. 
   acknowledged the legitimacy of the Mexican government in Texas
   
2. 
   feared that debate over the admission of Texas would ignite controversy over slavery
   
3. 
   was ideologically opposed to territorial expansion
   
4. 
   could find no support within his own party for admitting Texas
   

1. 
   It tried to sell Texas to the United States at the time of the Louisiana Purchase
   
2. 
   It encouraged American settlement in Texas in the 1820s and early 1830s
   
3. 
   It governed Texas with stringent regulations in the 1820s
   
4. 
   It encouraged the establishment of a strong local government in Texas in the mid-1830s
   

1. 
   commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its agricultural base
   
2. 
   the use of land for settled agriculture was preferable to nomadic hunting
   
3. 
   westward expansion was both inevitable and beneficial
   
4. 
   God selected America as a chosen land and people
   

1. 
   Advocates of the foreign policy of Secretary of State William H. Seward
   
2. 
   Voters for James K. Polk in 1844
   
3. 
   Supporters of the Treaty of Paris of 1898
   
4. 
   Members of the Whig party in Congress during the Mexican War
   

1. 
   American desire for California
   
2. 
   Mexican failure to pay debts and damages owed to the U.S.
   
3. 
   U.S. annexation of the formerly Mexican-held Republic of Texas.
   
4. 
   Mexican desire to annex Louisiana.
   

1. 
   Strongly supported the protective tariff as essential in protecting the nation’s industries
   
2. 
   Embraced those who sought to promote religious and moral reforms in government and society
   
3. 
   Nominated Andrew Jackson because he was a strong opponent of the Masons
   
4. 
   Was the only third party in US history to win a presidential election
   

1. 
   Describe ONE example of political policy between1824 and1848 that illustrates the nation’s move toward a more participatory democracy.
   
2. 
   Use at least ONE piece of evidence to support your explanation.
   
3. 
   Briefly evaluate ONE limitation of this policy on the nation’s efforts to move to a more participatory democracy.
   

a) Choose ONE of the factors below and explain why it played the greatest role in precipitating the Missouri Compromise.

• 
  Debate over political values
  
• 
  Regional identity
  
• 
  Environmental factors