Neolithic Revolution and Early River Valley Civilizations

• 
  Enlightenment Thinkers were inspired by the scientists of the Scientific Revolution.
  
• 
  They came up with new ideas about government by applying scientific theories to government.
  
• 
  The Enlightenment thinkers were tired of kings ruling - they wanted to give political power to the people.
  
• 
  They thought that people had the ability to govern themselves.
  
• 
  John Locke is the most famous of the Enlightenment thinkers.
  
• 
  He came up with the idea that "all men are created equal ... and have unalienable rights of Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness".
  
• 
  The Enlightenment thinkers greatly influenced the American and French Revolutions and laid the groundwork for the modern democracies of today.
  

1.) Writers of the Enlightenment were primarily interested in

2.) Which statement reflects an argument of Enlightenment philosophers against the belief in the divine right of kings?

1.  god has chosen all government rulers
2.  independence is built by military might
3.  a capitalist economic system is necessary for democracy
4.  the power of the government is derived from the governed

French and Latin American Revolutions

• 
  The French Revolution in 1789 happened when the lower and middle classes (the third estate), revolted and took power from the upper classes who had ruled France for centuries.
  
• 
  They eventually kidnapped the king and cut of his head (and the head of the queen also).
  
• 
  The third estate (98% of the population), were inspired by the democratic ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers and by the American Revolution.
  
• 
  They set up a government that focused on the rights of the people rather than the power of the king.
  
• 
  Latin American Revolutions were led mainly by Simone Bolivar who helped South American people win their independence from Spain.
  
• 
  Spain had ruled Latin America for a couple of hundred years (since Columbus and Cortez came over), but the local people grew tired of being governed by a nation from across the ocean.
  
• 
  Latin American people were inspired by the successes of the American and French Revolutions.
  
• 
  They saw the Americans and French defeat their kingly rulers and give power to the common citizen.
  

1.) In France, which was a major result of the French Revolution?

1.  the king was restored to unlimited power
2.  the clergy dominated government
3.  the middle class gained political influence
4.  the tax burden was carried by the lower class

2.) I will never allow my hands to be idle nor my soul to rest until I have broken the chains laid upon us by Spain..

This statement was most likely made by
1.  a Latin American nationalist
2.  a Portuguese explorer
3.  a Roman Catholic bishop
4.  a Spanish conquistador

• 
  The Industrial Revolution was a shift from small scale home manufacturing to large-scale industrial manufacturing done in factories.
  
• 
  Many new machines were invented that could make products much faster; and new sources of power (steam and coal) helped to run these machines.
  
• 
  People began to move from farms to cities in order to work at these new factory jobs.
  
• 
  The sudden growth of these cities led to overcrowding, pollution and unsanitary conditions.
  
• 
  Child labor was also a problem as factories hired children and paid them less than adults.
  
• 
  But the Industrial Revolution also allowed people to acquire more products as goods became cheaper and more plentiful.
  

1.) A major result of the Industrial Revolution was the

2.) ''With the new methods that used mass production, division of labor, the assembly line, and interchangeable parts, prices came down. A greater number and variety of goods became available to more people. The domestic system was disappearing and a new revolution was sweeping across Europe."

Which revolution does this quotation describe?

1. French

• 
  Karl Marx lived during the early days of the Industrial Revolution and did not like what he saw.
  
• 
  He viewed the Industrial Revolution as an extension of feudalism, where factory workers were like peasants and factory owners like nobles.
  
• 
  Marx believed that these two classes; the working class (which he called the proletariat) and the owning class (which he called the bourgeoisie) would be constantly in conflict with each other.
  
• 
  He felt that the rich would get richer and the poor poorer, and the common worker would be forever enslaved by industry and those who owned the industry.
  
• 
  Marx wanted the proletariat (workers) to rise up and start a world wide revolution.
  
• 
  He wanted the workers to take control of the means of production, then they would make only what they needed and share everything.
  
• 
  He called this system Communism.
  
• 
  Under Communism the government would own all property and everyone would be paid the same.
  
• 
  According to Marx, this would end the evils of Industrialization and Capitalism.
  
• 
  Russia eventually tried a system of Communism, but this system failed after about 70 years.
  

1.) .The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains.Workers of the world, unite!.

This statement was made in response to conditions resulting from the
1.  Protestant Reformation
2.  Counter-Reformation
3.  Commercial Revolution
4.  Industrial Revolution

2.) According to Karl Marx, history is the record of the

1.  granting of more political liberties to all people
2.  struggle between classes in society
3.  wars and conflicts between national leaders
4.  increasing prosperity brought about by industrialization

Japan and the Meiji Restoration

• 
  For Centuries Japan was an isolated island country.
  
• 
  The Japanese did not trade or associate with others.
  
• 
  But in the mid-1800's Commodore Perry, an American, sailed into Japan with a steam powered ship.
  
• 
  The Japanese were amazed at the technology of the ship and quickly realized that they better begin keeping up with the Western (European and American) nations.
  
• 
  Thus began the Meiji Restoration - where the Japanese began to rapidly modernize and industrialize.
  
• 
  The Japanese began to copy Western models of industry and began to become imperialistic to gain resources for their industry.
  
• 
  Japanese domination in the electronics industry is a product of the Meiji Restoration which began about 150 years ago.
  

1.  cultural contacts with the West

2.) In Japan, the Meiji Restoration resulted in the

1.  division of the nation between the European powers
2.  modernization of the nations industry
3.  abolition of the position of emperor
4.  government being controlled by the samurai

European Imperialism

• 
  During the Industrial Revolution Europeans began to mass produce goods.
  
• 
  To do this they needed resources (coal, wood, gold, rubber, sugar, cotton) - often times resources that they did not have.
  
• 
  They began to go oversees to Africa, India and China in search of these resources.
  
• 
  Since Europeans had better technology and better weapons - they easily defeated and controlled these areas - forming them into colonies that would provide resources.
  
• 
  There was a racist component to Imperialism also as Europeans often felt it was there duty to civilize and Christianize the "savage" people they encountered in these lands.
  
• 
  The British even went so far as to trade opium that they bought in India to the Chinese so that the Chinese would become addicted to the opium and continue trading with the British. Previously China was an extremely isolated nation and did not trade with foreigners.
  

1.) After 1880, European nations sought colonies in Africa primarily because the Europeans were

1.  in need of land for their surplus populations
2.  competing for raw materials and markets
3.  determined to bring Christianity to the Moslem world
4.  interested in completing their geographic knowledge of the world

2.) The 19th century term "White Man's Burden" reflects the idea that

1.  Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans
2.  Asians and Africans would be grateful for European help
3.  imperialism was opposed by most Europeans
4.  Europeans had a responsibility to improve the lives of the colonial peoples

The Russian Revolution

• 
  The Russian Revolution of 1917 - also called the Bolshevik Revolution - was the first time a nation adopted communism as its political and economic system.
  
• 
  The Russian people were tired of fighting and dying during WW I.
  
• 
  The German army was much better equipped than the Russians and millions of Russians were dying.
  
• 
  The Russian people also resented the power of the Czar - who was becoming an ineffective ruler.
  
• 
  Additionally - Russian peasants at home were starving.
  
• 
  The Russian Revolution was led by the cry "Peace, Land, Bread."
  
• 
  Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the Communists (Bolsheviks) during the revolution.
  
• 
  Communism lasted in Russia from 1917 - 1989.
  

1.) Which slogan expressed the ideals of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917?

1.  Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity
2.  Bread, Land, and Peace
3.  Land and Liberty
4.  Nationalism, Democracy, and the People.s Livelihood

2.) Which statement best describes a relationship between World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution?

• 
  Stalin took control of Russia after Lenin died.
  
• 
  He became the classic totalitarian dictator.
  
• 
  Stalin ruled Russia completely - he controlled the media and decided what information the Russian people should have.
  
• 
  Freedom in Russia was very limited - Stalin also "purged" (killed) anyone that opposed him.
  
• 
  Stalin used a force of secret police to control the nation.
  
• 
  Stalin also introduced a five-year plan to rapidly industrialize Russia, which was mainly an agrarian (farming based) society.
  

1.  an abundance of consumer goods

2.) Under Josef Stalin, the Soviet Union emphasized centralized economic planning and Five-Year Plans primarily to

1.  produce more consumer goods
2.  expand exports
3.  create a demand for high-quality imports
4.  develop heavy industry
World War I -

• 
  World War I began with the assassination of Franz Ferdinand - the Archduke of Austria.
  
• 
  At the time Europe was a tense mix of nationalistic powers, it only took a little incentive to set them off toward war.
  
• 
  Europe was divided up between the triple alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary - and the triple entente of France, Britain and Russia.
  
• 
  These countries were building up their militaries in anticipation of war.
  
• 
  When war came it was devastating. Trench warfare and modern weapons (machine guns, tanks, planes, cannon, etc.) made causalities high.
  

1.) A major cause of World War I was

1. a decline in the policy of imperialism
2. the existence of opposing alliances
3. an increase in acts of aggression by England
4. the spread of communism throughout Europe

2.) .Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated!.

1. Franco-Prussian War

• 
  The Treaty of Versailles ended WW I.
  
• 
  Since Germany was the major power on the losing side of WW I - they took most of the blame.
  
• 
  Germany was blamed for all of the loss and damage incurred by the allies (England and France).
  
• 
  Germany was also blamed for being the aggressor in the war.
  
• 
  The treaty forced Germany to pay huge fines, lose sections of land to France and Poland, and to give up all of its colonial holdings overseas.
  
• 
  The Treaty of Versailles is very important because it punished Germany so much that it could never recover - and this defeated Germany became ripe for Adolph Hitler and his fascist politics of hate and blame.
  
• 
  Hitler tried to regain the land and power that were taken away from Germany.
  
• 
  One could say that the Treaty of Versailles led to WW II.
  

1.) The major impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany was that the treaty led to

1.  an era of peace and international good will in Germany
2.  a stable Germany that was both democratic and strong
3.  an increase in Germanys desire to regain its power and prestige
4.  a leadership position for Germany in the League of Nations

2.) The harsh conditions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I helped lay the foundation for the

• 
  After WW I many European countries were devastated.
  
• 
  The economies and social structures of nations like Germany, Italy, Spain were in ruins.
  
• 
  The people were desperate for leadership that would offer a solution.
  
• 
  Into this void stepped the fascist governments of Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini.
  
• 
  These fascist dictators rebuilt their countries but were brutal and ruthless in doing so.
  
• 
  They denied basic human rights and limited freedoms of their citizens.
  
• 
  In Hitlers case, he tried to take over the world.
  
• 
  Fascism is very similar to totalitarianism.
  

1. demonstration of laissez-faire capitalism that promoted free enterprise

2.) In the 1920.s and 1930.s, the rise of totalitarian governments in Germany, Italy, and Spain was largely the result of

1. the success of the Communists in establishing a command economy in the Soviet Union
2. severe economic and social problems that arose in Europe after World War I
3. the active support of the United States
4. movements demanding the return of the old monarchies

Japanese Imperialism

• 
  Japan is a chain of islands (archipelago) about the size of California.
  
• 
  But Japan is very populated (130 million people).
  
• 
  Japan has few natural resources and very little land for farming.
  
• 
  So after Japan became industrialized during the Meiji Restoration - it had to look elsewhere for raw materials for industry.
  
• 
  Japan became imperialistic and began to control areas of Korea and Manchuria (China) for raw materials.
  
• 
  This Japanese expansion led to Japan's attacking the US during WW II to control the Pacific ocean.
  

1.) The imperialist policies followed by Japan after World War I were based on a desire to

1.  convert people to Shinto
2.  acquire markets for its oil industry
3.  compete with Chinese trade policies
4.  obtain natural resources for manufacturing

2.) After World War I, Japan attempted to solve some of its economic problems by

1.  establishing extensive trade with the Soviet Union
2.  expanding its influence in Asia
3.  practicing the principles of Marxism
4.  refusing to rely on Western technology

Appeasement

• 
  After WW I Hitler took control of Germany.
  
• 
  He began to build up the German army - in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
  
• 
  Other European leaders - mainly the British - still did not see the danger in Hitler.
  
• 
  They believed they could reason with him; give him a little of what he wanted - and then he would be satisfied.
  
• 
  This policy was know as "Appeasement".
  
• 
  British Chancellor Neville Chamberlain went to Munich to meet with Hitler.
  
• 
  He though that Hitler would not start a war.
  
• 
  They were wrong and Hitler was lying to them the entire time.
  
• 
  The policy of appeasement was a failure.