No nasa space launches now- partisan fighting and controversies prevent all funding Handberg 7-25
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Launches/ GenericDebris is of the greatest hazard- any launch produces multiple debris scenarios Bhutia 10 (West Bengal University of Judicial Sciences) Wangcen Rigzin Bhutia Juris Online March 17, 2010“Protection of the Outer Space Environment” http://jurisonline.in/2010/03/protection-of-the-outer-space-environment/ However, the greatest threat to the space activities has been recognized to be the hazards coming from the man made debris from the spacecrafts. The increased launching of the satellites into space for communication has also led to the problem of space debris. The deployment of an ever-increasing number of man-made objects into outer space has created a potential for malfunctioning and decay. It has also resulted in a rise in the number of defunct, damaged, or abandoned objects, which, together with other debris caused by explosions and collisions, has fast become a threat to space activities. Space Debris: ‘Debris’ is derived from the French ‘debrise’ which means to break down. There are no treaties which have given a definition of this word. In general use, the term debris consists of spent space objects, used rocket stage, separation devices, shrouds clamps, and all large and small fragments including the particles remaining after the disintegration of the space objects. Carl Q. Christol suggests that the debris is something that possesses tangible, physical characteristics of the kind that can be seen, touched, weighed and processed in factories and analysed in the laboratories. He further said that ‘debris’ may consists of a space object, including its component parts, or it may be composed of fragments that are located in space or which endure the test of atmosphere and ultimately comes to rest on the surface of the earth. Spacecrafts often collide with natural objects like meteoroids, but now they also collide with objects created by human activities. Space debris left in orbit by past space missions presents a significant hazard to current space systems, poses a risk to future manned spacecraft and space stations and ultimately may render portions of near Earth space unusable. The quantum of space debris is steadily increasing over time. The space debris has variety of sources. Nearly one half of all debris is composed of fragments created by explosions, hyper-velocity impact, or deterioration of the surfaces of active and inactive payloads. The remaining debris is composed of inactive payloads, spent rocket thrusters, and other materials produced by operation of space craft. The space debris’ population can be classified into three basic categories: Inactive payloads are those which were active once upon a time but do not perform any useful functions now. In other words, inactive payloads are those formerly payloads which can no longer be controlled by the countries that launched them. They also include those which are out of control of their operators because of the depletion of the station keeping fuel or the inability to communicate with the object. This category mainly consists of Spent Satellite and Space Probes. They account for 20% of trackable debris population. (b) Operational Debris: Operational Debris are those which remain in the outer space and which are associated with the space activities. They relate mostly to launch hardware. They also include the items placed in outer space, either actually or deliberately, by humans during manned space flights. The largest pieces of operational debris are associated with the placing of space satellite in orbit. Operational debris include burnt out first and second stage rocket bodies, orbital transfer vehicles, apogee kick motors, exploded fuel tanks and insulation, window and lens covers and flakes of plaint peeled off from orbiting space objects. (c) Fragmentation Debris: Fragmentation Debris are the most prolific source of space debris. They result from explosions and break ups and also due to unknown phenomena. The explosion may be deliberate or accidental. Testing of military weapon in space results in deliberate explosion, for instance, the United States destroyed a Solwind satellite under its anti- satellite weapon test programme. Accidental explosion generally results from propulsion system failure. Most of the debris come from accidental explosions. The fragmentations of debris nearly 100 identified satellite break ups account for 49% of all catalogued space objects space objects in earth orbit and are found at altitudes below 2,000 kms, where many application satellites operate and where all manned operations take place. SatellitesSatellite launches are the primary reason for space debris- Inactive payloads become debris after they are placed into orbit Taylor 7 (USAF B.A., Berry College; J.D., University of Georgia; LL.M. (Air and Space Law), McGill University, is the Chief of the Space and International Law Division at Headquarters United States Air Force Space Command at Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado Springs, Colorado) Michael Taylor “Trashing the Solar System One Planet at a Time: Earth's Orbital Debris Problem" Georgetown International Environmental Law Review 20 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 1 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3970/is_200710/ai_n21279526/ Inactive payloads are primarily made up of satellites that have run out of propellant for station-keeping operations or have malfunctioned and are no longer able to maneuver. The payload is the raison d'etre for a launch, as distinguished from the rocket and upper stages used to place the payload into orbit. The SSN currently tracks almost 3000 objects in this category, only a few hundred of which are active satellites, and the remainder of which are debris.53 Even small satellites contribute to space debris David 5- 09 (Editor in Chief of National Space Society, Editor in Chief of Space World Magazine, Winner of National Space Club Award, Research Associate for the Secure World Foundation, Writer for American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Director of Research for National Comission on Space, Fellowship at the National Center for Atmospheric Research) Leanord David Space.com May 09, 2011 “Ugly Truth of Space Junk: Debris Problem to Triple by 2030” http://www.space.com/11607-space-junk-rising-orbital-debris-levels-2030.html Dealing with the decades of detritus from But unless action is taken to rid Earth orbit of some of its space junk, the risk of losing satellites and other spacecraft to in-orbit collisions will continue to grow. Adding to the problem is the proliferation of tiny satellites, such as cubesats. “These little satellites, while they are neat, while they are cheap, while they do great stuff … they are increasing orbital debris — and it’s uncontrolled orbital debris,” said John Lyver, an orbital debris expert in NASA’s Office of Safety and Mission Assurance in Washington. Joseph Rouge, director of the Pentagon’s National Security Space Office, said a debate is under way as to when the point will be reached that there are so many collisions between space junk that incidents grow exponentially — a phenomenon referred to as collisional cascading. Satellites massively increase space debris Shelton 11 (Commander, Air Force Space Command, Assistant Vice Chief of Staff and Director, Air Staff, U.S. Air Force, Pentagon, Bachelor of Science degree in astronautical engineering, U.S. Air Force Academy, Master of Science degree in astronautical engineering, U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology, Master of Science degree in national security strategy, National War College) Lieutenant General William M. Shelton, Emmett Fletcher April 19, 2011 “Remarks from the 27th National Space Symposium” http://www.emmetfletcher.com/blog/2011/04/19/remarks-from-the-27th-national-space-symposium-gen-william-l-shelton/ And we’re challenged with maintaining situational awareness in space. Our existing SSA capabilities, space situational awareness capabilities, currently track over 20,000 objects right now. We catalog those routinely and keep track of them. That number is projected to triple by 2030, and much of that is improved sensors, but some of that is increased traffic. Then if you think about it, there are probably 10 times more objects in space than we’re able to track with our sensor capability today. Those objects that are untrackable, yet they are lethal to our space systems — to military space systems, civil space systems, commercial — no one’s immune from the threats that are on orbit today, just due to the traffic in space. Smaller satellites, more debris, more debris begets more debris, unfortunately, from a probability point of view. More debris is going to run into more debris, producing more debris. So you get the point. 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