No. Registros Solicitud 1 5614 colombia

DE - DESCRIPTORS: absolute-age; algae-; Andes-; Angiospermae-; biostratigraphy-; biozones-; C-14; carbon-; carbon-dioxide; Cenozoic-; climate-change; Colombia-; cores-; dates-; Dicotyledoneae-; Eastern-Cordillera; Eemian-; forests-; glacial-environment; Holocene-; interglacial-environment; isotope-ratios; isotopes-; lacustrine-environment; Lake-Fuquene; last-glacial-maximum; Magnoliophyta-; microfossils-; miospores-; O-18-O-16; oxygen-; paleoclimatology-; paleoenvironment-; palynomorphs-; Plantae-; Pleistocene-; pollen-; Pteridophyta-; Quaternary-; radioactive-isotopes; sediments-; South-America; spectra-; Spermatophyta-; stable-isotopes; taxonomy-; temperature-; upper-Pleistocene

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 24-Quaternary-geology

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Serial

BL - BIB LEVEL: Analytic

MC - MAP COORDINATES: LAT: N051500; N054500; LONG: W0733000; W0742000.

NN - ANNOTATION: Includes appendices.

IL - ILLUSTRATION: Refs: 29; illus. incl. 2 tables, sketch map.

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2003, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data from CAPCAS, Elsevier Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands

IS - ISSN: 0921-8181

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 2003-038699

UD - UPDATE CODE: 200312

Registro 359 de 5614 - GeoRef : 2002-2004/12

BK - BOOK TITLE: Re-Os isotopes of base metal porphyry deposits.

BA - BOOK AUTHORS: Mathur-Ryan-Dilip

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: United-States

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000

DG - DEGREE GRANTED: Doctoral

DI - DEGREE GRANTING INSTITUTION: University of Arizona. Tucson, AZ, United States. Pages: 153. 2000.

LA - LANGUAGE: English

DE - DESCRIPTORS: Andes-; Asia-; base-metals; British-Columbia; Bucaramanga-Deposit; Canada-; Colombia-; Far-East; gold-ores; Grasberg-Deposit; Hedley-mining-district; high-temperature; Indonesia-; intrusions-; Irian-Jaya-Indonesia; isotope-ratios; isotopes-; low-temperature; Malay-Archipelago; massive-deposits; massive-sulfide-deposits; metal-ores; metals-; metamorphic-rocks; metasomatic-rocks; mineral-assemblages; New-Guinea; Os-188-Os-187; osmium-; platinum-group; porphyry-copper; porphyry-gold; Re-Os; skarn-; South-America; stable-isotopes; temperature-; Western-Canada

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 27A-Economic-geology,-geology-of-ore-deposits; 02D-Isotope-geochemistry

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Thesis-or-Dissertation

BL - BIB LEVEL: Monograph

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2003, American Geological Institute.

IB - ISBN: 0-599-99451-7

AV - AVAILABILITY: University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 2003-038376

UD - UPDATE CODE: 200312

Registro 360 de 5614 - GeoRef : 2002-2004/12

TI - TITLE: Informe general de la expedicion a Cerro Pintao (Cerro Viruela), Frontera Colombo-Venezolana, Marzo 1993

Translated Title: General report on the Pintao Hill (Viruela Hill) expedition, Colombia-Venezuela frontier; March 1993.

AU - AUTHORS: Viloria-P-Angel-L

AF - AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Universidad del Zulia, Facultad Experimental de Ciencias, Maracaibo, Venezuela

BK - BOOK TITLE: In: Transsect through the central Eastern Alps; field trip pre-1; 24 August-29 August 1998.

BA - BOOK AUTHORS: Neubauer-Franz (editor); Genser-Johann (editor)

SO - SOURCE: Pages 61-64. 1998.

PB - PUBLISHER: Geological Survey of Austria. Vienna, Austria. 1998.

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: Austria

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998

LA - LANGUAGE: Spanish

DE - DESCRIPTORS: Andes-; biota-; collecting-; Colombia-; conservation-; ecology-; ecosystems-; expeditions-; exploration-; Pintao-Hill; popular-geology; protection-; Sierra-de-Perija; South-America; vegetation-; Venezuela-; Zulia-Venezuela

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 22-Environmental-geology

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Book

BL - BIB LEVEL: Analytic

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2003, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data from Geoline, Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hanover, Germany

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 2003-038049

UD - UPDATE CODE: 200312

Registro 361 de 5614 - GeoRef : 2002-2004/12

TI - TITLE: Coastal rainforest connections disclosed through a late Quaternary vegetation, climate, and fire history investigation from the Mountain Hemlock Zone on southern Vancouver Island, British Colombia, Canada.

AU - AUTHORS: Brown-K-J; Hebda-R-J

AF - AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Duke University, Department of Biology, Durham, NC, United States

SO - SOURCE: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 123; 3-4, Pages 247-269. 2003.

PB - PUBLISHER: Elsevier. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2003.

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: Netherlands

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 2003

LA - LANGUAGE: English

AB - ABSTRACT: The post-glacial vegetation and fire history of high-elevation regions on southern Vancouver Island is described using palynological and charcoal records from Porphyry and Walker lakes. A zone consisting mainly of Artemisia, Poaceae, and ferns occurs in the basal clay at Porphyry Lake and may represent a non-arboreal ecosystem in a late-Wisconsin glacial refugium. At both sites, a fire-free Pinus contorta zone occurs before ca 14 160 calendar years before present (cal BP). Climate at this time is interpreted as being cool to cold and dry. Mixed conifer forests of Picea, Abies, Tsuga mertensiana and Pinus contorta replaced the Pinus contorta woodlands after ca 14 160 cal BP. Fires are recorded for the first time. Climate is interpreted as cool and moist. Forests of Abies, Picea, Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Alnus developed and expanded during the early-Holocene from ca 11 400-9910 to 7700-7300 cal BP as climate warmed and dried. Charcoal increased during this interval, indicating only slightly more fire activity and reflecting continued moist conditions at high elevations. In the mid-Holocene from ca 7700-7300 to 5200-4900 cal BP, Tsuga heterophylla pollen values increased as forests became dominated by Tsuga heterophylla, Picea, and Abies with Alnus in response to increased moisture. The increase in charcoal influx at this time may reflect an increase in slope wash and erosion resulting from a wetter climate rather than an increase in fire incidence. Starting at ca 5200-4900 cal BP, a further increase in Tsuga heterophylla combined with an increase in Tsuga mertensiana and Cupressaceae pollen suggest that the late-Holocene was characterised by increasing moisture and decreasing temperatures. Late-Holocene forests consisted predominately of Tsuga heterophylla, Tsuga mertensiana, Cupressaceae, and Pinus contorta. A slight reduction in charcoal influx at ca 4600 cal BP implies fewer fires. A recent increase in charcoal at Walker Lake at 1700 cal BP may reflect anthropogenic burning. The timing of events and response of taxa on southern Vancouver Island are comparable to other coastal sites in northwestern North America, suggesting that past ecosystems were widespread and contemporaneous. Palaeoecosystem changes detected in one region of the Pacific Northwest likely reflect a widepsread response to climate throughout the approximately 2500 km long zone, a zone that today is home to half of the world's remaining coastal temperate rainforest.

DE - DESCRIPTORS: Abies-; absolute-age; biozones-; British-Columbia; C-14; Canada-; carbon-; Cenozoic-; charcoal-; climate-change; coastal-environment; Coniferales-; dates-; ecology-; ecosystems-; elevation-; fires-; forests-; Gymnospermae-; Holocene-; isotopes-; lake-sediments; late-glacial-environment; miospores-; Mountain-Hemlock-Zone; mountains-; paleoclimatology-; paleoecology-; palynomorphs-; Pinaceae-; Pinus-; Plantae-; Pleistocene-; pollen-; pollen-diagrams; Porphyry-Lake; Quaternary-; radioactive-isotopes; rain-forests; refugia-; sediments-; Spermatophyta-; terrestrial-environment; Tsuga-; upper-Pleistocene; upper-Quaternary; upper-Wisconsinan; Vancouver-Island; vegetation-; Walker-Lake; Western-Canada; Wisconsinan-

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 24-Quaternary-geology

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Serial

BL - BIB LEVEL: Analytic

MC - MAP COORDINATES: LAT: N485420; N485420; LONG: W1235000; W1235000.

LAT: N483145; N483145; LONG: W1240008; W1240008.

IL - ILLUSTRATION: Refs: 93; illus. incl. charts, 3 tables, sketch map.

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2003, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data from CAPCAS, Elsevier Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands

IS - ISSN: 0034-6667

CO - CODEN: RPPYAX

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 2003-037443

UD - UPDATE CODE: 200312

Registro 362 de 5614 - GeoRef : 2002-2004/12

BK - BOOK TITLE: Geometry and kinematics of the thrust-related deformation between the Petrolea and Aguardiente structures, in the Catatumbo Subbasin, Colombia.

BA - BOOK AUTHORS: Hernandez-Roberto

PB - PUBLISHER: Pages: 105. 2000.

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: United-States

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 2000

DG - DEGREE GRANTED: Master's

DI - DEGREE GRANTING INSTITUTION: University of Illinois, Urbana. Urbana, IL, United States.

LA - LANGUAGE: English

DE - DESCRIPTORS: Aguardiente-Structure; basins-; Catatumbo-Subbasin; Colombia-; deformation-; faults-; kinematics-; maps-; Petrolea-Structure; South-America; structural-maps; tectonics-; thrust-faults

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 16-Structural-geology

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Thesis-or-Dissertation; Map

BL - BIB LEVEL: Monograph

MC - MAP COORDINATES: LAT: N080000; N090000; LONG: W0720000; W0740000.

MP - MAP TYPE: structural-maps

IL - ILLUSTRATION: Refs: 53

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2003, American Geological Institute.

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 2003-037288

UD - UPDATE CODE: 200312

Registro 363 de 5614 - GeoRef : 2002-2004/12

BK - BOOK TITLE: A seismotectonic study of the Middle American region; the southern Caribbean Plate boundary.

BA - BOOK AUTHORS: Miller-Robert-Lee

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: United-States

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 1979

DG - DEGREE GRANTED: Master's

DI - DEGREE GRANTING INSTITUTION: University of Connecticut. Storrs, CT, United States. Pages: 103. 1979.

LA - LANGUAGE: English

AB - ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of plate tectonic processes in northwestern South America, Southern Central America and their adjacent oceanic regions to middle American tectonics. The analysis techniques emphasized the seismicity and the determination of focal mechanisms. The focal mechanisms were determined from first motions of P waves recorded on long period instruments of the World Wide Standardized Seismic Network (WWSSN). The goal was to develop a tectonic model of this region consistent with available geological and geophysical data and with the accepted pattern of global tectonics. The focal mechanism solutions of this study are consistent with a subduction zone striking north-south and dipping eastward at approximately 30 degrees beneath Colombia and Ecuador in northwestern South America. The overall stress pattern, as implied by the classical interpretation of the double-couple focal mechanism parameters and by changes in seismicity, support the idea of a compressional collision zone at shallow depths (0-100 km), tension at intermediate depths (100-200 km), low stress levels at intermediate depths (200-600 km) and compressional stress at the 600+ levels of the deep mechanism. The slip vectors of the shallow focus events agree with predicted Nazca plate motions; and with the slip vectors determined from published solutions for the rest of western South America. However, they do not require a separate Panama Plate. Caribbean plate tectonics and, in particular, Southern Caribbean Plate Boundary Tectonics (SCPB) are analyzed. It is suggested that the SCPB is a broad zone of deformation, formed primarily as a result of two relative plate interactions, the Caribbean-South American and the Nazca-South American; and that these relative interactions are controlled by three major tectonic phenomenon--oblique lithospheric plate interaction, subduction, and the effects of buoyancy on the subduction process. A new plate tectonic model for the Middle American Region is presented. This model was developed from the point of view that the Caribbean plate is approximately stationary, with respect to the hotspot-upper mantle (?) reference frame; and observed deformations throughout the Middle American Region are explained in terms of this model. It is suggested that relative plate interactions along the SCPB and the entire subduction zone of western South America are sufficiently different from classical plate tectonic concepts that focusing future detailed geological and geophysical studies on these regions could add fundamental knowledge to global plate tectonic theory.

DE - DESCRIPTORS: body-waves; buoyancy-; Caribbean-Plate; Caribbean-region; Colombia-; compression-; deformation-; earthquakes-; Ecuador-; elastic-waves; focal-mechanism; models-; Nazca-Plate; P-waves; plate-collision; plate-tectonics; seismic-waves; seismicity-; slip-rates; South-America; subduction-zones

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 18-Solid-earth-geophysics

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Thesis-or-Dissertation

BL - BIB LEVEL: Monograph

IL - ILLUSTRATION: Refs: 162; illus. incl. 3 tables.

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2003, American Geological Institute.

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 2003-037246

UD - UPDATE CODE: 200312

Registro 364 de 5614 - GeoRef : 2002-2004/12

TI - TITLE: Dinoflagellates from the upper Campanian-Maastrichtian of Colombia and western Venezuela; biostratigraphic and sequence stratigraphic implications.

AU - AUTHORS: Yepes-Oscar

AF - AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Texas A&M University, Department of Geology and Geophysics, College Station, TX, United States

BK - BOOK TITLE: In: Abstracts of the proceedings of the Thirty-fourth annual meeting of the American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists.

BA - BOOK AUTHORS: Anonymous

SO - SOURCE: Palynology. 26; Pages 283-284. 2002.

PB - PUBLISHER: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists. Dallas, TX, United States. 2002.

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: United-States

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 2002

CN - CONFERENCE INFORMATION: Thirty-fourth annual meeting of the American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists. San Antonio, TX, United States. Oct. 21-24, 2001.

LA - LANGUAGE: English

AB - ABSTRACT: Dinoflagellate biostratigraphy of the Upper Campanian-Danian was studied in five surface sections from Colombia and one from western Venezuela (Rio Loro section). The Rio Molino section is in northern Colombia, the Chiguata Creek and Tausa sections are in the central part of the Eastern Cordillera, La Buitrera Creek section is in the western flank of the Eastern Cordillera, and the Aico Creek Section is in the Upper Magdalena Valley. At least twenty-two biostratigraphically significant events where identified in the upper Campanian and Maastrichtian of the studied sections. In the absence of calcareous macro-and microfossils the Campanian/Maastrichtian boundary was identified based on the highest occurrence of Trichodinium castanea and near the lowest occurrence of Phelodinium tricuspe, Yolkinigymnium lanceolatum and Hafniasphaera fluens. The K/T boundary is present in the Venezuelan section but coincides with an 11.5 m unexposed interval separating uppermost Maastrichtian dinoflagellate events below from Danian dinoflagellates above. Several third-order coarsening upward cycles were recognized within the overall shallowing upward pattern displayed in the six sections. Dinoflagellates tend to be more abundant at the base of these cycles and peridinoid cysts dominate the dinoflagellate assemblage in most samples. During the upper Campanian carbonate sediments accumulated in northern Colombia (Socuy Limestones), while high paleo-productivity conditions generated biosiliceous sediments and condensed phosphorites in the Eastern Cordillera and the Upper Magdalena Valley (Plaeners Formation and Lidita Superior). These become younger to the east. Continuous, cyclic progradation from the east and south during the upper Campanian accumulated coarse-grained siliciclastics in proximal settings where sandstones are interbedded with porcelanites and cherts (Chiguata and Tausa sections). In more distal environments, micritic limestones and dark mudstones from the Buscavida Formation represent coeval sediments (La Buitrera Creek and Aico Creek sections). An expanded section of mudstones and sandstones from Los Pinos and Tierna Formations were recognized in the Chiguata Creek section relative to the Aico, La Buitrera, Rio Molino and Tausa sections.

DE - DESCRIPTORS: Andes-; biostratigraphy-; Campanian-; carbonate-rocks; chemically-precipitated-rocks; chert-; clastic-rocks; Colombia-; Cretaceous-; depositional-environment; Dinoflagellata-; Eastern-Cordillera; limestone-; Maestrichtian-; Magdalena-Valley; Mesozoic-; micrite-; microfossils-; palynomorphs-; porcellanite-; Rio-Loro; Rio-Molino; sandstone-; sedimentary-rocks; Senonian-; sequence-stratigraphy; South-America; upper-Campanian; Upper-Cretaceous; Venezuela-; western-Venezuela

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 12-Stratigraphy

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Abstract; Serial; Conference-Document

BL - BIB LEVEL: Analytic

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2003, American Geological Institute.

IS - ISSN: 0191-6122

CO - CODEN: #00291

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 2003-037170

UD - UPDATE CODE: 200312

Registro 365 de 5614 - GeoRef : 2002-2004/12

TI - TITLE: Palynology, palynofacies, and sequence stratigraphy of the Cretaceous Napo Group in the Oriente Basin, Ecuador.

AU - AUTHORS: Vallejo-Christian; Hochuli-Peter-A; Winkler-Wilfried

AF - AUTHOR AFFILIATION: ETH Zuerich, Department of Earth-Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland

BK - BOOK TITLE: In: Abstracts of the proceedings of the Thirty-fourth annual meeting of the American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists.

BA - BOOK AUTHORS: Anonymous

SO - SOURCE: Palynology. 26; Pages 278. 2002.

PB - PUBLISHER: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists. Dallas, TX, United States. 2002.

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: United-States

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 2002

CN - CONFERENCE INFORMATION: Thirty-fourth annual meeting of the American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists. San Antonio, TX, United States. Oct. 21-24, 2001.

LA - LANGUAGE: English

AB - ABSTRACT: The Napo Group of the Oriente Basin in eastern Ecuador represents a sedimentary sequence, consisting of organic rich shales, limestones and sandstones. It was deposited in a shallow marginal marine basin, which was bordered by the Guyana Shield in the east and an incipient Andean uplift to the west. Ranging in age from the Late Albian to the Campanian it also contains oil-bearing sandstones and organic rich shales of source rock quality. Similar contemporary successions in Colombia and in Venezuela show a connection of the basin to the early Atlantic Ocean. The study of spore-pollen, dinoflagellate cysts and calcareous nannoplankton in core samples from a shallow well from the western part of the Oriente Basin leads to a new biostratigraphic breakdown, which reveals the existence of several hiatuses (time breaks) in this area. The palynological and palynofacies data are used together with other fossils and lithological evidence to define a sequence stratigraphic framework. The distribution of palynomorphs and palynofacies indicates a strong terrestrial input for the lower part of the Napo Group (Napo Basal and Lower Napo Formation). In the upper part (Middle and Upper Napo Formation) this input is reduced. A restricted marine environment with several dysoxic to anoxic intervals can be inferred from the palynofacies. The reduced diversity of most dinoflagellate assemblages restricts both the precision of biostratigraphic dating and correlation with neighboring basins. The spore-pollen assemblages of Albian to Cenomanian age are comparable to those described from West Africa and Brazil corresponding to the "Northern Gondwana province". The Late Cretaceous pollen assemblages from the Oriente Basin are strongly dominated by syncolporate pollen, thus they differ considerably from the assemblages assigned to the African "Palmae province". The hydrocarbons present in the studied well are traditionally regarded as locally sourced. However, several lines of evidence (TAI, Tmax, VR) prove the immature stage of the source rock in this borehole as well as in a larger area. Thus, the origin of the hydrocarbons remains to be explained.

DE - DESCRIPTORS: Albian-; algae-; assemblages-; basins-; biofacies-; biogeography-; biostratigraphy-; Campanian-; carbonate-rocks; clastic-rocks; Cretaceous-; depositional-environment; Dinoflagellata-; eastern-Ecuador; Ecuador-; limestone-; Lower-Cretaceous; marginal-basins; marine-environment; Mesozoic-; microfossils-; miospores-; nannofossils-; Napo-Group; Oriente-Basin; palynomorphs-; petroleum-; Plantae-; pollen-; reservoir-rocks; sandstone-; sedimentary-rocks; Senonian-; sequence-stratigraphy; shale-; shallow-water-environment; source-rocks; South-America; spores-; Upper-Cretaceous

CC - CATEGORY CODES: 12-Stratigraphy; 29A-Economic-geology,-geology-of-energy-sources

DT - DOCUMENT TYPE: Abstract; Serial; Conference-Document

BL - BIB LEVEL: Analytic

MC - MAP COORDINATES: LAT: S013000; S000000; LONG: W0753000; W0780000.

RF - REFERENCE SOURCE: GeoRef, Copyright 2003, American Geological Institute.

IS - ISSN: 0191-6122

CO - CODEN: #00291

AN - ACCESSION NUMBER: 2003-037160

UD - UPDATE CODE: 200312

Registro 366 de 5614 - GeoRef : 2002-2004/12

TI - TITLE: The early Eocene floras of equatorial latitudes; first record of a tropical rainforest in geologic history.

AU - AUTHORS: Jaramillo-C-A; Oboh-Ikuenobe-Francisca-E; Obi-G-C

AF - AUTHOR AFFILIATION: University of Missouri-Rolla, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Rolla, MO, United States

BK - BOOK TITLE: In: Abstracts of the proceedings of the Thirty-fourth annual meeting of the American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists.

BA - BOOK AUTHORS: Anonymous

SO - SOURCE: Palynology. 26; Pages 267. 2002.

PB - PUBLISHER: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists. Dallas, TX, United States. 2002.

CP - COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: United-States

PY - PUBLICATION YEAR: 2002

CN - CONFERENCE INFORMATION: Thirty-fourth annual meeting of the American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists. San Antonio, TX, United States. Oct. 21-24, 2001.

LA - LANGUAGE: English

AB - ABSTRACT: There is a long period of global warming across the Paleocene-Eocene transition. Was tropical vegetation affected by this global warming? The diversity, composition, and structure of pollen and spore floras across the Paleocene-Eocene transition of several sections in southern Nigeria and central Colombia were analyzed. A number of techniques were used to analyze the pollen/spore record such as the range-through method, rarefaction, bootstrap, diversity and similarity indexes, and detrended correspondence analysis. The palynofloral record indicates that the lower to middle Eocene strata contain a significantly higher diversity than upper Paleocene strata. This pattern is maintained after collection biases are accounted for. Early Eocene palynofloras have higher alpha and beta diversities, and a higher equitability than Paleocene palynofloras. During the Early to Middle Eocene, increases in diversity and spore abundance suggest that equatorial climate became wetter. This study documents the first record of tropical floras that are similar in diversity and structure to those of modern lowland tropical rainforests.