Notes on African-American History Since 1900

639 Op. Cit., (Mario Van Peebles), p. 184.

640 Op. Cit. (Mario Van Peebles, Panther), p. 184.

641 Ibid., p. 105.

642 David Hilliard and Lewis Cole, This Side of Glory, [Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company, 1993], pp. 290-294.

643 Op. Cit., (Fletcher, Jones, Latringer), pp. 234-235.

644 Op. Cit. (Mario Van Peebles), p. 185.

645 Ibid., p. 185.

646 Yohuru Williams, Black Politics/White Power, [New York: Brandywine Press, 2000], pp. 152-154.

647 Scott L. Bills, Kent State/May 4, [Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press, 1988], pp. 16-18.

648 Huey P. Newton, Revolutionary Suicide, [New York: Writers and Readers Publishing, Inc., 1973], pp. 265-267.

649 Charles E. Jones, The Black Panther Party Reconsidered, [Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1998], p. 184.

650 Op. Cit. (Mario Van Peebles), p. 186.

651 G. Louis Heath, Off the Pigs!: The History and Literature of the Black Panther Party, [Methuchen, J.J.: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1976], p. 139.

652 Huey P. Newton, Revolutionary Suicide, [New York: Writers and Readers Publishing, Inc., 1973], pp. 267-292.

653 Interview with Madalynn Rucker, 1998. 8/23/98.

654 David Hilliard & Lewis Cole, This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party, [Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993], p. 307.

655 Jim Haskins, Power To The People, [New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1997], pp. 75-76.

656 Op. Cit. (Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall), pp. 95-96.

657 Op. Cit. (Ward Churchill), p. 86.

658 Jim Haskins, Power to the People: The Rise and Fall of the Black Panther Party, [New York: Simon and Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1997], p. 79. Also see, Louis E. Tackwood, The Glass House Tapes, [New York: Avon Books, 1973].

659 Interview with Madalynn Rucker, 8/23/98, Cleveland, Ohio to Sacramento, California, Telephone Interview.

660 David Hilliard and Lewis Cole, This Side of Glory! The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party, [Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1998], pp. 312-313.

661 Op. Cit., (Hilliard, This Side of Glory), p. 306.

662 Mumia Abu-Jamal, We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party [Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press 2004] p. 220

663 Ibid., (Hilliard, This Side of Glory!), p. 314.

664 Jim Haskins, The Rise and the Fall of the Black Panther Party, [New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1997], p. 80.

665 Ibid., p. 81.

666 Interview with Safiya Bukhari, 6/6/98: Cleveland, Ohio to New York, Telephone Interview.

667 Op. Cit., (Haskins), p. 82.

668 Bobby Seale interview (video), All Power to The People: The Black Panther Party and Beyond.

669 Huey P. Newton, Revolutionary Suicide, [New York: Writers and Readers Publication, Inc., 1995], pp. 306-307.

670 Interview with Rashad Byrdsong, Cleveland, Ohio, 1997, and Interview with Kalied Abdul Raheem Muhammad, Chicago, Illinois, 3/20/98.

671 Interview with Austin Allen, Cleveland, Ohio, 11/19/93.

672 Mumia Abu-Jamal, We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party, [Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press] p. 224

673 Ibid. (Byrdsong) 5/30/98.

674 Hugh Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power, [Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1994], p. 241.

675 Interview with Austin Allen, Cleveland, Ohio 11/19/93. Historical Note: This in no way implies that Dr. Austin Allen felt the boycott was an act of extortion. He basically felt it was ill timed or planned.

676 Huey P. Newton, To Die For The People: Selected Writings and Speeches, [New York: Writers and Readers Publishing, Inc., 1995], p. 111.

677 Interview with Austin Allen, Cleveland, Ohio, 11/19/93.

678 Op. Cit., (Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther), p. 259.

679 Interview with Madalynn Rucker, 8/23/98.

680 Op. Cit.,(Elaine Brown, A Taste of Power: A Black Woman’s Story), pp. 348-353.

681 Bobby Seale, A Lonely Rage: The Autobiography of Bobby Seale, [New York: New York Times Books, 1978], pp. 228-238.

682 Op. Cit. (Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther), p. 267.

683 Karl Krapper, “Women and the Black Panther Party, Introduction,” Socialist Review, Vol. 26, No. 1 & 2, 1996, p. 27.

684 Interview with Angela Brown”, Socialist Review, Vol. 26, No. 1 & 2, 1996, p. 27.

685 Angela D. LaBlanc-Ernst, “The Most Qualified Person to handle the Job, Black Panther Party Women 1966-1982”, in Charles E. Jones (ed.) The Black Panther Party; Reconsidered, [Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1998], p. 307.

686 Op. Cit. (Angela Brown), p. 35.

687 Op. Cit. (Angela D. LeBlanc-Ernest-Black Panther Party [Reconsidered]), p. 308.

688 Interview with Rashad Byrdsong, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, 5/30/98.

689 Karl Krapper, “Women and the Black Panther Party: An Interview with Angela Brown”, Socialist Review, Vol. 26, Nos. 1 & 2, 1996, p. 40.

690 Telephone interview with Jonia Abron, Cleveland, Ohio, Kalamazoo, Michigan, January 17, 1999.

691 Op. Cit., (an interview with Angela Brown), p. 43.

692 Ibid., pp. 41-42.

693 Cleo Silver, videotaped interview in New York, 1998.

694 Karl Knapper, “Women and the Black Panther Party: an Interview with Angela Brown,” Socialist Review, Vol 26, Nos. 1 & 2, 1996, p. 46.

695 Cleo Silver, taped interview, 1998.

696 Jim Haskins, Power to the People: The Rise and Fall of the Black Panther Party, [New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1997], pp. 97-98.

697 The African-American Almanac, [Detroit, Michigan, 1997], p. 346.

698 Elaine Brown, Taste of Power: A Black Woman’s Story, [New York: Pantheon Books], p. 445.

699 Regina Jennings, “Why I Joined the Party: An African Womanist Reflection” in Charles E. Jones, The Black Panther Party Reconsidered, [Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1998], pp. 262-264.

700 The Black Panther Party Reconsidered, [Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1998], p. 263.

701 Madalynn Rucker, audio taped interview, 1998. 8/23/98.

702 Charles E. Jones (ed.), The Black Panther Party Reconsidered, [Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1998], p. 310.

703 Elaine Brown, A Taste of Power: A Black Woman’s Story, [New York: Doubleday, 1992], p. 357.

704 Elaine Brown, A Taste of Power: A Black Woman’s Story, [New York: Doubleday, 1992], p. 189.

705 Op. Cit., (Karl Knapper, “Women and the Black Panther Party: An Interview with Angela Brown, Socialist Review, Vol. 26, Nos. 1 & 2, 1996), p. 38.

706 Elaine Brown, A Taste of Power: A Black Woman’s Story, [New York: Doubleday, 1992], p. 445.

707 Interview with Jonia Abron, January 17, 1999.

708 Charles E. Jones, The Black Panther Party (Reconsidered), [Baltimore: Black Press, 1998], p. 324.

709 Op. Cit., (Brown, A Taste of Power: A Black Woman’s Story), p. 375.

710 Op. Cit., (Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther), p. 281.

711 Op. Cit., (Brown, A Taste of Power), p. 448.

712 Jonia M. Abron, Letter to Muhammad Ahmad, June 17, 1999, p. 11. Also see Kenneth O’Reilly “Racial Matters: The FBI’s Secret File on Black America. 1960-1972, [New York: The Free Press, 1989], pp. 293-324.

713 David Hilliard and Lewis Cole, This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party, [Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993], p. 436.

714 Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960’s [Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981] pp. 255-256.

715 Linda Burnham, “The Tillmon Legacy”, Crossroads, February 1966, pp.14.

716 Jack Bass and Jack Nelson, The Orangeburg Massacre [Newark: Mercer University Press, 1984] pp. vii

717 John Bracey, Jr., August Meir, Elliott Rudwick, eds., Black Workers and Organized Labor [California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1971] p. 56.

718 Irving Howe and B. J. Widick, The U.A.W.: Fights Race Prejudice”, Commentary, Volume 8, Number 3, September 1949, p. 263.

719 African-American “On Wheels: Special History Report: The Pivotal Role of Blacks in the UAW Union,” Detroit, February/March, 2000, pg. 32.

720 Fraser M. Ohanelli, The Communist Part of the United States: From Depression to World War II, [New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1997], p. 144.

721 Op. Cit., (On Wheels), p. 32.

722 Op. Cit. (Bracey, et. al.), p. 212.

723 Ibid., p. 214.

724 Bill V. Mullen, Afro-Orientalism [Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press] p. 8 {Also, see Robert F. Mast, Detroit Lives, Philadelphia: Temple University (ed.) Press, p. 306}

725 Ernest Mkalimots Allen, “Detroit: I Do Mind Dying, A Review,” Radical America, Volume II, Number 1, January-February, 1977, p. 70.

726 Interviews and discussions with General Gordon Baker, Jr. and Darryl Mitchell, 1994 (Detroit, Michigan).

727 Interview with General Gordon Baker, Jr., Cleveland, Ohio, 1994.

728 Meeting, interview and conversation with John Watson, Detroit, Michigan, 1965.

729 Interview with General Gordon Baker, Jr., Cleveland, Ohio, 1994.

730 Grace and James Boggs, Detroit: Birth of a Nation, Pamphlet, October 1967, p. 7.

731 Interview with General Gordon Baker, Jr., Detroit, Michigan, 1968.

732 Interview with General Gordon Baker, Jr., Cleveland, Ohio, 1994.

733 Interview with General Gordon Baker, Jr., Cleveland, Ohio, 1994.

734 Interview with General Gordon Baker, Jr., Cleveland, Ohio, 1994.

735 Interview with Charles “Chuck” Wooten, July 14, 2002 (Telephone Cleveland, Ohio to Detroit, Michigan). Also, interview with Mike Hamlin, September 27, 1999, Cleveland, Ohio to Detroit, Michigan, telephone interview.

736 Luke Tripp, “Black Working Class Radicalism, Detroit 1960-1970”, Tuesday, October 4, 1994, p. 17 (unpublished paper).

737 Interview with General Gordon Baker, Jr., Cleveland, Ohio 1994.

738 James A. Geschwender, “The League of Revolutionary Black Workers”, The Journal of Ethnic Studies, Volume 2, Number 5, Fall, 1974, p. 4.

739 Luke Tripp, “DRUM-Vanguard of the Black Revolution”, The South End (Wayne State University Student Newspaper) Volume 22, Number 62, Thursday, January 23, 1969, p. 9.

740 Luke Tripp, Op. Cit., p. 9.

741 DRUM (Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement) Newsletter, Volume 1, Number 2, p. 3.

742 Op. Cit. (Tripp), p. 9.

743 DRUM (Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement) Newsletter, Volume 1, Number 9, p. 1.

744 Op. Cit. (Geschwender) p. 6.

745 Dan Georgakas and Marvin Surkin, Detroit: I Do Mind Dying [New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1975], p. 47

746 Phillip S. Foner, Organized Labor and the Black Worker 1619-1973 [New York: International Publishers, 1974], p. 414.

747 Op. Cit., p. 2.

748 Op. Cit. (Greschwender), p. 7.

749 DRUM Newsletter, Volume 1, Number 13, p. 1.

750 Op. Cit. (Georgakas and Surkin), p. 49.

751 Interview with Marion Kramer, Telephone Detroit, Michigan to Cleveland, Ohio, July 6, 2002.

752 Interview with General Gordon Baker, Cleveland, Ohio [1994].

753 Interview with Marion Kramer, July 5, 2002 (Telephone: Cleveland, Ohio to Detroit, Michigan).

*Eventually all but two of the twenty-two were reinstated. Chrysler refused to reinstate Fred Holsey and another worker whom it accused of having been leaders of the strike. On December 1, 1971, the Michigan Civil Rights Commission upheld a finding by a hearing referee that the Chrysler Corporation was guilty of unlawful discrimination in discharging Fred Holsey. The commission voted to issue a cease and desist order against Chrysler.

754 Interview with Marion Kramer, July 5, 2002, (Telephone: Cleveland, Ohio to Detroit, Michigan).

755 Interview with General Gordon Baker, Cleveland, Ohio, 1994.

756 J. W. Freeman, The Revolutionary Way Out, Introduction Revelation, p. 5 (unpublished manuscript).

757 Interview with General Gordon Baker, Jr., Cleveland, Ohio, 1994.

758 Interview with Chuck Wooten, July 14, 2002 (Telephone: Cleveland, Ohio to Detroit, Michigan).

759 Interview with Marion Kramer, July 5, 2002 (Telephone: Cleveland, Ohio to Detroit, Michigan).

760 Conversation with Glanton Dowdell, November 1969, Windsor, Canada.

761 Phillip S. Forner, Organized Labor and the Black Worker, 1619-1973 [New York: International Publishers, 1974], p. 917.

762 Interview with General Gordon Baker, Jr. and interview with Norman “Otis” Richmond, 4/21/99, Telephone conversation.

763 Interview with Norman “Otis” Richmond 9/21/99, Toronto, Ontario, Canada to Cleveland, Ohio Telephone Conversation.

764 Op. Cit. (Allen), p. 71.

765 Op. Cit. (Georgakas and Surkin), p. 69.

766 Black Student Voice, Volume 1, Number 2, October 1968, p. 1.

767 Melvin M. Lieman, The Political Economy of Racism: A History [London Pluto Press, 1993], p. 229.

768 Op. Cit., Interview with Norman “Otis” Richmond, 9/21/99.

769 Interview with Ernie Mkalimoto Allen, Amherst, Mass., 1993.

770 Ibid.

771 Op. Cit. (Allen), pp. 71-72.

772 Op. Cit. (Allen interview).

773 Interview with Mike Hamlin, Cleveland, Ohio to Detroit, Michigan (telephone) September 27, 1999.

774 Interview with Michele Jones, Detroit, Michigan, 1973.

775 Op. Cit. (Georgakas and Surkin), p. 162.

776 J. W. Freeman, The Revolutionary Way Out (unpublished manuscript), p. 5.

777 Op. Cit. (Interview with Mike Hamlin).

778 Dan Georgakas and Mavin Surkin, Detroit: I Do Mind Dying: A Study in Urban Revolution Updated Edition [Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press, 1998], pp. 9-11.

779 Conversation with Queen Mother Audley Moore, Atlanta, GA., 1979.

780 Central premise of C.L.R. James as taught in a series of discussion by James and Grace Lee Boggs in Detroit, Michigan, 1964.

781 Wilbur Haddock interview, Souls, Volume 2, Number 1, Spring 2000 p. 31

782 Hanes Walton, Black Political Parties [New York: The Free Press, 1972] pp 80-130

783 Len Holt, The Summer that Didn’t End [New York: William Morrow & Co., 1965], Doug McAdam, Freedom Summer [New York: Oxford University Press, 1988], Mildred Pitts Walter, Mississippi Challenge [New York: Aladdin Paperbacks, 1996].

784 William E. Nelson, Jr, and Phillip J. Meranto, Electing Black Mayors [Columbus: Ohio State University, 1977] pp. 67-332

785 Op. Cit., (Hanes Walton, Jr, Black Political Parties), pp 80-130^.

786 Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: United States Senate Book 3, Washington, D. C. G.P.O., pp. 33-62

787 Ibid

788 Ibid

789 William Preston, Jr., Aliens and Dissenters, [New York: Harper Torch Books, 1963, p. 103^.

790 Joyce Ross, J. E. Springam and the Rise of the NAACP [New York, Athenaeum, 1972], Maj. Joel E. Springam to Churchill, June 18, 1918, Military Intelligence Bureau 10218-154-7 (National Archives).

791 Spat Watters and Stephen Gillers edited, Investigating the FBI, [New York: Ballantine Books, 1973], p. 57.

792 Robert A. Hill, (ed) The Pan African Movement 1917-1957. A Documentary Record of the black Struggle: Unpublished Manuscript.

793 Victor Marchetti & John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence [New York: Alfred A. Knopf Co., 1974], p. 95

794 Allen Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence [New York: Harper & Row, 1963], pp. 258-259, National Security Act of 1947, 50 U.S. C. 403.

795 Nelson Rockefeller, et al, Report to the President by the Commission on CIA Activities within the U.S. (Washington: G.P.O., 1975), p. 73: Marchetti & Marks, op cit. pp. 96-101

796 Rockefeller, op cit. p. 74; Marchetti and Marks, op cit. pp. 96097; Dulles, op cit. p. 158

797 Rockefeller, op cit. p. 72; Marchetti and Marks, op cit. p. 38.

798 Marchetti and Marks, op cit. pp. 98 and 99

799 Good Overview of Intelligence Community: John Hammer, “The U.S. Intelligence Community”, Skentic Magazine. No. 7, 1975; Marchetti and Marks, op cit. pp. 95 f.; all budget figures below are from these two sources^.

800 David Kahn, The Code Breakers (New York: 1967, MacMillian), pp. 378-400.

801 David Wise & Thomas Ross, The Invisible Government [New York: 1964, Random house], p. 226-231; Lyman Kirkpatrick, The U. S. Intelligence Community [New York: Hill & Wang, 1973], p. 35; Charles H. Andregg,

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