Notes on African-American History Since 1900

303 Op. Cit. (Henry Hampton, Steve Fayer with Sarah Flynn), p. 226.

304 Hanes Walton, Jr., Black Political Parties: An Historical and Political Analysis [New York: The Free Press; London Collier-McMillan Limited, 1972], p. 138.

305 Ibid. (Hanes Walton, Jr.), p. 139.

306 Charlie Cobb, “Black Power” Emerge Magazine, June 1997, Volume 8, Number 8, p. 43.

307 Jacqueline Johnson, Stokely Carmichael: The Story of Black Power [Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Silver Burdett Press, Inc.], p. 71.

308 Op. Cit. (Jacqueline Johnson), p. 74.

309 Ibid., p. 75.

310 Interview with Don Stone, Atlanta, Georgia, 1994.

311 Telephone Interview with Judy Richardson, October 15, 2000.

312 Telephone conversation with Mike Simmons (Philadelphia to Cleveland), February 5, 1998.

313 Ibid., (Interview Mike Simmons).

314 Jack Mendelsohn, The Martyrs [New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1966], p. 209.

315 Interviews with Gloria House, Detroit, Michigan, March 2001. For a detailed account of the incident, read Jack Mendelsohn, The Martyrs [New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1966] pp. 196-218.

316 Cheryl Lynn Greenberg, A Circle of Trust: Remembering SNCC [New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press, 1998] p. 105-106

317 Allen J. Matuson, “From Civil Rights to Black Power: The Case of SNCC, 1960-1966” in Bracey, Meier Rudwick, Conflict and Competition: Studies in the Recent Black Protest Movement [Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing, Inc., 1971], p. 148.

318 Jacqueline Johnson, Stokely Carmichael: The Story of Black Power [Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Silver Burdett Press, 1990], p. 78.

319 “Cleveland Sellers” in Henry Hampton and Steve Fayer with Sarah Flynn, Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of The Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s [New York: Bantam Books, 1995], p. 285.

320 Op. Cit. (Jacqueline Johnson), p. 84.

321 Charlie Cobb, Jr., “Black Power”, Emerge Magazine, Volume 8, Number 8, June 1997, p. 41.

322 Op. Cit. (Henry Hampton with Steve Fayer with Sarah Flynn, Voices of Freedom, [New York: Bantam Books, 1990], p. 41.

323 Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960’s [Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University press, 1981], p. 234.

324 Clayborne Carson, “Blacks and Jews in the Civil Rights Movement, The Case of SNCC”, in Jack Salzman, Adina Back, Gretchen Sullivan Sorin (ed.) Bridges and Boundaries: African-Americans and American Jews [New York: George Brazidler, Inc. 1992], p. 41.

325 Max Stanford, Participant/Observer, Bronx, New York, June 1966.

326 Charlie Cobb, “Black Power” interview with Kwame Ture, Emerge Magazine, June 1997, p. 43.

327 Op. Cit. (Carson, “Blacks and Jews”), pp. 41-42.

328 Op. Cit. (Jack Salzman, Adina Back, Gretchen Sullivan Sorin), p. 42.

329 Ibid., p. 44.

330 Interview with Kwame Ture, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, 1996 (Max Stanford).

331 Doug McAdam, “Gender as a Mediator of the Activist Experience: The Case of Freedom Summer”, American Journal of Sociology, Volume 97, Number 5 (March 1992), p. 1220.

332 Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual [New York: William Morrow & Company, Inc., 1967], pp. 147-171, Interview with Queen Mother Audrey Moore, Harlem, N.Y., 1980.

333 Interview with Ruby Doris Smith Robinson, Philadelphia, Pa., March, 1967.

334 Interview with Ruby Doris Smith Robinson, April 1964, SNCC National Office, Atlanta, Ga.

335 Op. Cit., (McAdam) “Gender”, p. 1232.

336 Interview with Ruby Doris Smith Robinson, March, 1967, Philadelphia, Pa.

337 Interview with four African-American female workers on the SNCC staff, May, 1964, Atlanta, Ga.

338 Cynthia Griggs Fleming, “Black Women Activists and The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee: The Case of Ruby Doris Smith Robinson”, Journal of Women’s History, Volume 4, Number 3 (Winter), p. 74.

339 Telephone interview with Judy Richardson, October 15, 2000.

340 Interview with Muriel Tillinghast, New York to Cleveland, August 24, 2000.

341 Interview with George Ware, Philadelphia, Pa. 1994, p. 18.

342 Ibid., p. 18.

343 Ibid. (Interview with George Ware), p. 19.

344 Op. Cit., p. 19.

345 Ibid., p. 19.

346 Ibid., p. 19.

347 Interview with Cleveland Sellers, Jr., September 7^th, 2000 and October 3^rd, 2000, Cleveland to Columbia, South Carolina. The interview is not single spaced because I paraphrase Sellers words. The essence of Cleveland Sellers’ interview is there. The reader should also refer to Jack Bass and Jack Nelson, The Orangeburg Massacre [Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1984].

348 Dorothy Salem, Long Journey: History of the African-American Experience [Dubuque, Iowa: Kendal/Hout Publishing Company, 1997] draft for Manuscript, p. 373.

349 James Forman, The Making of Black Revolutionaries, [Seattle, Washington: Open Hand Publishing, Inc., 1985], p. 460.

350 James Forman, High Tide of Black Resistance, [Seattle, Washington: Open Hand Publishing, Inc. 1994], p. 136.

351 Op. Cit., (Forman, The Making of Black Revolutionaries), p. 460.

352 Op. Cit., (Forman, High Tide of Resistance), p. 135.

353 Interview with George Ware, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

354 Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960’s [Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981], p. 290.

355 James Forman, The Making of Black Revolutionaries [Seattle, Washington: Open Hand Publishing, Inc., 1990], p. 352.

356 Ibid., p. 538.

357 Clayborne Carson, In Struggle, Op. Cit., p. 293.

358 Op. Cit., Carson, In Struggle, p. 297.

359 Ibid., p. 297.

360 Belinda Robnett, How Long? How Long?: African-American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights [New York: Oxford University Press, 1997] pp.202-204

361 Op. Cit., pp. 187-188

362 Stokely Carmichael [Kwame Ture] with Ekwame Michael Thelwell, Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael [Kwame Ture] [ New York: Scribner, 2003] p. 52

363 Op. Cit., p. 561

364 Op. Cit., p. 546

365 Op. Cit., (Circle of Trust) p. 216

366 Op. Cit., (Circle of Trust) p. 18

367 Leah Samuel, “A Life Lived for Justice: James Boggs worked hard for the equality he believed in, Metro Times, October 13-19, 1993, p. 14.

368 Grace Lee Boggs, Letter to Max Stanford, April 10, 1994.

369 James Boggs, The American Revolution: Pages From a Negro Worker’s Notebook [Detroit, Michigan: Leftfoot Press, 2003], p. 87

370 Op. Cit. (Leah Samuel) p. 14.

371 Grace Lee Boggs, Remember James Boggs (1919-1993), Third World Viewpoint, Fall, 1993, p. 12.

372 Conversation with James and Grace Boggs, Detroit, Michigan, 1983.

373 Ibid.

374 James Boggs, Racism and the Class Struggle: Further pages from a Black Worker’s Notebook [New York and London: Modern Reader/Monthly Review Press], p.169

375 Kenneth Snodgrass, “James Boggs Lives,” Michigan Chronicle, August 4-10, 1993, pp. 1-13.

376 Grace Lee Boggs “Thinking and Acting Dialectically: C.L.R. James, The American Years” Monthly Review, October 1993, p. 88.

377 Grace Lee Boggs, “Thinking and Acting Dialectically: C.L.R. James, The American Years,” Monthly Review, October 1993, p. 88.

378 Op. Cit., p. 42.

379 Grace Lee Boggs, “More on MLK and Movement Building,” The Michigan Citizen, February 27^th-March 5^th, 2005, p. B8

380 Grace Lee Boggs, “Remembering James Boggs (1919-1993)” Third World Viewpoint, Fall, 1993, p. 3.

* Grace Lee Boggs, Living for Change: An Autobiography [Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998].

381 Manning Marable, Race, Reform and Rebellion [Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1984] p.76.

382 William Sales, Jr., From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity [Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press, 1994] pp. 60-61.

383 Karl Evanz, The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm [New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 1992] pp. 15-16.

384 Spike Lee (Movie), also Malcolm X: New York Police Files

385 “30 Years Since the Assassination: How the System Killed Malcolm X,” Revolutionary Worker Number 794 (Volume 16, Number 41, February 19, 1995, p. 7

386 Op. Cit, (Sales, From Civil Rights to Black Liberation), p. 75

387 William S. Sales, Jr., From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity [Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press, 1994] p. 62

388 George Brietman (ed) Malcolm X Speaks [New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1965] pp. 38-41

389 Interview with Donald Freeman, Cleveland, Ohio 1994

390 Malcolm X, February 1965: “The Final Speeches” [New York, Pathfinder Press, 1992], page 48.

391 Ibid, page 54

392 Ibid, page 79

393 William I. Robertson, A Theory of Global Capitalism: Production, Class and State in a Transnational World. [Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press 2004]

394 Ibid, page 80 (“The Final speeches”)

395 Malcolm X: On Afro-American History [New York: Pathfinder Press, 1967] pp. 64

396 Victor Perlo, Economics of Racism 2: The Roots of Inequality USA [New York: International Publishers, 1966] p. 153

397 Malcolm X: On Afro-American History [New York: Pathfinder Press, 1967] p. 64

398 Two Speeches by Malcolm X [New York: Pathfinder Press, 1965] pp 32

399 Ibid, (Two Speeches), p. 33

400 George Beitman, Malcolm X Speaks [New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1965] p. 39

401 Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X [New York: Grove press, Inc. 1965] p. 377

402 Op Cit (Autobiography) p. 364

403 Geroge Brietwan, The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary [New York: Shocken Books, 1965] p. 115

404 George Brietwan, (ed) By Any Means Necessary [New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970] pp. 102-104

405 Malcolm X, February 1965: The Final Speeches [New York: Pathfinder, 1992] p. 79

406 Op Cit (February 1965: Malcolm X, The Final Speeches) p. 80

407 Ibid,pp. 49

408 Conversation with Malcolm, Harlem, NY, June 1964

409 George Brietman, Malcolm X Speaks [New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1965] pp. 77

410 Karl Evanzz, The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X [New York: Thunder Mouth Press, 1992] pp. 257

411 John Henrik Clarke, Malxolm X: The Man and His Times [Toronto, Canada: Collier Books, 1969] pp. 245

412 Karl Evanzz, The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad [New York: Pantheon Books, 1999] p. 315

413 Op Cit., (Brietman (ed) Malcolm X: By Any Means Necessary), pp. 91-92

414 Ibid, pp. 92

415 Op. Cit. (Breitman (ed) Malcolm X: By Any Means Necessary) pp. 94

416 Ibid, pp. 50

417 Conversation with James Shabazz, March, 1965, New York City

418 “Malcolm X, “Zionist Logics”, The Egyptian Gazette-September 17, 1964, World-Wide African Anti-Zionist Front (Reprint) [New York: A-APRP] pp. 3

419 Karl Evanzz, The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad [New York: Pantheon Books, 1999] p. 314

420 Malcolm X, “Conversation With Max Stanford,” June 1964

421 Confession of McKinley Welch to Max Stanford, Spring 1967, Philadelphia, PA

422 Malcolm X, “Conversation with Max Stanford, June 1964

423 George Brietman, The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary [New York: Schocken Books, 1967] p. 19

424 Karl Evanzz, Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X [New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 1992] pp. 294-295

425 Ebony Pictorial History of Black Americans, Vol. 3 [Chicago, Illinois: Johnson Publishing Company, 1970] p. 2

426 Freeman voluntarily left the RAM organization after his firing in 1965 as a Cleveland School teacher. Interview with Don Freeman, Cleveland, Ohio, 4/94.

427 Haywood Burns, The Voices of Negro Protest in America [New York: Oxford University Press, 1963], p. 42.

428 Howard Zinn, SNCC [Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1964], p. 3.

429 Muhammad Ahmad, “A Brief History of the Black Liberation Movement in the 1960’s: Focus on RAM,” [unpublished speech: Chicago, Illinois: Northeastern University, 7/78], p. 4.

430 Interview with Malcolm X, Shabazz Restaurant, Temple No. 7, 11/62, New York, N.Y.

431 Max Stanford, “Orientation of a Black Mass Movement” [Philadelphia, PA., Unpublished RAM documents, 10/62] p. 4

432 Max Stanford (Muhammad Ahmad), Formative Years: Fall, 1962-63 [Unpublished paper, Amherst, Mass., 10/74], p. 1.

433 A Cadre Discussion on RAM [Unpublished paper], p. 3.

434 Editorial, “The Panthers: Communist Guerrillas in the Street,” American Opinion, Vol. XIII, No. 4, p. 7.

435 Interview with Barbara Montague, 5/02.

436 Interview with John Bracey, Jr., Amherst, Mass., 10/94.

437 Op. Cit. (A Cadre Discussion on RAM), p. 3.

438 Op. Cit. (A Cadre Discussion on RAM), p. 4.

439 “Six Injured on School Picket Line Blocks Most Workers,” The Evening Bulletin, May 27, 1963, Vol. , 117^th Year, No. 46, p. 1.

440 William Sales, Jr., From Civil Rights to Black Liberations: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity (Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press, 1994), p. 75.

441 New York Times Tuesday, July 16, 1963, pp. 1:2 cont. On pp. 15:1, also see New York Times, Tuesday, August 13, 1963, p. 21:1.

442 Op. Cit. (Ahmad), p. 6.

443 Cecil B. Moore, Conversation in the Philadelphia NAACP Office, 5/63.

444 Interview with John Bracey, Jr., Amherst, Mass., 1994, p. 23.

445 “Hecklers Cut Daley Talk to NAACP,” Chicago Sun-Times, Vol. 16, No. 132, Friday, July 5, 1963, p. 1.

446 Op. Cit. (Muhammad Ahmad, A Cadre Discussion), p. 7.

447 “CORE Suspends Chapter for Urging Tie-up at Fair,” New York Times, April 11, 1964, p.1

448 Stall-in Leaders Defy Plea to Bar Tie-up Tomorrow” New York Times, Tuesday, April 21, 1964, p. 1.

449 Don Freeman: Black Youth and the Afro-American Liberation,” Black America, Fall, 1964, pp. 15-16.

450 Robin D. G. Kelly and Betty Esch, “Black Like Mao: Notes on Red China and Black Revolution,” p. 8., unpublished paper.

451 Ibid., pp. 15-16.

452 Revolutionary Nationalist, Volume 1, November 1, Summer, 1965, p. 1.

453 William Sales, Jr., From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity [Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press, 1994], p. 130.

454 Bracey, Meier, Rudwick, etc., Conflict and Competition: Studies in the Recent Black Protest Movement (Belmont, California:: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1971), p. 142.

455 Ibid., p. 140.

456 Ibid., p. 143.

457 James Boggs, Racism and the Class Struggle [New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970], p. 39.

458 It was suggested that Malcolm X would be the spokesman for the movement. I was to go the New York to talk to Malcolm about it. RAM members went back to their communities to organize cells, while others traveled around spreading the movement.

459 Twelve Point Program of the Revolutionary Action Movement, 1964.

460 Malcolm X, “The Ballot or the Bullet,” Malcolm X Speaks [New York: Grove Press, 1965], pp. 28-31.

461 George Breitman, The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary [New York: Schocken Books], p. 35.

462 Interview with Malcolm X, 6/64, Hotel Theresa, New York, New York.

463 Interview with Malcolm X, 1/65, 22 West Restaurant, New York, N.Y.

464 Interview with Malcolm X, 7/64, New York, N.Y.

465 Op. Cit. (George Breitman), p. 116.

466 Eric Norden, “The Assassination of Malcolm X,” Hustler, December, 1978, p. 98.

467 Op. Cit., (George Breitman), p. 116.

468 Max Stanford, participant-observer observation, Auditorium, Harlem, New York, 12/64.

469 William Sales, Jr. From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity [Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press, 1994], pp. 130-131.

470 RAM was accused, in New York’s newspapers of being responsible for Malcolm’s assassination. During this period, RAM published a newspaper, Afro-World, with the headlines: “Malcolm Lives.”

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