Options for existing equipment

4.4 Options for existing equipment

The R-407 series of refrigerants like R-407A, R-407F and R-427A are now used in many developed countries as retrofit refrigerants for R-404A depending on individual manufacturers’ approvals. These refrigerants, including R-407C, are commercially available and are also formulated to replace HCFC-22. Other HFC blends with GWP lower than 2000, such as R-448A and R-449A (and others not yet assigned ASHRAE numbers) will be also commercially available in 2015 and will be candidates to replace HCFC-22 and R-404A. In fact, the most important issue for the replacement of HCFC-22 in developing countries will be to find replacement options at acceptable costs; given the fact that developing countries will lag the developed nations in adopting these changes, the cost of these changes can be expected to be better when Article 5 countries are ready to make the change

Depending on the lifetime of refrigeration systems, the retrofit option is part of the refrigerant management plan required to follow the phase-down schedule. Recovery and recycling of existing refrigerants represent a strong option in order to smooth the transition from present day refrigerants to a series of lower GWP options.

4.5 References

Chasserot, 2013 Natural Refrigerants Market Trends; Bangkok Technology conference June 30, 2013

Dallinger, 2012 Dallinger, J.; Sheehan, J.: Supermarktkälteanlage mit CO₂ als Kälteträger – Fallstudie einer Anlage in Australien. DKV Tagung 2012, Würzburg, Germany

EPA, 2010b US-EPA: Transitioning to low-GWP alternatives in commercial refrigeration. Fact sheet, October 2010

EPA, 2014 http://www2.epa.gov/greenchill/reports-guidelines-and-tools

Finckh, 2011 Finckh, O.; Schrey, R.; Wozny, M.: Energy and efficiency comparison between standardized HFC and CO₂ transcritical systems for supermarket applications. IIR Int. Congr. Refr. August 21 – 26, 2011, Prague, Czech Republic

Hägg, 2005 Hägg, C.: Ice Slurry as secondary fluid in refrigeration systems. KTH Stockholm, Schweden, ISBN 91-7178-192-7

Huff, 2012 Huff, H.; Finckh, O.; Verma, P.; Liu H.: Viable solutions to increase efficiencies of transcritical CO2 systems for commercial refrigeration. IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference, June 25-27, 2012, Delft, The Netherlands

Hafner, 2014a Hafner, A.; Claussen, I.C.; Schmidt, F; Olsson, R.; et al: Efficient and integrated energy systems for supermarkets, Proceedings of the 11th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants, GL2014, International Institute of Refrigeration, ISBN 978-2-36215-004-3.

Hafner, 2014b Hafner, A.; Nekså, P.: System configurations for supermarkets in warm climates applying R-744 refrigeration technologies. Case studies for selected cities. International Special Issue 2014 - United Nations Environment Programme, International Institute of Refrigeration, Centro Studi Galileo, Associazione dei Tecnici del Freddo, European Energy Centre, Casale M.to, Italy, 2014

Kauffeld, 2013 Trends and perspectives in supermarket refrigeration EC. Europa

Lagrabette, 2005 Lagrabette, O.: Kältetechnik im Einzelhandel – Carrefour setzt auf die “grünen” Medien. KKA 1 (2005), S. 20 – 24

Møller, 2003 Møller, J.B. : CO₂ is keeping Supermarkets Cool. The NEWS. 8. 12. 2003

Pedersen, 2008 Pedersen, P.H.; Christensen, B.: Development and test of Bottle Coolers with Natural Refrigerants, 8^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids, Copenhagen, 2008

Refrigerants Naturally, 2014

http://www.refrigerantsnaturally.com/statements/unilever.htm

Rhiemeier, 2009 Rhiemeier, J.-M.; Harnisch, J.; Kauffeld, M.; Leisewitz, A.: Comparative Assessment of the Climate Relevance of Supermarket Refrigeration Systems and Equipment. Environmental Research of the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Research Report 206 44 300, UBA-FB 001180/e, March 2009

Rivet, 2007 Rivet, P.: Move to HFC 410A in Refrigeration Applications. IIR 22. Int. Congr. of Refr., Peking, China, 21. – 26. August 2007

Schlosser, 2012 Schlosser, C.: System drop-in Test of L-40, L-41a and N-40b in Ice Machines. AHRI/AREP Test report, 2. Nov. 2012

Schultz, 2013 Schultz, K.; Kujak, S.: System drop-in Tests of R-22 Altermative Fluids (ARM-32, DR-7, L-20, LTR4X, LTR6A, and D52Y in a 5-RT Air-Cooled Water Chiller (Cooling Mode). AHRI/AREP Test report, 6. Jan. 2013

Schwarz, 2011 Schwarz, W.; Gschrey, B.; Leisewitz, A.; Herold, A.; Gores, S.; Papst, I.; Usinger, J.; Oppelt, D.; Croiset, I.; Pedersen, P.H.; Colbourne, D.; Kauffeld, M.; Kaar, K.; Lindborg, A.: Preparatory study for a review of Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases. Final report, Sept. 2011

Shecco, 2014 http://www.r744.com/news/view/5816?utm_source=mailchimp&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Power%20users

Shrestha, 2013 Shrestha, S.; Sharma, V.; Abdelaziz, O.: Compressor Calorimeter Test of R-404A Alternatives ARM-31a, D2Y-65, L-40, and R-32/R-134a (50/50). AHRI/AREP Test report #21. Aug. 2013

Waide, 2014 Waide P., Van der Sluis S., Michineau T., CLASP Commercial refrigeration equipment: maping and benchmarking.

___________________________________________________________Industrial Systems

Mohamed Alaa Olama

Alexander C. Pachai

Alessandro Silva