On substances that deplete the ozone layer
Sustainable refrigeration
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Sustainable refrigerationRefrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump equipment are vital means for sustainability to address the fundamental needs of humans in areas such as food conservation, food security, healthcare, water heating, and thermal comfort worldwide. There are, however, a number of negative environmental impacts from the use of this equipment that need to be minimized through careful consideration of design, operation, and end of life aspects of these equipment and the refrigerants they use. The most relevant environmental impacts can be minimized by:
Chapter 1 __________________________________________________________ Introduction Chapter Lead Authors Lambert Kuijpers Roberto de A. Peixoto 1 Introduction1.1 Montreal Protocol developmentsIn 1981, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) began negotiations to develop multilateral protection of the ozone layer. These negotiations resulted in the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, adopted in March 1985. In September 1987, 24 nations, amongst which the United States, Japan, the Soviet Union, certain country members of the European Community, the developing countries Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Mexico, Panama, Senegal, Togo and Venezuela, as well as the European Community, signed the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The Montreal Protocol entered into force on January 1, 1989. This international environmental agreement originally limited production of specified CFCs to 50 percent of the 1986 levels by the year 1998 and called for a freeze in production of specified halons at 1986 levels starting in 1992. By April 1991, 68 nations had already ratified the Protocol: these countries represented over 90 percent of the 1991 world production of CFCs and halons. Shortly after the 1987 Protocol was negotiated, new scientific evidence conclusively linked CFCs to the depletion of the ozone layer and indicated that depletion had already occurred. Consequently, many countries called for further actions to protect the ozone layer by expanding and strengthening the original control provisions of the Montreal Protocol, and they decided that a first assessment should be carried out in the year 1989. Numerous assessments followed. The 23rd Meeting of the Parties, held in Montreal in Bali, Indonesia, November 2011, considered the 2010 Assessment Reports, next to a large number of other issues. Parties decided to request the Assessment Panels to update their 2010 reports in 2014 and submit them to the Secretariat by 31 December 2014 for consideration by the Open-ended Working Group and by the Twenty-Seventh Meeting of the Parties in 2015 (MOP-27). In the relevant Decision (XXIII/11), the Parties also requested the TEAP (and its TOCs) in paragraph 6 to consider potential areas of focus: (a) The impact of the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances on sustainable development, particularly in Parties operating under paragraph 1 of Article 5 and countries with economies in transition; (b) Technical progress in all sectors; (c) Technically and economically feasible choices for the reduction and elimination of ozone-depleting substances through the use of alternatives, taking into account their impact on climate change and overall environmental performance; (d) Technical progress on the recovery, reuse and destruction of ozone-depleting substances; (e) Accounting for: the production and use in various applications of ozone-depleting substances; ozone-depleting substances in inventories; ozone depleting substances in products; and the production and use in various applications of very short-lived substances; (f) Accounting of emissions of all relevant ozone-depleting substances with a view to updating continuously use patterns and co-ordinating such data with the Scientific Assessment Panel in order periodically to reconcile estimated emissions and atmospheric concentrations. Together with the Science and Environmental Effects Assessment reports, the 2014 TEAP Assessment Report --together with the 2014 TOC Assessment Reports-- forms the direct response to the above-mentioned decision. Directory: meeting meeting -> Program description meeting -> Iea shcp/pvps working Group on pv/t solar Systems meeting -> Office of the collector: jagatsinghpur (st & sc development Section) meeting -> World meteorological organization meeting -> WG/hwsor action item summary (Current as of 28 Feb 2013) meeting -> Review of the past hurricane season meeting -> Review of the past hurricane season reports of hurricanes, tropical storms, tropical disturbances and related flooding during meeting -> Town of seabrook island meeting -> World meteorological organization Download 1.63 Mb. Share with your friends:
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