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OTEC Solves DesalOTEC has specific developments to ensure that the tech will work in the desalination plantsKumar et al 2012 [S V S Phani, M V Ramana Murthy, Purnima Jalihal, M A Atmanand Tapping the Oceans for Energy http://re.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/oceans%20for%20energy.pdf However due to lack of suitable infrastructure and handling equipment, there were failures in the cold water pipe deployment. It was therefore decided to attempt desalination using the temperature gradient at shallower waters less than 500 m using the Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD) method. The process deals with evaporating the warmer surface sea water at low pressures and condensing the resultant pure vapour using deep sea cold water available at about 400m below sea level. The process is found to be simple and easy to maintain since t requires just a few components such as a flash chamber for evaporation, a condenser for liquefying the vapour, sea water pumps, vacuum system, a long pipe to draw cold water from 400m below sea level, marine structures such as sump, plant building and the bridge. The use of LTTD with ocean thermal gradient also results in an environmentally friendly technology because of its use of naturally available heat in the process. A schematic diagram of LTTD process is shown in Fig. 4. A pilot desalination plant with a capacity of 100m 3 /day was established in the Kavaratti Island of Lakshadweep. The NIOT maintained the plant for one year and handed it over to the local PWD in 2006, which continues to maintain the plant till date. The NIOT put up similar plants in the region and two more plants, in Agatti and Minicoy Islands, each with a capacity of 100 cu m/day that started operations in 2011 Desaliniation k2 WaterDesalination plants solve tech and other distribution concerns Habibi et al, 1/2/2013 [Azita, Rodrigo Sabato & Pia Schafer, members of Lauder Class of 2014 Water Scarcity: A Daunting Challenge with a Hopeful Future http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=3164 The problem of uneven distribution becomes obvious when we compare countries rich in water sources (such as Colombia and Canada) to areas suffering from severe scarcity (such as North Africa and the Middle East). According to the UN, approximately 1.2 billion people (or nearly a fifth of the world's population) live in areas of physical scarcity, and another 500 million are approaching this situation. Projections show that, by 2025, 1.8 billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world's population could be living under water-stressed conditions.¶ The problem of water being wasted, polluted or managed unsustainably has become a serious issue in the last century, as water use has been growing at more than twice the rate of the increase in population. The UN estimates that water production lost due to leakage, theft and inadequate billing practices ranges from 10% to 30% in developed nations and from 40% to 50% in developing countries. By 2050, untreated wastewater could contaminate a third of global annual renewable freshwater supplies. Including those who currently do not live in areas of physical scarcity, 1.6 billion people face economic water shortages, where countries lack the necessary infrastructure to make water from rivers and aquifers accessible. At the same time, agriculture alone utilizes 15% to 35% of its water in excess of sustainable limits.¶ According to Jiménez, agriculture illustrates the classic case of water mismanagement, where potable water is often used for purposes that could be served by other types of "reutilized" water, preserving the premium water for more vital purposes (i.e., for drinking or personal hygiene). This problem extends beyond agriculture, given that many parts of the world use the same premium, potable water from the faucet to flush toilets.¶ Finally, there is also a growing need for investment in infrastructure to deliver water to the end users and to transport wastewater back to treatment plants. The vast network of pipes in developed countries is deteriorating quickly and is in urgent need of repair. The situation is even worse in the developing world, where basic infrastructure is still lacking, particularly for wastewater treatment. In many parts of the world, poor urban residents still buy water from trucks because there is no piped tap water for their homes. Jiménez stated that people often do not realize how costly it is to bring water to their taps and that the prices they pay in water tariffs do not reflect the full costs associated with the processes.¶ Water scarcity is a complex and challenging problem, especially in light of ever-increasing global demands. Jiménez, however, pointed to the continuous investment in searching for new sources of water, such as desalination technologies, as one of the few foreseeable solutions. AT Desal not EconomicalWater Desalination plants work- they lower costs and can reduce shortagesHabibi et al, 1/2/2013 [Azita, Rodrigo Sabato & Pia Schafer, members of Lauder Class of 2014 Water Scarcity: A Daunting Challenge with a Hopeful Future http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=3164 The substantial investments in desalination and wastewater-treatment technologies, and the osmosis membranes that followed, have lowered the fixed and variable costs of water generation over time. Thus, these technologies are employed widely today and have the potential to mitigate future water shortages. According to research estimates, by 2025, desalination will account for 11.5% of water generation compared with an installed capacity of only 1% in 2007. This will require important infrastructure investment projects, both public and private, as reflected in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), which foresee US$280 billion in public-water infrastructure spending.¶ Private water-service providers, such as the Spanish infrastructure companies or France's Veolia and Suez, project annual spending of approximately US$37 billion in Asia, US$25 billion in Europe (both up from US$15 billion in 2010) and US$18 billion in the rest of the world (up from US$7 billion) by 2016. Spanish infrastructure companies are well placed to take advantage of these developments. 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