Overfishing aff inherency
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- Overfishing = no food security
- Overfishing threatens food security for generations to come
- Unregulated fishing leads to food insecurity, regulations needed to sustain life
- Fish Key to Food Security
Food SecurityUQGeneral-no food security nowBillons of people still lack food securityNational Research Council 2012 (A private, nonprofit institutions that provide expert advice on some of the most pressing challenges facing the nation and the world chartered by congress in 1863, “A Sustainability Challenge : Food Security for All: Report of Two Workshops”, Washington, D.C. : National Academies Press. 2012, p132, EBSCO) Although we may not know the numbers of food insecure and malnourished with a high degree of accuracy, it appears safe to characterize the current state of food and nutrition insecurity as follows: Many developing countries are currently experiencing a nutrition transition. Lifestyles are becoming more urban and sedentary, with foods and drinks being more energy-dense and diets containing more processed foods, sugars, fats and animal products (Pinstrup-Andersen, 2010). The result is a triple burden of malnutrition: one part of the population is still undernourished; many also suffer from deficits of specific nutrients, in particular micronutrients; and others are overweight. Close to a billion people are chronically undernourished. While subject to possible estimation errors, the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) indicator of 850 million undernourished persons in 2005/2007 seems to be a realistic order of magnitude. First, the estimate is still lower than the number of absolutely poor (people living on less than $1.25 per day), which the World Bank estimated at 1.4 billion in 2005 (Ravallion, 201 1). Secondly, FAO’s estimates are compiled using rather low rates of intra national inequality of food availability. Many household consumption surveys show significantly higher coefficients of variation. More than 2 billion people are suffering from various forms of micronutrient deficiency. This estimate is again likely to be conservative as many people are deficient in more than one nutrient. Almost 30 percent of children under five in developing countries are underweight. Underweight is a summary indicator combining acute and persistent causes of child malnutrition. The prevalence is high but has declined during the last decade, in particular in Asia and the Pacific (UNICEF). Malnutrition is directly or indirectly associated with almost half of the 9 million child deaths per year worldwide, with the highest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to WHO, 1.5 billion adults are overweight. Nearly 43 million children under five were overweight in 2010 (WHO. 2011). 65 percent of the world’s population live in countries where overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight (Uauy, 2011). These numbers underscore the fact that action is needed to fight undernourishment as well as overnourishment. Unless decisive action is taken, the number of hungry may continue to increase with rising food prices and market volatility. Agricultural supply growth ¡s not enough to bring hunger down (FAO, 2009). What matters is that the modalities of supply growth benefit the poor (agriculture for development’) (World Bank, 2007). LinkOverfishing = no food securityOver fishing is contributing to the food crisis and will lead to starvationUnited Nations, No Date(The United Nations, Chapter IV the Global Food Crisis http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/docs/2011/chapter4.pdf) Other medium- and long-term factors have also contributed to the current food crisis. The growing demand for meat among those households newly able to afford it has increased the use of food crops to feed livestock. Total meat supply in the world has quadrupled from 71 million tons in 1961 to 284 million tons in 2007 (Magdoff, 2008). Past overfishing is also reducing the supply of fish, an important source of animal protein for many countries, as higher prices for fish further burden the poor. The problem of overfishing is acute for both marine and freshwater fishing, and the growth of fish-farming has proven to be problematic for both ecological and nutritional reasons. There has been relatively limited progress towards resolving the very complex issues involved. Overfishing threatens food security for generations to comeHauge et al. 9, Hauge, Kjellrun H., Belinda Cleewood, and Douglas C. Wilson. jellrun Hiis Hauge, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; Douglas Clyde Wilson, Senior Researcher and Research Director at Innovative Fisheries Management, Aalborg University; Belinda Cleeland, project officer, IRGC. "Fisheries Depletion and Collapse." (n.d.): n. pag. IRGC. International Risk Governance Council, 2009. http://irgc.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Fisheries_Depletion_full_case_study_web.pdf Web. 1 July 2014. CS Fish provide more than 20% of the animal protein consumed by 2.6 billion people in developing countries (up to 50% for some nations) and is an important source of micronutrients, essential fatty acids, proteins and minerals. Due to this nutritional importance of fish for so many people, a large-scale collapse of fisheries or a significant increase in the price of fish products (likely to be the result of smaller catches) could seriously affect the nutritional status and the food security of many populations [World Bank 2005:6]. Overfishing does not only reduce the source of food today. If overfishing and other negative human impacts on the oceans continue, ecosystems can be driven to irreversible states of decline and this may affect the food supply for future generations. Unregulated fishing leads to food insecurity, regulations needed to sustain lifeWWF, No Date(A Big Step Forward in the Global Fight Against Illegal Fishing, World Wildlife Foundation https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/overfishing) Overfishing occurs when more fish are caught than the population can replace through natural reproduction. Gathering as many fish as possible may seem like a profitable practice, but overfishing has serious consequences. The results not only affect the balance of life in the oceans, but also the social and economic well-being of the coastal communities who depend on fish for their way of life. Billions of people rely on fish for protein, and fishing is the principal livelihood for millions of people around the world. For centuries, our seas and oceans have been considered a limitless bounty of food. However, increasing fishing efforts over the last 50 years as well as unsustainable fishing practices are pushing many fish stocks to the point of collapse. More than 85 percent of the world's fisheries have been pushed to or beyond their biological limits and are in need of strict management plans to restore them. Several important commercial fish populations (such as Atlantic bluefin tuna) have declined to the point where their survival as a species is threatened. Target fishing of top predators, such as tuna and groupers, is changing marine communities, which lead to an abundance of smaller marine species, such as sardines and anchovies. Many fishers are aware of the need to safeguard fish populations and the marine environment, however illegal fishing and other regulatory problems still exist. WWF works with stakeholders to reform fisheries management globally, focusing on sustainable practices that conserve ecosystems, but also sustain livelihoods and ensure food security. CAUSES Industrial Fisheries© AFMA LACK OF PROTECTED AREAS Just 1.6% of the world's oceans have been declared as marine protected areas (MPAs), and 90% of existing MPAs are open to fishing. MPAs are important because they protect habitats such as coral reefs from destructive fishing practices. No-take zones allow depleted fish populations to recover and provide refuge for endangered species such as marine turtles. Protected areas allow stressed reefs the ability to recover from climate change impacts, such as bleaching. These benefits translate to improved food security for people who rely on the ocean for their daily sustenance and livelihoods. Overfishing, coral reefs OPEN ACCESS FISHERIES A main problem of overfishing is the “open access” nature of fisheries. Because there are no or few property rights there is a lack of incentive for fishermen to leave fish in the water. POOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT Overfishing, tuna A lack of management oversight, government regulations, and traceability of fishing activities has long been a problem in the fishing industry. Current rules and regulations are not strong enough to limit fishing capacity to a sustainable level. This is particularly the case for the high seas, where there are few international fishing regulations, and those that exist are not always implemented or enforced. Many fisheries management bodies are not able to adequately incorporate scientific advice on fish quotas, and customs agencies and retailers cannot always ensure that the fish entering their country is caught legally and in a sustainable way. ILLEGAL FISHING One key dimension of the overfishing crisis is illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing. It occurs across all types of fisheries, within national and international waters, and small scale to large industrialized operations. Illegal fishing accounts for an estimated 20% of the world’s catch and as much as 50% in some fisheries. The costs of illegal fishing are significant, with the value of pirate fish products estimated at between $10-23.5 billion annually. SUBSIDIES Many governments still continue to subsidize their fleets, allowing unprofitable operations to subsist, and overfishing to occur. Today’s worldwide fishing fleet is estimated to be up to two and a half times the capacity needed to catch what we actually need. Fish Key to Food SecurityFish are key to food security, most nutritional and widespreadSubasinghe ’13 (Rohana, Senior Aquaculture Officer, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, FAO, 7/19/13, OCF: Fish and Food Security, International Conservation Caucus Foundation, http://iccfoundation.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=499:fish-and-food-security&catid=73:briefings-2013&Itemid=81, accessed: 7/1/14 GA) To feed a world of 9 billion people in 2050, agricultural output, originating from crops, livestock and fisheries, including aquaculture, must increase by over 60%, and there is a consensus among the scientific community that foods derived from aquatic resources have a significant role to play across the food supply and value chain. Meeting this target is a formidable challenge for the international community considering that an alarming number of people, mostly in developing countries, still suffer from hunger and poverty. Producing, processing and distributing the current global supply of 128 million tonnes of food fish provide direct and indirect employment to over 50 million people worldwide, and create livelihood for over 200 million more. Fish contributes about 16% to the world’s animal protein intake, and is the main source of animal protein along with essential micronutrients and fatty acids for three billion people. Since the contribution of capture fisheries to global food fish supplies has leveled off, the supply gap in food fish has been bridged by the growth in aquaculture production. Aquaculture now shares 47% of the global food fish supply, a 13% increase over the past decade. It continues to be the fastest growing food production sector in the world at nearly 6.5% a year. However, trends reveal a gradually decreasing growth rate that could, by 2030, dip to around 4%. The increased population and expanding economies will exert a strong pressure on the world’s aquatic ecosystems. Since people tend to consume more fish as their incomes grow, per capita fish consumption in many countries is expected to increase. Recent estimates indicate that an additional supply of nearly 50 mt of fish will be required to feed the growing and increasingly affluent world population by 2030. To meet this demand aquaculture would have to grow 5.6% annually. Despite having achieved good progress in terms of expansion, intensification and diversification, global aquaculture has not grown evenly around the world. The Asia-Pacific region continues to dominate the aquaculture sector, with China alone contributing 62.3% of global production. The sector needs to pay particular attention to most countries in the sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Central and Eastern Europe and North Africa regions, which are relatively under-developed in terms of human and technical resources, as compared with advanced countries in Europe and North America. There are also marked intraregional and inter-regional and country variations in a number of areas, such as production level, species composition, farming systems and producer profile. Those variations accordingly have also given rise to a set of key issues and challenges that need to be proactively addressed in order to achieve the aquaculture sector’s goal of sustainable and equitable development. A number of global reviews have noted the significance of access to natural resources (land, water, feed, seed and energy); enhancement of capacities and institutional development in the areas of policies, strategies, plans and legislation; access to financial resources, especially to small farmers; and food safety and bio-security risks as major aquaculture development constraining factors. The magnitude and diversity of the aquaculture sector issues and challenges call for a concerted global partnerships effort by the relevant partners to effectively and efficiently channel their technical and financial resources to support prioritized global, regional, and national initiatives. Directory: wp-content -> uploads -> 2014 2014 -> For want of a nail 2014 -> Stop Militarizing Law Enforcement Act of 2014 2014 -> Ihbb asian Championships 2014 middle school bowl Round 4 First Quarter 2014 -> Ihbb european Championships 2014 Bowl Round 4 First Quarter 2014 -> International History Bee and Bowl 2013-14 Asian Division Question Set Bowl Round Six 2014 -> United states patent and trademark office 2014 -> Coffs harbour eisteddfod vocal syllabus 2014 -> Listen News Programs Schedule pledge now 2014 -> Slow club announce third album complete surrender Download 0.57 Mb. Share with your friends:
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