Overfishing aff inherency
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- Famine leads to war—action must be taken to prevent this
- Global food shortages cause war—empirical evidence from the food crisis in 2008
- Solvency
- Fish are key to food security, most nutritional and widespread
- Aquaculture is key to food security, provides jobs and nutrition
War ScenarioFood shortages cause warFood shortages lead to war—leaves developing countries devastatedCBS News 9 (“IMF Head: Food Shortages Can Spark War,” CBS News, http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-202_162-4026125.html, accessed 7/9/13) The head of the International Monetary Fund warned Friday that soaring world food prices can have dire consequences, such as toppling governments and even triggering wars. Dominique Strauss-Kahn told France's Europe-1 radio that the price rises that set off rioting in Haiti, Egypt and elsewhere were an "extremely serious" problem. "The planet must tackle it," he said. The IMF chief said the problem could also threaten democracies, even in countries where governments have done all they could to help the local population. Asked whether the crisis could lead to wars, Strauss-Kahn responded that it was possible. "When the tension goes above and beyond putting democracy into question, there are risks of war," he said. "History is full of wars that started because of this kind of problem." Strauss-Kahn was appointed last year to head the IMF. He was a finance minister in the late 1990s in France. Also on Friday, French President Nicolas Sarkozy suggested a global partnership among financial institutions, governments and the private sector to tackle the reasons for rising food prices. He also said France is doubling its food aid budget this year to about $95 million because 37 countries are experiencing "serious food crises." Globally, food prices have risen 40 percent since mid-2007. The increases hit poor people hardest, as food represents as much as 60-80 percent of consumer spending in developing nations, compared to about 10-20 percent in industrialized countries, the U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization has said. The World Food Program blames soaring food prices on a convergence of rising energy costs, natural disasters linked to climate change, and competition for grain used to make bio-fuels like ethanol. Program spokesperson Benita Luescher told CBS News correspondent Michelle Miller, "What we're seeing is a perfect storm." Meanwhile, officials said Thursday that United Nations programs will distribute 8,000 tons of food and other help for Haitians in coming days as part of efforts to confront unrest over rising prices that set off recent rioting. U.N. spokeswoman Michele Montas said food provided by the World Food Program will focus on children, pregnant women and nursing mothers in the north, west and central regions of Haiti, the poorest nation in the Western Hemisphere. Anger over surging food prices has threatened stability in the Caribbean nation, which has long been haunted by chronic hunger. Haitian lawmakers fired Prime Minister Jacques Edouard Alexis over the rioting. Mamadou Bah, spokesman for the U.N. country team in Haiti, said the 8,000 tons are available stock and will be distributed over the next two months starting Thursday. The U.N. Children's Fund will double its child feeding program to combat malnutrition and spend some $1.6 million on water and sanitation projects in the northwest and Artibonite regions, Montas said. Globally, food prices have risen 40 percent since mid-2007. Haiti is particularly affected because it imports nearly all of its food, including more than 80 percent of its rice. Once productive farmland has been abandoned as farmers struggle to grow crops in soil devastated by erosion, deforestation, flooding and tropical storms. Protests and looting in Port-au-Prince left at least seven dead last week, including a Nigerian officer in the 9,000-member U.N. peacekeeping force who was pulled from a car and killed Saturday. Three Sri Lankan peacekeepers were injured by gunfire early last week. Brazilian members of the U.N. peacekeeping force distributed 14 tons of rice, beans, sugar and cooking oil to 1,500 families in the capital's sprawling Cite Soleil slum Tuesday Famine leads to war—action must be taken to prevent thisSachs 13 (Jeffrey, Director of Earth Institute, “UN/Sustainable Development & Climate Change”, http://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/unifeed/2013/05/un-sustainable-development-climate-change) American economist Jeffery Sachs said today (16 May) that 21 years after the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, "we haven't even begun to change direction" in addressing the challenges of climate change.¶ Sachs, who is the Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University and Special Adviser to Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), said "no place escapes, I don't care how sophisticated, how rich, how clever you think you are, and they think they are pretty clever on Wall Street, just a mile from here, but they were under water a few months ago" after Hurricane Sandy.¶ The meeting, "Thematic Debate on Sustainable Development and Climate Change: Practical Solutions in the Energy-Water Nexus," was part of the commitments made by countries last year at the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), in which countries pledged to implement measures to integrate the three dimensions of sustainable development—namely economic, social, and environmental.¶ Sachs said "we had the hottest month in instrument history in the United States last summer, the hottest year in instrument record, the worst floods, the biggest droughts, and you think we talked about this? Almost not at all, because politics has found a way to keep it off the agenda, we are just happily drilling, fracking, and doing everything else, without taking into account reality."¶ The world renowned economist spoke about the devastating effects of droughts, including to international peace and security. ¶ He said "all over the world draught leads to famine, leads to war" citing examples such as the Horn of Africa, Yemen, Central Asia and the Sahel.¶ Sachs said "hungry people fall into violence, terrorists take over, demagogues, desperate people, that's what happens with drought and hunger, and we are going to have a lot more of this unless we start paying attention."¶ The gathering which featured a host of environment and energy Ministers, as well as a diverse mix of experts that included Sachs and Rajendra Kumar Pachauri, Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and UN officials such as General Assembly President Vuk Jeremić.¶ Jeremić set the tone for the day-long discussion by telling the participants that scientists have confirmed some of the worst fears with the recent determination that the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has risen above 400 parts per million for the first time in more than three million years. Global food shortages cause war—empirical evidence from the food crisis in 2008Britt 11 (Robert Roy, Staff writer for Live Science, “Global Food Shortages Becomes Urgent as Planet Warms, http://www.livescience.com/14447-global-food-shortage-urgent-climate-global-warming.html) A growing global food shortage has caused prices to double in recent years, and a growing consensus of scientists now blames climate change as one factor in an equation that includes a burgeoning population and increasingly scarce water supplies. More people around the planet are going hungry as a result. ¶ Even as prices have also risen in the United States, most residents may not grasp the scope and severity of the problem.¶ Americans toss about 40 percent of their food in the garbage, according to a 2009 study. In this country, food waste per person has increased 50 percent since 1974. ¶ Yet one in seven people go to bed hungry every night, according to the United Nations World Food Program. Hunger kills more people than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined. The problem is worst in developing countries. But the problem has implications beyond the borders of those poor countries. ¶ Saw it coming¶ Scientists have been predicting for years that a warmer planet coupled with increasing water demands could cause food shortages. A study in 2007, building on and confirming previous research, warned that climate change could help cause food shortages leading to war. Other scientists have predicted that water shortages will fuel war.¶ The situation became acute in 2008 when food shortages helped fuel uprisings in several poorer countries. High food prices played a role in the ouster of the Haitian government that year. ¶ Meanwhile, a consensus had emerged that food prices would likely double by the year 2080. ¶ That projection has been blown out of the water. Global food prices have spiked since the year 2000, mostly since 2006, with some key crops doubling.¶ "Food security" has emerged as a political buzzword in conversations about stability in the developing world. Three-fourths of the people in the least developed countries live on $2 per day. "Recent global food price hikes threatened to create a new food crisis in those nations, where the poorest people often spent three-quarters of their income on food," according to a recent statement from the United Nations. "Only through greater investment in sustainable agriculture — a long-neglected area — could those nations ensure both food security and competitiveness on the international markets." ¶ Urgency ignored¶ Today (June 5), The New York Times provided an extensive look at a world struggling to feed itself. After interviews with dozens of scientists, farmers and food industry experts, the article confirmed what many experts have been saying: World population growth is outpacing food production, particularly with the four crops that provide the bulk of the world's nutrition: wheat, rice, corn and soybeans.¶ As studies have shown previously, there's little land left to convert to farming, water supplies are drying up, and global warming is wreaking havoc on the growing seasons and contributing to weather extremes that destroy crops.¶ But the urgent global food shortage problem is not being matched by urgent research efforts to improve the outlook in the future, the article concludes. ¶ "There is just such a tremendous disconnect, with people not understanding the highly dangerous situation we are in," Marianne Banziger of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center told the Times. ¶ International aid organizations and scientists have been sounding the alarm bell for years. In 2008, the World Food Program called the situation a "silent tsunami" of world hunger. ¶ The global population, just 3 billion in 1959, is now at 6.92 billion, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. With 4.2 people born every second, the population is projected to hit 9 billion by 2044. ¶ Meanwhile, a long-running, well-funded research effort that doubled global crop production more than once in the 20th Century — an effort called the Green Revolution — has stalled. Thinking the problem largely solved, research dollars were put elsewhere in recent decades. ¶ A report last month from the international aid organization Oxfam warned that global food prices will continue rising. With the world's poor spending about 75 percent of their income on food, the situation is expected to cause more to go hungry and also to fuel dissent. ¶ "The food system must be transformed. By 2050, there will be 9 billion people on the planet and demand for food will have increased by 70 percent," wrote Robert Bailey, Oxfam's senior climate advisor. ¶ Sober reminder¶ Key conclusions in today's Times' article: ¶ Thanks to significant research dollars spent on developing new strains of key crops and better growing techniques, global food production outpaced population growth for much of the 20th century, leading to a decline in the percentage of people going hungry. However, grain production per capita has fallen since the mid-1980s. ¶ Climate change is, as predicted, contributing to extremes — floods, droughts, heat waves — and altering growing seasons, all contributing to crop failures. [While no single event can be tied to climate change, climate experts have long said a warmer planet will cause more extremes in temperatures, precipitation and storminess.] ¶ Science had long expected that increases in carbon dioxide would actually help crops. But that logic has proven faulty in more recent studies. Though carbon dioxide is like fertilizer to plants, the well-documented CO2 increases since the Industrial Revolution — and higher levels predicted for the future — don't offset strains caused by heat, drought and flood. In short, scientists now say, heat kills. ¶ Increasing demand for drinking water is sucking acquirers dry faster than Nature can possibly replenish them, making water scarcer for farmers. ¶ The unrest sweeping the Arab world this year has also been linked, in part, to the rising cost of food. ¶ Action needed¶ Global experts see a bleak future if significant action is not taken soon, especially since research dollars can take years or decades to turn into more food on plates. ¶ "Climate change is expected to add another 10-20 percent to the total of hungry people by 2050," according to a United Nations World Food Program report issued last month. "By 2050 we can expect to have 24 million more malnourished children as a result of erratic weather – 21 percent more than without climate change." ¶ Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations, recently said of people in the poorest nations: "They have no buffer. When prices go up, they go hungry. Women and children are the worst hit."¶ Scientists and analysts and governments largely agree on one thing: Food output needs to be doubled yet again if the world is to be fed in the near future, but given that fewer resources are being applied to crop research nowadays, "the last doubling is the hardest," one researcher told the Times. ¶ There is hope. Scientists in Japan are experimenting with growing food without dirt in sterile environments. Other efforts at genetically modified crops (GM) hold promise for higher production. And efforts are underway to engineer crops and methods to createanother Green Revolution, particularly by developing crops that can withstand climate and weather extremes. ¶ Better distribution methods are also needed. About a third of all food produced each year is lost or wasted, according to the UN. ¶ The outlook also depends on how many mouths there are to feed. Nina Fedoroff, scienceand technology adviser to Condoleezza Rice in the Bush administration and subsequently to Hillary Clinton, said in 2009 that humans have exceeded the Earth's "limits of sustainability."¶ "We need to continue to decrease the growth rate of the global population; the planet can't support many more people," Fedoroff said. SolvencySustainable fishing is key to food security, unsustainable practices hurt food security by reducing availabilityHanich ’14 (Dr. Quentin, PhD in Philosophy and Master’s degree in ecology, 6/18/14, SUSTAINABLE FISHING IS KEY TO FOOD SECURITY, University of Wollongong, http://media.uow.edu.au/news/UOW173294.html, accessed: 7/1/14 GA) Unsustainable fishing practices in many developing nations have created a precarious situation and resources are shrinking at a time when climate change looks set to have a profound affect on our coastal and marine zones. researching fisheries governance as part of UOW’s Global Challenges Program, said Pacific islands are heavily dependent on fisheries for food security, as well as livelihoods and development, however, 75 per cent of coastal fisheries are expected to fall short of food needs by 2030., from UOW’s Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, recently told ABC Rural that 60 per cent of the world's tuna comes from the Pacific. "Some of the world's biggest fishing boats from Spain, 500 feet long, for example, will fish for those tuna. When you manage that fishery you need to make it sustainable,” he said. In order to avert this catastrophic scenario and ensure the long-term viability of these nations, said it is critical that communities, industry and government collaborate to implement conservation and management mechanisms that promote economic development, limit fishing effort to sustainable levels and protect important habitats. A major research initiative, which brings together the Global Challenges Program, World Fish and the Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security at UOW, aims to avert this catastrophic scenario by improving coastal fisheries management in the Pacific and provide a safeguard against declining food security. The four-year project will target priority communities in the Solomon Islands, Kiribati and Vanuatu and will work with the Secretariat of the Pacific Community to scale out the research findings to other countries in the region. The researchers will create a new framework for identifying food security threats in the Pacific, empowering local communities, and implementing a practical response to sustaining fishing practices and the impact of climate change. Food security is a truly global challenge and one that requires a coordinated response to achieve a realistic solution for islands in the Pacific. “It is critical that coastal communities can effectively manage and sustainably develop their fisheries in a region where fish provide 40 to 90 per cent of animal protein for coastal communities and are a key resource for food security, livelihoods, revenue and development,” he said. As the world’s population increases, and our reliance on coastal and marine environments show no sign of abating, overfishing and food security will place greater pressure on our oceans. While smaller island nations are the first line of defence, the potential impact on countries around the globe cannot be underestimated. It is a challenge that requires an international solution. Fish are key to food security, most nutritional and widespreadSubasinghe ’13 (Rohana, Senior Aquaculture Officer, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, FAO, 7/19/13, OCF: Fish and Food Security, International Conservation Caucus Foundation, http://iccfoundation.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=499:fish-and-food-security&catid=73:briefings-2013&Itemid=81, accessed: 7/1/14 GA) To feed a world of 9 billion people in 2050, agricultural output, originating from crops, livestock and fisheries, including aquaculture, must increase by over 60%, and there is a consensus among the scientific community that foods derived from aquatic resources have a significant role to play across the food supply and value chain. Meeting this target is a formidable challenge for the international community considering that an alarming number of people, mostly in developing countries, still suffer from hunger and poverty. Producing, processing and distributing the current global supply of 128 million tonnes of food fish provide direct and indirect employment to over 50 million people worldwide, and create livelihood for over 200 million more. Fish contributes about 16% to the world’s animal protein intake, and is the main source of animal protein along with essential micronutrients and fatty acids for three billion people. Since the contribution of capture fisheries to global food fish supplies has leveled off, the supply gap in food fish has been bridged by the growth in aquaculture production. Aquaculture now shares 47% of the global food fish supply, a 13% increase over the past decade. It continues to be the fastest growing food production sector in the world at nearly 6.5% a year. However, trends reveal a gradually decreasing growth rate that could, by 2030, dip to around 4%. The increased population and expanding economies will exert a strong pressure on the world’s aquatic ecosystems. Since people tend to consume more fish as their incomes grow, per capita fish consumption in many countries is expected to increase. Recent estimates indicate that an additional supply of nearly 50 mt of fish will be required to feed the growing and increasingly affluent world population by 2030. To meet this demand aquaculture would have to grow 5.6% annually. Despite having achieved good progress in terms of expansion, intensification and diversification, global aquaculture has not grown evenly around the world. The Asia-Pacific region continues to dominate the aquaculture sector, with China alone contributing 62.3% of global production. The sector needs to pay particular attention to most countries in the sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Central and Eastern Europe and North Africa regions, which are relatively under-developed in terms of human and technical resources, as compared with advanced countries in Europe and North America. There are also marked intraregional and inter-regional and country variations in a number of areas, such as production level, species composition, farming systems and producer profile. Those variations accordingly have also given rise to a set of key issues and challenges that need to be proactively addressed in order to achieve the aquaculture sector’s goal of sustainable and equitable development. A number of global reviews have noted the significance of access to natural resources (land, water, feed, seed and energy); enhancement of capacities and institutional development in the areas of policies, strategies, plans and legislation; access to financial resources, especially to small farmers; and food safety and bio-security risks as major aquaculture development constraining factors. The magnitude and diversity of the aquaculture sector issues and challenges call for a concerted global partnerships effort by the relevant partners to effectively and efficiently channel their technical and financial resources to support prioritized global, regional, and national initiatives. Fishing alleviates food insecurity by directly providing nutrition and indirectly providing jobs and economic developementNomura 5 (Ichiro, Assistant-Director General for Fisheries, “Many of the world's poorest people depend on fish”, FAO Newsroom, http://www.fao.org/NEWSROOM/en/news/2005/102911/index.html) Over 852 million people on this planet don't have enough to eat. That certainly doesn't promote sustainable development. Millions of medium- and small-scale fishers and fish farmers, often very poor, depend on fishing and aquaculture. For FAO, fishing and aquaculture are first and foremost about people earning a living and putting food on their tables, and we do think it can be done sustainably. Fishing and fish farming contribute to food security in three main ways. They directly increase people's food supplies, providing highly nutritious animal protein and important micronutrients while doing so. Fish food also "fill in the gaps" during times when other food is scarce. Finally, fishing and aquaculture provide jobs and income that people use to buy other foods Just over 100 million tonnes of fish are eaten world-wide each year, providing two and a half billion people with at least 20 percent of their average per capita animal protein intake. This contribution is even more important in developing countries, especially small island states and in coastal regions, where frequently over 50% of people's animal protein comes from fish. In some of the most food-insecure places -- many parts of Asia and Africa, for instance -- fish protein is absolutely essential, accounting for a large share of an already-low level of animal protein consumption. Yes. By providing employment, fisheries and aquaculture alleviate poverty and help boost people's food security. Remember, around 97 percent of fishers are in developing countries. Fishing is especially important there. Also, in the absence of social security or unemployment schemes, fishing can be an activity of last resort, a "safety net" provided by nature. Ironically, this characteristic of fisheries, which gives it particular value, can also, unfortunately, lead to excessive fishing and depletion of the resources. There is also the economic activity resulting indirectly from fisheries and aquaculture, which supports around 200 million people, we estimate. International trade in fish is creating a lot of jobs in related industries like processing or packing. Yes, it's quite extensive. The octopus carpaccio that you enjoy at a tapas bar near Barcelona could have been caught by a European union fishing vessel crewed by Ukrainians fishing off Mauritania, block-frozen there, and sold through a fish market in Vigo on Spain's Atlantic Coast before arriving 'fresh from the sea' at your table. All in all, about 38 percent of all fish is traded internationally. The total world export value for fish and fish products is nearly US$60 billion! Significantly, the volume share of developing countries in fishery exports represents just over half, about 55 percent, of the total. That is a significant source of foreign currency earnings for poor countries. Net receipts of foreign exchange by developing countries through fish trade is now around US$17 billion a year, more than what they earn from exports of tea, rice, coffee together. But here again, there is a risk that the higher income possible via exporting fish potentially could reduce local fish supplies and possible create incentives for over-fishing. There is both an opportunity and a risk -- which is why responsible management is so important Aquaculture is key to food security, provides jobs and nutritionLehane ’13 (Sinead, FDI research analyst, 8/27/13, Fish for the Future: Aquaculture and Food Security, Future Directions International, http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/food-and-water-crises/1269-fish-for-the-future-aquaculture-and-food-security.html, accessed: 7/1/14 GA) According to the FAO, over one billion people worldwide rely on fish as their primary source of animal protein. Around the world, average annual fish consumption is 16.1 kg per capita. In South-East Asia most major species of fish produced are primarily for local consumption, with Thailand and Vietnam deriving over a third of their fish production from aquaculture. In the last 30 years, animal protein consumption per capita in developing countries has more than doubled, as a direct result of technology advancement in aquaculture. Those living in poverty and in lower socio-economic households are unable to access sufficient nutritional food to ensure their health and wellbeing. Often the food produced or purchased consists of cereals or low-cost staple ingredients; budgets are unable to stretch to include meat or fruit and vegetables. Fish, particularly produced through aquaculture, is commonly cheaper than other animal meat. It also contains much higher protein levels, as well as other important minerals and vitamins. As a means of providing greater nutrition for many poorer households, increased availability of fish can mean better health and a more diverse diet. Indirectly, commercial aquaculture leads to increased food security by providing opportunities for employment and income generation for local communities. More than 500 million people in developing states reportedly depend on fisheries and aquaculture for their livelihood. As a majority of aquaculture production occurs in developing states, a rise in income leads to an increase in food purchasing power and, more importantly, diversification. The consumption of non-staple foods, including fish and vegetables, has a positive correlation with income growth, supporting food security and greater nutritional content in diets. 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