Overfishing aff inherency
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- Individual Fishing Quota must be put in place, Fish are running out
- IFQ’s are critical to sustain the fishing industry – Iceland and New Zealand prove solvency
- NOAA controls fishing policy
- The US has encouraged, but not required, the adoption of catch share programs at national fisheries
- Things to incorporate later
- Overfishing leads to disease
- Overfishing poses a threat to clean water
- A2 Neg Offcase Arguements
Sustainable FishingSustainable Fishing GoodSustainable fishing is key to preventing sickness and having healthy food – also saves the environmentHaruhi 10, Suzumiya, Haruhi blogger. "Why Sustainable Fishing Is Important." Smart Being. WordPress, 18 Jan. 2010. http://smartbeing.wordpress.com/2010/01/18/why-sustainable-fishing-is-important/ Web. 01 July 2014. CS In a world where fish are being hunted by massive ships and new technology, its more important than ever for people to eat more sustainably. The need for sustainable fishing is rather large, because we are slowly killing off all the edible fish in the ocean. In fact, scientists predict that by 2048, there will be no more edible fish in the ocean if rates continue like this. Sustainable food means that it is caught or grown in environmentally friendly ways. One reason we should eat sustainable fish is because its caught safely, and that the fish is good for you. That doesn’t mean that suddenly Bluefin tuna is good for you, because bluefin is a “red” fish, according Seafood Watch at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California. Eating “red” fish (which means avoid eating) is not sustainable in any way. Red fish (e.g., Bluefin tuna) are caught mostly by trawlers – large nets pulled by ships that drag up all kinds of sea life. One of the worst parts is when they take all the sea life that they don’t want (or is dead) and throw it overboard. Dead, rotting fish in such large quantities isn’t good for the ocean. Another reason we should eat sustainable seafood is because the way it affects people. Fish not caught in environmentally friendly ways can carry sicknesses that are bad when you eat them. Eating sustainable seafood not only helps the environment, it also helps you and your family. Please try to eat sustainable fish when you have the chance, because a little can go a long way. IFQsIFQ SolvencyIndividual Fishing Quota must be put in place, Fish are running outWWF in 2012, overfishing jeopardizes global food security, World Wildlife Fund,http://wwf.panda.org/?205578/Overfishing-jeopardizes-global-food-security/ Gland, Switzerland: An ever-growing dependence on fish means governments must understand that the current fisheries crisis is an issue of fundamental humanitarian importance. Strong management measures to achieve sustainable fisheries and eradicating unfair competition caused by illegal fishing or unfair exploitation contracts must be a priority on the policy agenda, WWF International reiterated today. The global environment organization’s message comes after the release of the latest State of the World’s Fisheries and Aquaculture report (SOFIA 2012) issued today in Rome by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). SOFIA 2012 estimates that in 2009, 57 per cent of marine fisheries are fully exploited, while 30 per cent of all assessed marine stocks are over-exploited. The report shows that fisheries- related employment supports the livelihoods of 10-12 per cent of the world’s population (660-820 million people), with 4.3 billion people depending on fish to provide about 15 per cent of their animal derived protein. “With such dependency on fish meeting a rapidly growing population, we simply cannot sustain a situation where 87 per cent of global marine fisheries are at or above full exploitation” said Alfred Schumm, Leader of WWF’s global Smart Fishing Initiative. “Using the precautionary approach, a holistic suite of ecosystem- and science based measures must be adopted if we are to realize the clear economic, environmental and social benefits of sustainably managed fisheries” added Schumm. Importantly, SOFIA 2012 also recognizes that controlling illegal, unreported and unregulated vessels is a burden gradually falling on coastal states, port states, regional fisheries bodies, and others entities. “Nobody wants the efforts of the good players to be undermined by an ugly underbelly of illegal fishing. We urge countries to push for the ratification and implementation of essential tools to manage this, such as the Port State Measures Agreement and the Global Record of Fishing Vessels as well as we urge fisheries to implement satellite AIS and electronic observer tools on every fishing- and carrier-vessel” said Mr. Schumm. IFQ’s are critical to sustain the fishing industry – Iceland and New Zealand prove solvencyVince 12, Vince, Gaia. Gaia is a science writer and broadcaster who is particularly interested in how humans are transforming planet Earth and the impacts our changes are having on societies and on other species "How the World's Oceans Could Be Running out of Fish." BBC Future. Smart Planet, 21 Sept. 2012. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120920-are-we-running-out-of-fish Web. 30 June 2014. CS Clearly, industrialised countries are not about to return to traditional methods. However, the disastrous management of the industry needs to be reformed if we are to restore fisheries to a sustainable level. In the EU alone, restoring stocks would result in greater catches of an estimated 3.5 million tonnes, worth £2.7 billion a year. Rather than having a system in which the EU members each hustle for the biggest quotas – which are already set far beyond what is sustainable – fisheries experts suggest individual governments should set quotas based on stock levels in their surrounding waters. Fishermen should be given responsibility over the fish they hunt – they have a vested interest in seeing stocks improve, after all – and this could be in the form of individual tradable catch shares of the quotas. Such policies end the tragedy of the commons situation whereby everyone grabs as much as they can from the oceans before their rival nets the last fish, and it’s been used successfully in countries from Iceland to New Zealand to the US. Research shows that managing fisheries in this way means they are twice as likely to avoid collapse as open-access fisheries. In severely depleted zones, the only way to restore stocks is by introducing protected reserves where all fishing is banned. In other areas, quota compliance needs to be properly monitored – fishing vessels could be licensed and fitted with tracking devices to ensure they don’t stray into illegal areas, spot-checks on fish could be carried out to ensure size and species, and fish could even be tagged, so that the authorities and consumers can ensure its sustainable source. The other option is to take humanity's usual method of dealing with food shortages, and move from hunter-gathering to farming. Already, more than half of the fish we eat comes from farms – in China, it’s as high as 80% – but doing this on an industrial scale has its problems. NOAANOAA controls fishing policyFishing policy is controlled through the department of commerce- the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has been delegated authorityNational Marine Fisheries Service. 2014. Fisheries Economics of the United States, 2012. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-137, 175p. Available at: https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st5/publication/index.html. The authority to manage federal fisheries in the United States was granted to the Secretary of Commerce by the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, also known as the Magnuson-Stevens Act (P.L. 94-265 as amended by P.L. 109-479). NOAA Fisheries is the federal agency with delegated authority from the Secretary of Commerce to oversee fishing activities in federal waters. Federal fisheries are generally defined as fishing activities that are prosecuted between 3 and 200 nautical miles from the coastline. Generally, individual states retain management authority over fishing activities within 3 nautical miles of their coasts. CS encouraged by NOAAThe US has encouraged, but not required, the adoption of catch share programs at national fisheriesNational Marine Fisheries Service. 2014. Fisheries Economics of the United States, 2012. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-137, 175p. Available at: https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st5/publication/index.html. A variety of market-based tools are available to fishery managers. NOAA Fisheries is currently implementing several different types of catch share programs such as limited access privilege programs (LAPPs), which include individual fishing quota programs (IFQs), regional fishery associations, and fishing community quotas1 ; community development quota programs (CDQs); fishing cooperatives; and sector allocation programs1 . In 2010, the NOAA catch shares policy1 was released to encourage well-designed catch share programs to help maintain or rebuild fisheries, and sustain fishermen, communities and vibrant working waterfronts, including the cultural and resource access traditions that have been part of this country since its founding Things to incorporate laterAdvantagesCultureCollapse of the fish industry would destroy coastal communities ability to thrive and results in a loss of cultural valueHauge et al. 9, Hauge, Kjellrun H., Belinda Cleewood, and Douglas C. Wilson. jellrun Hiis Hauge, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; Douglas Clyde Wilson, Senior Researcher and Research Director at Innovative Fisheries Management, Aalborg University; Belinda Cleeland, project officer, IRGC. "Fisheries Depletion and Collapse." (n.d.): n. pag. IRGC. International Risk Governance Council, 2009. http://irgc.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Fisheries_Depletion_full_case_study_web.pdf Web. 1 July 2014. CS Excess fishing capacity and depleted fish stocks cause problems for coastal communities that depend on the fishing industry and eco-tourism. Such devastation of coastal settlements can also result in the loss of cultural value. Problems can be fortified in cases where rights to fish can be traded and quota shares become concentrated in fewer hands. The introduction of individual transferable quotas in Iceland contributed to the marginalisation of fisheries dependent coastal communities, due to quota concentrations [Pálsson & Helgason, 1995]. DiseaseOverfishing leads to diseaseJackson et al., 01, Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Michael X. Kirby, Wolfgang H. Berger, Karen A. Bjorndal, Louis W. Botsford, Bruce J. Bourque, Roger H. Bradbury, Richard Cooke, Jon Erlandson, James A. Estes, Terence P. Hughes, Susan Kidwell, Carina B. Lange, Hunter S. Lenihan, John M. Pandolfi, Charles H. Peterson, Robert S. Steneck, Mia J. Tegner, Robert R. Warner, ”Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems” Science 2001, vol 293. No. 5530: 626-637. ProQuest. Accessed: 7/1/14 CS The second important corollary is that overfishing may often be a necessary precondition for eutrophication, outbreaks of disease, or species introductions to occur (27). For example, eutrophication and hypoxia did not occur in Chesapeake Bay until the 1930s, nearly two centuries after clearing of land for agriculture greatly increased runoff of sediments and nutrients into the estuary (77). Suspension feeding by still enormous populations of oysters was sufficient to remove most of the increased production of phytoplankton and enhanced turbidity until mechanical harvesting progressively decimated oyster beds from the 1870s to the 1920s (77, 80) (Fig. 2C). The consequences of overfishing for outbreaks of disease in the next lower trophic level fall into two categories. The most straightforward is that populations in the lower level become so dense that they are much more susceptible to disease as a result of greatly increased rates of transmission (94). This was presumably the case for the sea urchin Diadema on Caribbean reefs and the seagrass Thalassia in Florida Bay. In contrast, among oysters disease did not become important in Chesapeake Bay until oysters had been reduced to a few percent of their original abundance (80), a pattern repeated in Pamlico Sound (86, 87) and Foveaux Strait, New Zealand (93). Two factors may be responsible. First, oysters may have become less fit owing to stresses like hypoxia or sedimentation, making them less resistant to disease (87). Alternatively, suspension feeding by dense populations of oysters and associated species on oyster reefs may have indirectly limited populations of pathogens by favoring other plankton-an explanation that may extend to blooms of toxic plankton and most other outbreaks of microbial populations (88). The third important corollary is that changes in climate are unlikely to be the primary reason for microbial outbreaks and disease. The rise of microbes has occurred at different times and under different climatic conditions in different places, as exemplified by the time lag between events in Chesapeake Bay and Pamlico Sound (77, 79, 80, 84). Anthropogenic climate change may now be an important confounding factor, but it was not the original cause. Rapid expansion of introduced species in recent decades (95) may have a similar explanation, in addition to increase in frequency and modes of transport. Massive removal of suspension feeders, grazers, and predators must inevitably leave marine ecosystems more vulnerable to invasion (96, 97). WaterOverfishing poses a threat to clean waterHauge et al. 9, Hauge, Kjellrun H., Belinda Cleewood, and Douglas C. Wilson. jellrun Hiis Hauge, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; Douglas Clyde Wilson, Senior Researcher and Research Director at Innovative Fisheries Management, Aalborg University; Belinda Cleeland, project officer, IRGC. "Fisheries Depletion and Collapse." (n.d.): n. pag. IRGC. International Risk Governance Council, 2009. http://irgc.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Fisheries_Depletion_full_case_study_web.pdf Web. 1 July 2014. CS The loss of biodiversity in coastal waters that can result from overexploitation of fisheries can make these coastal waters much more susceptible to other human and environmental disturbances. Harmful algae blooms and oxygen depleted areas may arise more frequently once the marine ecosystem has been disturbed by overfishing and species loss [Jackson et al., 2001]. A2 Neg Offcase ArguementsPtxAngers fishing lobbiesFisherman are the lynchpin of conservation efforts – they donate the most moneyASA 13, The American Sportfishing Association (ASA) is the sportfishing industry’s trade association committed to representing the interests of the entire sportfishing community. American Sportfishing Association. "Sportfishing In America." Leading the Way for Sportfishing’s Future SPORTFISHING (2013): 2. ASA. American Sportfishing Association, Jan. 2013. Web. 1 July 2014. CS THANK AMERICA’S ANGLERS if you enjoy clean, healthy lakes, rivers and oceans teaming with a dynamic variety of fish and shorebird species, since it’s their dollars that provide the bulk of the funding for our nation’s fisheries conservation and environmental success. In fact, you would be hard pressed to find any group of people in the country who contributes more: nearly $1.5 billion annually. And angler numbers are growing – 11 percent overall in the five years since the last national survey. In fact, accounting for regional variations, some angling demographics actually increased by a larger percentage, including Great Lakes anglers, whose numbers grew by 17 percent and saltwater anglers, whose numbers increased by 15 percent. This growing legion of anglers is the economic engine that helps keep fisheries conservation moving successfully forward through the purchase of fishing licenses, which go directly toward the operations of state fish and wildlife agencies, and through the federal excise tax on fishing tackle as part of the long-running Sport Fish Restoration and Boating Trust Fund. License sales in 2010 amounted to $657 million, while the excise taxes collected on the sale of fishing gear, boats and boat fuel added another $390 million in support of conservation efforts carried out in each state. It’s a model that virtually powers itself. In addition, anglers donate over $400 million more each year to various conservation and fishing organizations. Without fish and good habitat, there would be no anglers, and without anglers – men, women and children – there would be few fish and little quality habitat. The year 2012 marked the 75th anniversary of our nation’s system of conservation funding – a model that is envied throughout the world – that directs excise taxes on fishing and hunting gear toward state-based conservation. The Sport Fish Restoration and Boating Trust Fund has resulted in robust fish and wildlife populations and quality habitat that is the legacy of the sportfishing industry and sportsmen and women alike Directory: wp-content -> uploads -> 2014 2014 -> For want of a nail 2014 -> Stop Militarizing Law Enforcement Act of 2014 2014 -> Ihbb asian Championships 2014 middle school bowl Round 4 First Quarter 2014 -> Ihbb european Championships 2014 Bowl Round 4 First Quarter 2014 -> International History Bee and Bowl 2013-14 Asian Division Question Set Bowl Round Six 2014 -> United states patent and trademark office 2014 -> Coffs harbour eisteddfod vocal syllabus 2014 -> Listen News Programs Schedule pledge now 2014 -> Slow club announce third album complete surrender Download 0.57 Mb. Share with your friends:
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