Themes of the American Civil War
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| Black Codes of the South (Tuscaloosa, AL, 1965), pp. 61–80; Daniel A. Novack, The Wheel of Servitude Black Forced Labor after Slavery (Lexington, KY, 1978), pp. 1–8; William Cohen, “Negro Involuntary Servitude in the South, 1865–1940,” Journal of Southern History 42 (February 1976), pp. 35–50; Pete Daniel, The Metamorphosis of Slavery, 1865–1900,” Journal of American History 66 (June 1979), pp. Berlin et al., The Black Military Experience, p. Six days after Judah P. Benjamin speculated about emancipated slaves passing through a stage of serfage or peonage Georgia planter William B. Hodgson contemplated the implications of a Union victory he considered imminent. He noted in his journal that, while slavery as it has existed maybe modified still the European race must remain able to contract the labor of the African under some forms Therefore a state of serfage, or ascription to the soil is a necessity from which there is no escape Hodgson Journal, p. 22, Charles Colcock Jones, Jr., Collection (Ms 215), Hargrett Library, University of Georgia Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom, p. 292. 64. Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South p. See Carter, When the War was Over, p. 186; MI. Finley, Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology (Harmondsworth, 1980), pp. 142–7; Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, trans. LA. Manyon 246 • Bruce Levine Chicago, IL, 1964) I, pp. 256–60. The relationship between the intellectual and political life of the planter elite and training in the classics in Southern institutions of higher learning deserves further study. See Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, Athens on Trial The Antidemocratic Tradition in Western Thought (Princeton, NJ, 1994), pp. 262–75, 281–3; Roberts, “Athenian Equality: A Constant Surrounded by Flux in Josiah Ober and Charles Hedrick, eds., Demokratia: A Conversation on Democracies, Ancient and Modern (Princeton, NJ, 1996), pp. 187–202; and Wayne K. Durrill, The Power of Ancient Words Classical Learning and Social Change at South Carolina College, 1804–1860,” unpublished manuscript. 66. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation The Political and Economic Origins of our Time (Boston, MA, 1957 ), pp. 86–8; Christopher Hill, The Age of Revolutions, 1603–1714 (New York, 1961), pp. 207–8; Hill, Reformation to Industrial Revolution, Vol. II of the Pelican Economic History of Britain (Baltimore, MD, 1969), pp. 268–74; Buchanan Sharp, “Common Rights, Charities and the Disorderly Poor in Geoff Eley and William Hunt, eds, Reviving the English Revolution Reflections and Elaborations on the Work of Christopher Hill (London, 1988), pp. J. C. Beckett, Making of Modern Ireland, 1603–1623 (New York, 1966), pp. 158–9, 172–6; JG. Simms, The Establishment of Protestant Ascendancy, 1691–1714,” in A New History of Ireland IV, Eighteenth Century Ireland, 1691–1800, ed. T. W. Moody and WE. Vaughan (Oxford, 1986), pp. 19–20; J. L. McCracken, The Social Structure and Social Life, in ibid, pp. 34–9; L. M. Cullen, Economic Development, 1750–1800,” in ibid, pp. RF. Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 (London, 1988), pp. 154–5, 205–11; SJ. Connolly, “Eighteenth Century Ireland Colony or Ancien Regime?” in D. George Boyce and Alan O’Day, eds., The Making of Modern Irish History Revisionism and the Revisionist Controversy (London, 1996), pp. Colonel AS. Colyar to Colonel AS. Marks, January 30, 1864, in The Annals of the Army of Tennessee and early Western History, 1: 2 (May 1978), p. In addition to the works by Theodore B. Wilson, Daniel Novack, and Eric Foner cited above, see Ira Berlin, Slaves without Masters The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (New York, pp. 225–6, 381–2, and Barbara Jeanne Fields, Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland during the Nineteenth Century (New Haven, CT, 1985), pp. 35–8, Thomas C. Holt, An Empire over the Mind Emancipation, Race, and Ideology in the British West Indies and the American South in Region, Race, and Reconstruction Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward, ed. J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson (New York, 1982), pp. 283–313; O. Nigel Bolland, Systems of Domination after Slavery The Control of Land and Labor in the British West Indies after 1838,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 23 (October 1981), pp. 591–619; Joe B. Wilkins, Window on Freedom The South’s Response to the Emancipation of the Slaves in the British West Indies, 1833–1861” (PhD. dissertation, University of South Carolina, 1977); Eric Foner, Nothing but Freedom Emancipation and its Legacy (Baton Rouge, LA, and London, 1983), pp. 41–3. Eli N. Evans, Judah P. Benjamin, the Jewish Confederate (New York, 1988), p. Pierce Butler, Judah P. Benjamin (1907, rpr. New York, 1980), pp. 348–9; Robert Douthat Meade, Judah P. Benjamin, Confederate Statesman (New York, 1943), pp. 305–6; Evans, Judah P. Benjamin, pp. 5, 233–6, 249–50, 259–75. In his December 21, 1864, letter to Frederick A. Porcher, Benjamin claimed to have been turning the matter over in his mind throughout the previous year. O.R., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, pp. See Bell I. Wiley, Movement to Humanize the Institution of Slavery during the Confederacy,” Emory University Quarterly 5 (December 1949), pp. 207–20; Donald G. Mathews, “Charles Colcock Jones and the Southern Evangelical Crusade to form a Biracial Community Journal of Southern History 41 (August 1975), pp. 299–320; Anne C. Loveland, Southern Evangelicals and the Social Order, 1800–1860 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1980), pp. 206–18; Bertram Wyatt-Brown, “Modernizing Southern Slavery The Proslavery Argument Reinterpreted in Region, Race and Reconstruction Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward (Baton Rouge, LA, 1981), pp. 27–50; Mohr, Threshold of Freedom, pp. 235–71; Eugene D. Genovese and Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, “The Social Thought of Antebellum Southern Theologians in Winfred B. Moore, Jr, and Joseph F. Tripp, eds, Looking South Chapters in the Story of an American Region (New York, pp. 31–40; Eugene D. Genovese, The Slaveholders Dilemma Freedom and Progress in Southern Conservative Thought, 1820–1860 (Columbia, SC, 1992), pp. 58–64; William W. Freehling, Defective Paternalism James Henley Thornwell’s Mysterious Antislavery Moment,” in Freehling, The Reintegration of American History Slavery and the Civil War (New Confederate Emancipation • 247 York, 1994), pp. 59–81; Drew Gilpin Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism (Baton Rouge, LA, 1988), pp. Janet Sharp Hermann, The Pursuit of a Dream (New York, 1981), pp. Wiley, Movement to Humanize Slavery p. 220; Wyatt-Brown, Modernizing Southern Slavery,” pp. 32, 37, 40; Faust, Creation of Confederate Nationalism, p. 80. James Oakes, Slavery and Freedom An Interpretation of the Old South (New York, 1990), p. 165; Robinson, Day of Jubilo,” pp. Lyon, Slavery, and the Duties growing out of the Relation Southern Presbyterian Review 16 (July 1863), pp. 14, 31. Lyon specified that the family constituted amongst the slaves, as God designed it should be, will serve as hostage for the good behavior of its several members, and will act with more potency than all fugitive slave laws, in bringing the fugitive back to his home (p. 31). 78. Loveland, Southern Evangelicals and the Social Order, pp. 187, 202–4, 209–11, 214–16. William W. Freehling details such setbacks in the case of James Henley Thornwell, a founder of the journal in which Rev. Lyon’s words appeared. See Freehling, Defective Paternalism pp. 73–5, 78–9, and Marilyn J. Westerkamp, James Henley Thornwell, Pro-slavery Spokesman within a Calvinist Faith South Carolina Historical Magazine 87 (January esp. pp. 57–61. Donald G. Mathews earlier made the same point about the experience of Charles Colcock Jones, probably the leading antebellum religious advocate of slavery reform. Before the war, Matthews wrote, Jones could not demonstrate convincingly that his plan would serve the interests of the planter class while there was noway within the antebellum South to create a constituency that could compel the masters to change Mathews, “Charles Colcock Jones and the Southern Evangelical Crusade to form a Biracial Community pp. Younger, Diary of R. G. H. Kean, p. 177. See also Jones, Rebel War Clerk’s Diary II, pp. 353, 416. 80. Wyatt-Brown, Modernizing Southern Slavery p. 36. 81. Friedrich Engels, The Role of Force in History A Study of Bismarck’s Policy of Blood and Iron (1888, repr. New York, 1968), p. 96. Download 2.25 Mb. Share with your friends:
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