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Streams of the province of Osmaniye have irregular regimes. As Osmaniye has broad agricultural lands, irrigation bears importance and for this reason, construction of irrigation dams constitutes an important solution. There are no natural lakes exist in the province. However, there are numerous karstic resources, which furnish abundant water due to the karstic structure. The resources in the Bahçe district are upstream and bottling facilities were established on the resources. There is Haruniye Thermal Spring near Düziçi district of the province. This thermal spring is among the fist-degree thermal springs according to criteria of the ministries of health and tourism. It is stated that it contributes to the treatment of rheumatism, gynaecological diseases, skin diseases, nutrition disorders, liver and gall bladder, stomach and intestinal diseases. Ceyhan is one of the major rivers that flow into the Mediterranean Sea. This river, which springs from northwest of the Mediterranean Region on the Anatolia Plateau, is formed by the merger of Göksun and Hurma Creeks. After merging with Aksu River to the west of Kahramanmaraş and many large and small creeks, it flows in the southwest direction and flows into the sea near Yumurtalık District. a) Current Use of Lands The highest point in Ceyhan Basin is 3081 m high from the sea level. The work site is approximately 60 m high from the sea and limited with rugged lands of 157-273 meters. It is surrounded by Göztepesi to the south (204,5m), Çamlıgedik to the northeast (157 m), Küçükbakacak to the southeast (273 m) and Karayüce (230 m) to the west. In terms of topographical appearance, the land looks like Çukurova in regions between the sea and mountain hills that face onto the sea and like typical Central Anatolia in upper parts. Total basin area is 14.775km2. The closest settlement is Karagedik Village which has a stabilized road connection of 14 km. In the location where power plant structures will be established, there is alluvion of Ceyhan River on the bed while Pliocene aged pebble stone is available on both sides. Bearing power of the alluvion and permeability of pebble stone were taken into account in the preparation stage of the project. The region is developed in agricultural terms. The hillsides on right and left coasts of the project area are covered with spoiled forest lands and maquis. The remaining regions are covered with broad agricultural lands and grazing lands. The products grown are cotton, grains and citrus fruits due to the effect of the Mediterranean climate. Vegetable and fruit cultivation are also highly developed. Forestry is one of the activities carried out in the region, though not as much as agriculture. There are no recreation areas or places of high landscape values around the project area. However, agricultural lands are available around the area concerned. Since only hydroelectric power plant is planned to be constructed within the scope of the project, no negative impacts are expected to occur on the agricultural lands in the vicinity. b) Geological and Hydrogeological Characteristics and Natural Disaster Status GEOLOGY An engineering study entitled “Bakacak Regulator Engineering Geology Planning Report” conducted by the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, the Survey and Planning Department in the project area in 1965 is available. Building area of the structures within the scope of Oskan HEPP Project and geological units in its immediate vicinity are listed in the following order from the oldest to the youngest one (from bottom to top). 5 Alluvion Quaternary 4 Terrace Plio quaternary 2 Pebble stone-sand stone Pliocene 1 Flysch Alt Eosen EARTHQUAKE STATUS The survey area is located right to the north of the intersection point of 36 east longitude and 37 north latitude. It is included in the second-degree earthquake zone according to earthquake zone map of the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement. It is seen in the Turkey’s seismicity (A. Taban, 1970) publication of the Directorate of Earthquake Research Institute that the survey area experienced two massive earthquakes with the magnitudes of 7,72 and 9,42 MM between the years 1600-1964. The relation between the Modified Mercalli (MM) scale and the greatest acceleration/gravity that corresponds to this is as follows. MM Greatest Acceleration/Gravity 7 0.07
8 0.16 9 0.33
10 0.70 BUILDING MATERIAL The material required for dike and cofferdam fillings and the aggregate necessary for concrete structures will be provided from the alluvion. For this reason, there are no problems in terms of distance and quantity. HYDROGEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Oskan Regulator, located on Ceyhan River, is approximately 14 km to the northwest of Osmaniye and 8 km downstream Aslantas Dam. A series of water structures have been designed on Ceyhan River for the development of water and soil resources of Ceyhan basin. The major ones among these structures are Aslantaş, Berke, Sır, Menzelet, Kartalkaya, Kandil II, Kandil I and Kandil respectively from downstream to upstream. Precipitation area of Oskan Regulator is 14.775km2 and downstream of it is the Berkman Regulator with a precipitation area of 14.842 km2. Hydrogeological status of the formations on the survey site are explained below in detail from the oldest to the youngest one. Resources with high-flowrates spring from paleozoic (lime stone and its quartzites), paleozoic aged quartzites were observed in the region. Quartzites and lime stones are faulted and crackled. Mesozoic a) Serpentine: High-flow resources spring from serpentines that constitute the Amanos Mountains in places where they are faulted and crackled. It is promising in terms of underground water. b) Cretaceous Flysch: It is not rich in terms of underground water as the formation is mostly clay lime stone and crumbled parts fill the cracks and faults although they are faulted and crackled. Low-flow resources are encountered in some places. c) Medium Cretaceous Lime Stone: These lime stones, which have yielded very little crop, are not faulted and crackled and very hard and half-crystallized. Tertiary a) Sitir Fm. (Lower-Medium Miocene): Permeable and not rich in terms of underground water. Low-flow resources were encountered. b) Kadirli Fm. (Upper Moicene-Pliocene): Permeable and promising in terms of underground water. Quaternary a) Kaliçi (Ağzıkara Fm.): Permeable and not rich in terms of underground water. Underground water is in pores of the formation. It does not have good conductivity. The water of the percolation wells dug in this formation usually run out in half an hour when they are drawn 1-2 lt/sc. b) Alluvion: The formation with the richest underground water is Alluvion in the Osmaniye Plain and 25-35 lt/sc water is drawn with common centrifugal pump from 4"-6" driven wells with a depth of 12 m dug within the field. Free aquifers have good water quality and static level varies between 0-2 m while dynamic level varies between 1,5-3 m. In some years, static level rises and base water becomes semi-artesian. The underground water is used largely in the region for irrigation. c) Basalt: They are not promising in terms of underground water although they are faulted and crackled. With regard to the project, opinion of the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ) will be submitted at the phase of obtaining licence from the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EPK). c) Status, Quality and Renewability of the Natural Resources in the Region Forest lands were devastated as a result of people destructing natural habitats for centuries and steppe (moor) areas have emerged at the riverside. Especially, feeding ground of mammals are the vicinities of villages nearby and they go to these grounds at nights. The forests around are living areas for many birds and mammals. The rocky areas on the upper part of mountains are protection and nesting areas for many bird species. A rich fauna has been formed along Ceyhan river. Their fauna has been destroyed in some places due to such factors as overhunting, wrong hunting (dynamiting, trapping), land clearing, forest fires, flooding and erosion. In the fauna linked to water and land on the banks of Ceyhan River, although the flora, which plays an important role in terms of accommodation, egg laying, breeding, protection and feeding of living organisms, have been devastated in some places, these are frequently encountered along the river in some places. On the other hand, adequate habitats are available in the upper parts of the power plant water level for the animal species living in the region. This means that there will be no negative effect on bird and other living species. Many living species will be able to come to the area as a result of the alterations in soil, water and food chain and this can have a positive effect on the fauna. As is known, hydroelectric power plants do not cause air, water, chemical and radioactive pollution. They can have indirect or direct impact on the biological environment. The HEPPs affect flora directly in that plants submerging lose biomass. However, it can have indirect effect with the alterations which can occur in microclimate. Average annual temperature can rise between 1 and 1,5 °C while relative humidity can rise by 6% in summer. This effect can lead to very complicated changes in plant life. For example, reproduction period of plants can change as this temperature and relative humidity rise. Aquatic fauna within the project area is rich due to ecological differences. As the water in the dam lake can be controlled better in comparison to stream, more zoo and phytoplankton will be formed in the lake in terms of quantity and diversity. As a result of this, it will be possible for fish to reproduce faster and more. Water quality of Ceyhan River bears the typical features of mountainous areas and measurable changes are not expected to occur in water quality when water accumulates in the reservoir. The main reasons for not expecting occurrence of measurable changes are the facts that the reservoir has low storage capacity and annual flows are quite high in proportion to this. For this reason, this reservoir has no annual or seasonal regulation potential. FLORA-FAUNA The project site is located in the Mediterranean Region as geographical region and in the Mediterranean Phytogeography Region in terms of phytogeography. Vegetation formations of the Mediterranean Phytogeography Region are given in Figure 1. The Mediterranean floristic region shows similarities with other regions of our country except for the Black Sea Region. A summer drought is experienced in every region of our country and this feature is the characteristic of the Mediterranean climate type. The region does not have a homogenous climate and varies in terms of temperature and precipitation. Pinus brutia (Calabrian Pine) forests are characteristic from low levels of this floristic region up to 1000 m. The vegetation type called maquis is predominant in the places where forests are destroyed. Frigana formation is observed in the places where maquis is destroyed. Above 1000 m of the Mediterranean Phytogeography Region are pure and mixed forests such as Pinus nigra (Black Pine), Cedrus libani (Lebanon cedar) and Abies cilicica (Cilician fir). Paliurus spina-christi (black thorn), Berberis crategina (barberry) and Juniperus oxycedrus (prickly cedar) are observed in places where the above enumerated species have been destroyed. The closest settlement units to the facility area is the Karagedik Villages. They are destroyed areas open to anthropogenic affect (human effect) as settlement units are around the area. As a result, natural floristic composition has degraded to a great degree due to anthropogenic effects and turned into a disrupted land structure where the flora weakened a lot in some places. The current dominant species in the area are composite species with broad ecological tolerance that can live in such destroyed areas. FIGURE. 1. VEGETATION FORMATIONS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN PHYTOGEOGRAPHY REGION 
Table.1. Flora Elements in the Facility Area and its Vicinity
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