Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat150, 818.pdf

Abstract: Batch studies were conducted to examine the adsorption kinetics and adsorption capacity of iron oxide-coated biomass (IOCB) for As(III) and As(V). The optimum pH for As(V) and As(III) removal was found to be 6. The equilibrium time for removal of arsenic was found to be approximately 7 h. The adsorption of As(V) on IOCB was rapid compared to that of As(III) adsorption. An increase in temperature (from 5 to 30C) was found to increase As(III) removal, whereas in the case of As(V), the removal increased with temperature from 5 to 10C, but remained relatively constant thereafter up to 30C. The pseudo-second order rate equation was found to describe better the kinetics of arsenic adsorption than other equations. The isotherm data for As(V) removal fitted better with the Langmuir equation compared with other tested models and the isotherm data for As(III) removal fitted better with Redlich-Peterson equation than other tested models. Iron oxide-coated fungal biomass (A. niger) was found to be efficient in removing arsenic from an aqueous solution. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Kinetics, Aqueous Solution, Arsenic, Arsenic Removal, Aspergillus niger, Biomass, Contaminated Water, Drinking-Water, Equilibrium, Fungal Biomass, Goethite, Ground-Water, Iron, Iron Oxide-Coated Biomass, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Equation, Modified Fungal Biomass, Oxide-Coated Sand, pH, Pseudo-Second Order, Removal, Solution, Sorption, Temperature

? Tepe, O. and Dursun, A.Y. (2008), Combined effects of external mass transfer and biodegradation rates on removal of phenol by immobilized Ralstonia eutropha in a packed bed reactor. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 151 (1), 9-16.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat151, 9.pdf

Abstract: Biodegradation of phenol by calcium-alginate immobilized Ralstonia eutropha was carried out in a batch stirred and a packed bed reactor. In the batch system studies, the effect of initial phenol concentration on biodegradation was investigated at 30 degrees C and pH 7 while in the continuous system studies, the effects of flow rate and inlet phenol concentration on biodegradation were tested at the same temperature and pH. The observed biodegradation rate constant was calculated at different flow rates with the assumption of first-order biodegradation kinetics. Various external mass transfer correlations were evaluated and a new correlation of the type J(D) = K(N-Re)(-(n-1)) was developed with the values of K = 1.34 and n = 0.65. The intrinsic first-order biodegradation rate constants and the external mass transfer coefficients were calculated then the combined effects of these rates on the observed first-order biodegradation rate constants were also investigated. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Alginate, Biodegradation, Ca-Alginate Gel-Immobilized Ralstonia Eutropha, Column Reactor, Continuous Degradation, Cyanide, External Mass Transfer Coefficient, First Order, Ions, Kinetics, Mass Transfer, Packed Bed, Packed Bed Reactor, Ph, Phenol, Pseudomonas-Putida, Rate Constant, Removal, Waste-Water, Whole Cells

? Dundar, M., Nuhoglu, C. and Nuhoglu, Y. (2008), Biosorption of Cu(II) ions onto the litter of natural trembling poplar forest. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 151 (1), 86-95.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat151, 86.pdf

Abstract: The litter of natural trembling poplar (Populus tremula) forest (LNTPF) was used for the biosorption of Cu(II) ions in a batch adsorption experiments. The sorption capacity of LNTPF was investigated as a function of pH, particle size, agitating speed, initial Cu(II) concentration, adsorbent concentration and temperature. The efficiency of copper uptake by the used LNTPF increases with a rise of solution pH, adsorbent concentration, agitating speed, temperature, and with a decline of particle size and initial Cu(II) concentration. The biosorption process was very fast; 94% of Cu(II) removal occurred within 5 min and equilibrium was reached at around 30 min. Batch adsorption models, based on the assumption of the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order mechanism were applied to examine the adsorption kinetics. The pseudo-second order model was found to best fit the kinetic data. EPR studies combined with FTIR spectroscopy were used to represent the biosorption mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters such as H, S and G were calculated. The adsorption process was found to be endothermic and spontaneous. Equilibrium data fitted well to Langmuir adsorption model. This study proved that the LNTPF can be used as an effective, cheap and abundant adsorbent for the treatment of Cu(II) containing wastewaters. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Kinetics, Biosorption, Biosorption Mechanism, Capacity, Copper, Cu(II), Efficiency, Equilibrium, Experiments, FTIR, Function, Kinetic, Kinetics, Langmuir, Mechanism, Model, Models, pH, Pseudo-Second Order, Removal, Rights, Size, Solution, Sorption, Spectroscopy, Temperature, Treatment

? Boujelben, N., Bouzid, J., Elouear, Z., Feki, A., Jamoussi, F. and Montiel, A. (2008), Phosphorus removal from aqueous solution using iron coated natural and engineered sorbents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 151 (1), 103-110.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat151, 103.pdf

Abstract: New filtration materials covered with metallic oxides are good adsorbents for both cation and anion forms of pollutants. Sfax is one of the most important industrial towns in Tunisia. Its phosphate manufacture in particular is causing considerable amounts of water pollution. Therefore, there is a need to find out a new way of getting rid of this excessive phosphate from water. This work is aimed to examining the potential of three sorbent materials (synthetic iron oxide coated sand (SCS), naturally iron oxide coated sand (NCS) and iron oxide coated crushed brick (CB)) for removing phosphate ions from aqueous solutions. According to our literature survey CB was not used as adsorbent previously. Phosphate ions are used here as species model for the elimination of other similar pollutants (arsenates, antimonates). Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were used to investigate the surface properties and morphology of the coated sorbents. Infra-red spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques were also used to characterize the sorbent structures. Results showed that iron coated crushed brick possess more micro pores and a higher surface area owing to its clay nature. The comparative sorption of PO43- from aqueous solutions by SCS, CB and NCS was investigated by batch experiments. The estimated optimum pH of phosphate ion retention for the considered sorbents was 5. The equilibrium data were analysed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The sorption capacities of PO43- at pH 5 were 1.5 mg/g for SCS, 1.8 mg/g for CB and 0.88 mg/g for NCS. The effect of temperature on sorption phenomenon was also investigated. The results indicated that adsorption is an endothermic process for phosphate ions removal. This study demonstrates that all the considered sorbents can be used as an alternative emerging technology for water treatment without any side effect or treatment process alteration. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Red Mud, Adsorption, Bacterial-Growth, Clay, Copper(II), Drinking-Water, Equilibrium, Ferric Oxides, Fly-Ash, Iron Oxide Coated Materials, Isotherms, Phosphate, Phosphate Ions, Phosphate Removal, Phosphorus, Removal, Sand, SEM, Sorbent Materials, Sorption, Sorption, Species, Spectroscopy, Surface Area, Treatment, Water, Water Treatment

? Guo, X., Zeng, L., Li, X.M. and Park, H.S. (2008), Ammonium and potassium removal for anaerobically digested wastewater using natural clinoptilolite followed by membrane pretreatment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 151 (1), 125-133.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat151, 125.pdf

Abstract: On the basis of the wastewater characteristic of anaerobically digested wastewater, this work studied the individual and simultaneous adsorption of ammonium and potassium ions by the natural clinoptilolite. Langmuir, Freundlich, Langmuir-Freundlich, and Toth model were employed to fit the experimental isotherm data and the fitting performances of different models were compared. Both the individual and simultaneous adsorption kinetics of ammonium and potassium were studied at various pHs and temperatures. The individual adsorption of ammonium was very fast and potassium uptake was even faster than that of ammonium. The adsorption approached equilibrium within 1 h in most cases. Five models, including pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Vermeulen’s model, squared driving force model and Elovich equation were used to fit the individual and simultaneous adsorption kinetics of ammonium and potassium. The validities of the fittings for the ammonium and potassium adsorption kinetics were also evaluated. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Kinetics, Clinoptilolite, Driving, Equilibrium, Experimental, Force, Isotherm, Kinetics, Langmuir, Model, Models, Pretreatment, Removal, Rights, Wastewater, Work

? Guo, X.Y., Zhang, S.Z. and Shan, X.Q. (2008), Adsorption of metal ions on lignin. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 151 (1), 134-142.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat151, 134.pdf

Abstract: This study investigated the adsorption of the heavy metal ions Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), and Ni(II) on a lignin isolated from black liquor, a waste product of the paper industry. Lignin has affinity with metal ions in the following order: Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Cd(II) > Zn(II) > Ni(II). The adsorption kinetic data can be described well with a pseudosecond-order model and the equilibrium data can be fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm. Metal ion adsorption was strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength. Surface complexation modelling was performed to elucidate the adsorption mechanism involved. This shows that lignin surfaces contain two main types of acid sites attributed to carboxylic- and phenolic-type surface groups and the phenolic sites have a higher affinity for metal ions than the carboxylic sites. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Lignin; Surface Complexation Model; Heavy Metal Ions; Adsorption, Surface Complexation Model; Processing Waste Sludge; Low-Cost Adsorbents; Activated Carbon; Aqueous-Solutions; Kraft Lignin; Heavy-Metals; Wheat Bran; Competitive Adsorption; Agricultural Waste

? Al-Anber, Z.A. and Matouq, M.A.D. (2008), Batch adsorption of cadmium ions from aqueous solution by means of olive cake. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 151 (1), 194-201.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat151, 194.pdf

Abstract: The use of natural adsorbent such as olive cake to replace expensive imported synthetic adsorbent is particularly appropriate for developing countries such as Jordan. In this study, batch adsorption experiments were carried out for the removal of cadmium ions from its aqueous solution using olive cake as adsorbent. Parameters effects such as temperature, pH and adsorbent dose on the adsorption process were studied. The adsorbent used in this study exhibited as good sorption at approximately pH 6 at temperatures 28, 35 and 45C. The removal efficiency was found to be 66% at pH 6 and temperature 28C. The equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models to calculate isotherm constants. The experimental results were in a good agreement with these models. Results show that when an increasing in temperature from 28 to 45C, the maximum adsorption capacity (q(max)) is decreased from 65.4 to 44.4 mg/g and Freundlich constant (K-f) decreased from 19.9 to 15.7. The thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process data were evaluated using Langmuir isotherm. The free energy change (G) and the enthalpy change (H) showed that the process was feasible and exothermic, respectively. The dynamic data fitted to the first order, Lagergren-first order and pseudo second-order kinetic models. The experimental results indicated that the pseudo second-order reaction model provided the best description for these data with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The adsorption rate constant was calculated as 8.410^-3 g mg^-1 min^-1 at 28C. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorbent, Adsorbent Dose, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Isotherms, Adsorption Process, Adsorption Rate, Adsorption Rate Constant, Aqueous Solution, Batch, Batch Adsorption, Cadmium, Cadmium Ions, Cadmium(II), Capacity, Change, Copper, Correlation, Correlation Coefficient, Data, Developing, Developing Countries, Dynamic, Effects, Efficiency, Energy, Enthalpy, Equilibrium, Exothermic, Experimental, Experiments, First, First Order, Freundlich, Freundlich Constant, Freundlich Isotherm, Heavy-Metal Ions, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, Jordan, Kinetic, Kinetic Models, Kinetics, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Model, Models, Natural, Natural Adsorbent, Olive Cake, pH, Process, Pseudo, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo Second Order Kinetic, Pseudo Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Rate Constant, Removal, Removal Efficiency, Rights, Second Order, Second-Order, Solution, Sorption, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, Thermodynamics, Waste, Water, X, Zinc

? Alpat, S.K., Özbayrak, Ö., Alpat, Ş. and Akçay, H. (2008), The adsorption kinetics and removal of cationic dye, Toluidine Blue O, from aqueous solution with Turkish zeolite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 151 (1), 213-220.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat151, 213.pdf

Abstract: Clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite, was investigated as an inexpensive and effective adsorbent for the adsorption of Toluidine Blue O (TBO) from its aqueous solution. The effect of parameters such as the initial concentration of TBO, the solution of pH, contact time, temperature and particle size on the TBO adsorption was examined. The adsorption rate data were analysed according to the first and second-order kinetic models. Kinetic studies show that adsorption of TBO on clinoptilolite was fitted to the second-order adsorption model with two-step diffusion process. The activation energies for TBO adsorption on clinoptilolite for the first and second diffusion processes were 8.72 kJ mol^-1 and 19.02 kJ mol^-1, respectively. The adsorption isotherm was well fitted to both the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum adsorption capacity of clinoptilolite for TBO was 2.110^-4 mol g^-1 at solution pH of 11.0. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activation, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Kinetics, Aqueous Solution, Capacity, Clinoptilolite, Diffusion, Dye, First, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetic Models, Kinetics, Langmuir, Model, Models, pH, Removal, Rights, Size, Solution, Temperature, Zeolite

? Oliveira, D.Q.L., Gonçalves, M., Oliveira, L.C.A. and Guilherme, L.R.G. (2008), Removal of As(V) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions using solid waste from leather industry. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 151 (1), 280-284.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat151, 280.pdf

Abstract: This study evaluated the feasibility of using a solid waste from the leather industry as an adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) and As(V) from aqueous media. The adsorbent material was characterized by chemical analyses, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) prior to reaction in order to assess its surface properties. Langmuir and Freundlich equations were used for analyzing the experimental data, which showed a better fit to the Lagmuir model, thus suggesting a monolayer adsorption process in the surface of the adsorbent. The high amounts of Cr(VI)-133 mg g^-1 and As(V)-26 mg g^-1 adsorbed demonstrates the great potential for using this solid waste from the leather industry as a low-cost alternative to the traditionally used adsorbent materials. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Leather Waste, Adsorption, Arsenic, Chromium, Carbon Fabric Cloth, Activated Carbon, Hexavalent Chromium, Metal-Ions, Adsorption, Water, Adsorbents, Sorption, Composites, Tanneries

? Thinakaran, N., Baskaralingam, P., Pulikesi, M., Panneerselvam, P. and Sivanesan, S. (2008), Removal of Acid Violet 17 from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from sunflower seed hull. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 151 (2-3), 316-322.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat151, 316.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of Acid Violet 17 (AV17) was carried out using various activated carbons prepared from sunflower seed hull (SSH), an agricultural solid waste by-product. The effect of parameters such as agitation time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH and temperature were studied. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied and the Langmuir model was found to best report the equilibrium isotherm data. Langmuir adsorption capacity was found to be 116.27 mg/g. Kinetic data followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Maximum colour removal was observed at pH 2.0. It was observed that the rate of adsorption improves with increasing temperature and the process is endothermic. The adsorbent surface was analysed with a scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that activated sunflower seed hull could be an attractive option for colour removal from dilute industrial effluents. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid Dyes, Acid Violet 17, Activated Carbon, Activated Carbons, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Agricultural Solid Waste, Aqueous Solutions, Capacity, Carbon, Congo Red, Dye, Dye Removal, Equilibrium, Equilibrium Isotherm, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetics, Kinetics, Langmuir, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Methylene-Blue, Model, Models, pH, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics, Removal, Rights, Sawdust, Solid-Waste, Sunflower Seed Hull, Temperature, Waste-Water

? Tabakci, M. and Yilmaz, M. (2008), Sorption characteristics of Cu(II) ions onto silica gel-immobilized calix[4]arene polymer in aqueous solutions: Batch and column studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 151 (2-3), 331-338.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat151, 331.pdf

Abstract: In the present study, Cu(II) removal from aqueous solutions by sorption was investigated. Aminopropyl silica gel-immobilized calix[4]arene polymer (APSIC[4]P) was used in sorption as sorbent. During the experimental part of this study, the effect of parameters, such as pH, initial Cu(II) concentration, temperature on Cu(II) removal was observed. In addition, sorption isotherm studies and column studies were made. Maximum Cu(II) removal was obtained at pH 6 and 25 degrees C. In the isotherm studies, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied and it was determined that the experimental data confirmed to Langmuir isotherm model. Batch sorption capacity (q(0)) was calculated as 5.08 mg/g. The capacity value for column study was obtained by graphical integration as 1.14 mg/g. The Thomas and the Yoon-Nelson models were applied to experimental data to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristics parameters of the column useful for process design. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Aqueous Solutions, Batch Study, Breakthrough, Calix[4]Arene, Calix[4]Arene Polymer, Capacity, Chromatographic Selectivity, Column Study, Copper(II) Ions, Cu(II), Cu(II) Removal, Fly-Ash, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Heavy-Metal, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, Isotherm Studies, Langmuir, Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm, Metal-Ions, Model, Models, pH, Polymer, Process, Removal, Silica, Sorbent, Sorption, Stationary-Phase, Temperature, Thermodynamic Parameters, Waste-Water

? Donia, A.M., Atia, A.A. and Elwakeel, K.Z. (2008), Selective separation of mercury(II) using magnetic chitosan resin modified with Schiff’s base derived from thiourea and glutaraldehyde. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 151 (2-3), 372-379.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat151, 372.pdf

Abstract: Magnetic chitosan resin was chemically modified by a Schiff’s base cross-linker. The interaction of the resin obtained with Hg(II) was studied and uptake value of 2.8 mmol/g was reported. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process were estimated. These data indicated that the adsorption process is exothermic and follow the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The selectivity of Hg(II) from other different metal ions in solutions using the studied resin was also reported. Breakthrough curves for the recovery of Hg(H) were studied. The critical bed height was found to be 2.05 cm. The adsorbed Hg(II) was eluted from the resin effectively using 0.1 M potassium iodide. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aqueous-Solutions, Beads, Behavior, Chelating Resins, Chitosan, Cross-Linked Chitosan, Elution, Glutaraldehyde, Hg(II), Interaction, Ions, Kinetic, Kinetics, Magnetic-Chitosan, Mercury, Metal, Metal Ions, Particles, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics, Recovery, Removal, Resins : Chitosan, Schiff’S Base, Separation, Sorption, Thermodynamic Parameters

? El-Kamash, A.M. (2008), Evaluation of zeolite A for the sorptive removal of Cs⁺ and Sr²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions using batch and fixed bed column operations. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 151 (2-3), 432-445.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat151, 432.pdf

Abstract: Zeolite A was chemically synthesized and evaluated, as inorganic ion exchange material, for the removal of cesium and strontium ions from aqueous solutions in both batch and fixed bed column operations. Batch experiments were carried out as a function of pH, initial ion concentration and temperature. Simple kinetic and thermodynamic models have been applied to the rate and isotherm sorption data and the relevant kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were determined from the graphical presentation of these models. Breakthrough data were determined in a fixed bed column at room temperature (298 K) under the effect of various process parameters like bed depth, flow rate and initial ion concentration. The results showed that the total metal ion uptake and the overall bed capacity decreased with increasing flow rate and increased with increasing initial ion concentrations and bed depth. The dynamics of the ion exchange process was modeled by bed depth service time (BDST) model. The sorption rate constants (K) were found to increase with increase in flow rate indicating that the overall system kinetics was dominated by external mass transfer in the initial part of the sorption process in the column. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Modeling, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Sorption, Cesium and Strontium Ions, Zeolite A, Fixed Bed Columns, Potassium Nickel Hexacyanoferrate, Nuclear-Waste Solutions, Natural Zeolites, Strontium Ions, Dye Adsorption, Cement Blends, Cesium, Exchange, Kinetics, Thermodynamics

? Sprynskyy, M., Ligor, T. and Buszewski, B. (2008), Clinoptilolite in study of lindane and aldrin sorption processes from water solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 151 (2-3), 570-577.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat151, 570.pdf

Abstract: The scope of this study was adsorption of lindane and aldrin from water solution onto clinoptilolite rock with the following desorption using n-hexane. Both kinetic and equilibrium tests were conducted. During kinetic experiment the most part of aldrin and a half part of lindane were sorbed during the first hours. The sorption equilibria with removal of 95% of aldrin amount and about 68% of lindane amount have been set in for 48 h. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model gives somewhat better fit to the both pesticides’ sorption data that may testify to the complicated and heterogeneous nature of interaction between active zeolite surface and the pesticides polar-dipole centers. OH--groups and the coordinated exchangeable cations are probably the main active positions for the pesticide sorption on the clinoptilolite surface. Equilibrium experiment results show that adsorption isotherms for the low concentrations of lindane and aldrin (10-200 and 3-100 mu g/L, respectively) fit well to the Freundlich and the Liner models. Only 10% of lindane sorbed and about 60% of aldrin sorbed were desorbed from the clinoptilolite using n-hexane under static conditions. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Aldrin, Behavior, Clinoptilolite, Desorption, Equilibria, Equilibrium, Exchangeable Cations, First, Freundlich, Greece, Interaction, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetics, Kinetics Model, Lindane, Mechanisms, Model, Models, Organochlorine Pesticides, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics, Removal, Rights, Solution, Sorption, Sorption Positions, Surfaces, Urban, Water, Zeolite, Zeolites

? Guo, H.M., Stuben, D., Bemer, Z. and Kramar, U. (2008), Adsorption of arsenic species from water using activated siderite-hematite column filters. Journal of Hazardous Materials,