Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat159, 396.pdf

Abstract: Newspaper pulp was found to be a potential adsorbent for removal of copper from aqueous medium. Detail adsorption study of Cu on newspaper pulp was investigated. Batch adsorption study was carried out as a function of contact time, adsorbent dose, temperature (303-323 K). The experimental data was analyzed using Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) and Redlich-Peterson (R-P) isotherm models. It was found that Freundlich, Langmuir and R-P models fitted well. pH variation study revealed that the adsorption increased with increase in pH of the solution. Maximum loading capacity was found to be 30 mg g^-1 at 20 mg L^-1 of initial Cu concentration. Adsorption data were analyzed using two kinetic models, Lagergren first order and pseudo second order. It was observed that pseudo second order represented the best correlation. Langmuir isotherm was used to obtain the thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (G), enthalpy (H) and entropy (S) of adsorption. The negative value of free energy and positive value of enthalpy change indicate that the adsorption of Cu on newspaper pulp is a spontaneous process and endothermic. The results of activation energy also confirmed that the adsorption of Cu on newspaper pulp is physical in nature. Present investigation emphasized that newspaper pulp may be utilized as a low cost adsorbent for copper removal. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activation, Activation Energy, Adsorbent, Adsorbent Dose, Adsorption, Adsorption Characteristics, Aqueous Medium, Aqueous Solution, Batch Adsorption, Biosorption, Capacity, Cellulose, Concentration, Copper, Copper Removal, Correlation, Cost, Cu, Cu(II), Data, Endothermic, Energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, Experimental, First, First Order, Freundlich, Function, Heavy-Metals, Investigation, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, Kinetic, Kinetic Models, L1, Lagergren, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Loading, Low Cost, Low Cost Adsorbent, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Models, Newspaper Pulp, NOV, pH, Physical, Potential, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Redlich-Peterson, Removal, Rights, Second Order, Second-Order, Solution, Sorption, Spontaneous, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, Value, Waste-Water

? Guerra, D.L. and Airoldi, C. (2008), Kinetics and modified clay thermodynamic from the Brazilian amazon region for lead removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 159 (2-3), 412-419.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat159, 412.pdf

Abstract: Modified Brazilian smectite-bearing clay samples displayed ability for lead adsorption. The structure modification of smectite were obtained through pillaring process and functionalization with [3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane. The chemical modification process increases the basal spacing of the natural smectite from 1.354 to 2.364 nm. The Langmuir model was fitted to experimental data in linear regression. Kinetic studies showed an equilibrium adsorption time of 700 min on the modified clay. The experimental data were correlated with two distinct kinetic models were used: (i) external mass transfer diffusion and (II) intraparticular mass transfer diffusion. However, the intraparticle mass transfer diffusion model gave a better fit to these experimental data. The energetic effects caused by lead interactions were determined through calorimetric titration at the solid-liquid interface and gave a net thermal effect that enabled the calculation of the exothermic values and the equilibrium constant. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Ceramic, Surface Property, Inorganic Compound, Thermodynamic Property, Silica-Gel, Thermochemical Data, Adsorption Process, N-Alkylmonoamines, Acid Activation, Pillared Clays, Montmorillonite, Intercalation, Cations, Surface

? Panneerselvam, P., Thinakaran, N., Thiruvenkataravi, K.V., Palanichamy, M. and Sivanesan, S. (2008), Phosphoric acid modified-Y zeolites: A novel, efficient and versatile ion exchanger. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 159 (2-3), 427-434.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat159, 427.pdf

Abstract: Large pore HY zeolite was modified with phosphoric acid by wet method. The modified zeolite was converted to Na⁺ form using aqueous NaHCO₃ solution. The Na⁺ form of modified zeolite, represented as PNa2Y, was characterized by XRD, BET surface area, SEM, and AAS techniques. The XRD analysis showed diffraction patterns same as that of parent HY zeolite, as a result there has been no structural degradation during modification. It was then tested for sorption of Cu²⁺ ions from aqueous solution. The Cu²⁺ content of the solution was analyzed by AAS. PNa2-Y shows higher sorption capacity (≈40%) than the parent Na-Y (≈23%) zeolite, which is attributed to the double of amount Na⁺ content in PNa2-Y compared to the Na-Y zeolite. Equilibrium modeling data were found to fit more to the linear Langmuir model than the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic parameters such as change in free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°), were also calculated. These parameters confirmed that the sorption of Cu²⁺ is feasible, spontaneous and endothermic.

Keywords: Copper Removal, Isotherms, Kinetics, Thermodynamics

? Hameed, B.H. and El-Khaiary, M.I. (2008), Malachite green adsorption by rattan sawdust: Isotherm, kinetic and mechanism modeling. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 159 (2-3), 574-579.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat159, 574.pdf

Abstract: In this work, the adsorption of malachite green (MG) on rattan sawdust (RSD) was studied at 30C. The results indicated that RSD can be used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of MG dye from aqueous solutions. Equilibrium data were analyzed by two isotherms, namely the Freundlich isotherm and the Langmuir isotherm. The best fit to the data was obtained with the Langmuir isotherm. The monolayer adsorption capacity of RSD was found to be 62.71 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics can be predicted by the pseudo-first-order model. The mechanism of adsorption was also studied. It was found that for a short time period the rate of adsorption is controlled by film diffusion. However, at longer adsorption times, pore-diffusion controls the rate of adsorption. The amount adsorbed on the outer surface was estimated from the time where film-diffusion stops controlling the adsorption rate.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Kinetics, Adsorption Rate, Aqueous Solutions, Batch Processing, Capacity, Data, Diffusion, Dye, Equilibrium, Film Diffusion, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Low Cost, Low Cost Adsorbent, Low-Cost Adsorbent, Malachite Green, Mechanism, Mechanism of Adsorption, Mg, Model, Modeling, Monolayer, Pore Diffusion, Pseudo First Order, Pseudo-First-Order, Rattan Sawdust, Removal, Sawdust, Solutions, Surface, Work

? Baldez, E.E., Robaina, N.F. and Cassella, R.J. (2008), Employment of polyurethane foam for the adsorption of Methylene Blue in aqueous medium. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 159 (2-3), 580-586.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat159, 580.pdf

Abstract: This work presents a detailed study about the adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB) onto polyether type polyurethane foam (PUF). The adsorption process is based on the formation of a hydrophobic ionic-pair between cationic dye MB and dodecylsulfate anion (SDS), which present high affinity by PUF. Set-up employed in the study was built up by adjusting a 200 mg cylinder of PUF to the arm of an overhead stirrer. The system was characterized in relation to equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic aspects and it was modeled by employing Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Obtained results showed that the ratio between SDS and MB concentrations plays an important role on the adsorption process. According to Langmuir isotherm, a maximum adsorption capacity of 7.2010^-5 mol MB g^-1 was achieved when optimized operational conditions were employed. The adsorption rate seems to be regulated by an intraparticle diffusion mechanism. Adsorption process was spontaneous (negative G) at ambient temperature and presented an endothermic characteristic (positive H). Sequential extraction experiments were carried out by changing PUF plugs in 30 min time intervals and around 96% of the MB present in solution could be removed through consecutive extractions with six 200 mg PUF cylinders.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Process, Adsorption Rate, Aqueous Medium, Capacity, Cationic Dye, Diffusion, Dye, Endothermic, Equilibrium, Experiments, Extraction, Foam, Freundlich, Intervals, Intraparticle Diffusion, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetic, Langmuir, Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms, Langmuir Isotherm, MB, Mechanism, Methylene Blue, Polyurethane, Polyurethane Foam, Role, SDS, Solution, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Work

? Rauf, M.A., Marzouki, N. and Körbahti, B.K. (2008), Photolytic decolorization of Rose Bengal by UV/H₂O₂ and data optimization using response surface method. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 159 (2-3), 602-609.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat159, 602.pdf

Abstract: Rose Bengal (C.I. name is Acid Red 94) was irradiated with UV light in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The photoinduced decolorization of the dye was monitored spectrophotometrically. The apparent rate of decolorization was calculated from the observed absorption data and was found to be pseudo first order. A systematic study of the effect of dye concentration and H₂O₂ concentration on the kinetics of dye decolorization was also carried out. Dye decolorization increased with increasing H₂O₂ concentration and decreasing dye concentration. The maximum dye decolorization was determined as 90% with 0.005 mM dye at optimum 0.042 M H₂O₂ and pH 6.6. Additionally, the effect on decolorization of this dye in the presence of some additives (ions) was also investigated. It was seen that sulphite caused a maximum effect on % decolorization of the dye solution. A plausible explanation involving the probable radical initiated mechanism was given to explain the dye decolorization. The experimental data was also optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). According to ANOVA results, the proposed model can be used to navigate the design space. It was found that the response of Rose Bengal degradation is very sensitive to the independent factors of dye concentration, H₂O₂ concentration, pH and reaction time. The proposed model for D-optimal design fitted very well with the experimental data with R² and correlation coefficients of 0.85 and 0.80, respectively.

Keywords: Absorption, Anova, Concentration, Correlation, Data, Decolorization, Degradation, Design, Dye, Dye Decolorization, Dye-Decolorization, Experimental, Explanation, First, First Order, H₂O₂, Hydrogen, Hydrogen Peroxide, Ions, Kinetics, Mechanism, Methodology, Model, Optimization, pH, Pseudo First Order, Pseudo-First-Order, Response Surface Methodology, Rose Bengal, Solution, Surface, UV, UV Light

? Li, X.M., Liao, D.X., Xu, X.Q., Yang, Q., Zeng, G.M., Zheng, W. and Guo, L. (2008), Kinetic studies for the biosorption of lead and copper ions by Penicillium simplicissimum immobilized within loofa sponge. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 159 (2-3), 610-615.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat159, 610.pdf

Abstract: Biosorption potential of Penicillium simplicissimum (Penicillium sp.) immobilized within loofa sponge (PSILS) for lead and copper from aqueous media was explored. The effects of pH, contact time and initial concentration were studied in batch experiments. The maximum uptake of metal ions was obtained at pH 5.0. Biosorption equilibrium was established by 60 min. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were applied to study the kinetics of the biosorption processes. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the best correlation (R² = 0.999) of the experimental data compared to the pseudo-first-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. The maximum heavy metal ions adsorbed was found to be 152.6 and 112.3 mg/g for Pb(II) and Cu(II), respectively. It was found that the biosorption of both Pb(II) and Cu(II) on PSILS was correlated well (RPb² = 0.999 and RCu² = 0.9978) with the Langmuir equation as compared to Freundlich isotherm equation under the concentration range studied. PSILS was regenerated by washing with a 100 mM solution of HCl. The desorption efficiency was as high as 98%. The PSILS was reused in five adsorption-desorption cycles with negligible decrease in biosorption capacity. The present work showed that PSILS was an efficient biosorbent for removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution.

Keywords: Aqueous Solution, Batch, Batch Experiments, Biosorbent, Biosorption, Capacity, Concentration, Copper, Correlation, Cu(II), Data, Desorption, Diffusion, Efficiency, Equilibrium, Experimental, Experiments, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metal Ions, Immobilized, Intraparticle Diffusion, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetic Models, Kinetic Studies, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Equation, Lead, Loofa, Loofa Sponge, Media, Metal, Metal Ions, Model, Models, Pb(II), Penicillium Simplicissimum, Penicillium sp., pH, Potential, Pseudo First Order, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetic Model, Removal, Solution, Uptake, Work

? Lohani, M.B., Singh, A., Rupainwar, D.C. and Dhar, D.N. (2008), Studies on efficiency of guava (Psidium guajava) bark as bioadsorbent for removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 159 (2-3), 626-629.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat159, 626.pdf

Abstract: Biosorption of Hg(II) was investigated in this study by using guava bark powder (GBP). In the batch system, effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentration, pH and temperature were investigated. Removal of Hg(II) was pH dependent and was found maximum at pH 9.0. Based on this study, the thermodynamic parameters like change in standard Gibb’s free energy (G), standard enthalpy (H) and standard entropy (S) were evaluated. The rate kinetic study was found to follow second-order. The applicability of Freundlich adsorption isotherm model was tested. The value of regression coefficient was greater than 0.99. This indicated that the isotherm model adequately described the experimental data of the biosorption of Hg(II). Maximum adsorption of 3.364 mg g^-1 was reached at 80 min. The results of the study showed that guava bark powder can be efficiently used as a low-cost alternative for the removal of divalent mercury from aqueous solutions. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Isotherm Model, Alternative, Aqueous Solutions, Batch, Batch System, Biosorption, Concentration, Contaminated Water, Data, Divalent Mercury, Efficiency, Energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, Experimental, Freundlich, Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm, Guava Bark, Heavy-Metals, Hg(II), Isotherm, Isotherm Model, Kinetic, Kinetic Study, Low Cost, Mercury, Model, NOV, pH, pH-Dependent, Regression, Removal, Rights, Second Order, Second-Order, Solutions, Sorption, Standard, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, Value

? Suksabye, P., Thiravetyan, P. and Nakbanpote, W. (2008), Column study of chromium(VI) adsorption from electroplating industry by coconut coir pith. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 160 (1), 56-62.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat160, 56.pdf

Abstract: The removal of Cr(VI) from electroplating wastewater by coir pith was investigated in a fixed-bed column. The experiments were conducted to study the effect of important parameters such as bed depth (40-60 cm) and flow rate (10-30 ml min^-1). At 0.05 C-t/C-o, the breakthrough volume increased as flow rate decreased or a bed depth increased due to an increase in empty bed contact time (EBCT). The bed depth service time model (BDST) fit well with the experimental data in the initial region of the breakthrough curve, while the simulation of the whole curve using non-linear regression analysis was effective using the Thomas model. The adsorption capacity estimated from the BDST model was reduced with increasing flow rate, which was 16.40 mg cm^-3 or 137.91 mg Cr(VI) g^-1 coir pith for the flow rates of 10 ml min^-1 and 14.05 mg cm^-3 or 118.20 mg Cr(VI)g^-1 coir pith for the flow rates of 30 ml min^-1. At the highest bed depth (60cm) and the lowest flow rate (10 ml min^-1), the maximum adsorption reached 201.47 mg Cr(VI)g^-1 adsorbent according to the Thomas model. The column was regenerated by eluting chromium using 2 M HNO₃ after adsorption studies. The desorption of Cr(Ill) in each of three cycles was about 67-70%. The desorption of Cr(Ill) in each cycle did not reach 100% clue to the fact that Cr(V) was present through the reduction of Cr(VI), and was still in coir pith, possibly bound to glucose in the cellulose part of coir pith. Therefore, the Cr(V) complex cannot be desorbed in solution. The evidence of Cr(V) signal was observed in coir pith, alpha-cellulose and holocellulose extracted from coir pith using electron spin resonance (ESR). (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Cr(VI), Coir Pith, Fixed-Bed Column, Bdst Model, Thomas Model, Fixed-Bed Column, Coated Cement Iocc, Aqueous-Solutions, Activated Carbon, Cr(VI) Removal, Waste-Water, Equilibrium, Biosorption, Sorption, Effluents

? Entezari, M.H. and Soltani, T. (2008), Simultaneous removal of copper and lead ions from a binary solution by sono-sorption process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 160 (1), 88-93.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat160, 88.pdf

Abstract: The aim of this work is to compare the simultaneous sorption of copper and lead ions from a binary aqueous solution in the presence and in the absence of ultrasound. The experiments under sonication were carried out by 20-kHz apparatus. Results indicated that the removal of copper and lead ions from a binary aqueous solution was greater in the presence of ultrasound than in control method. The removal of these ions was examined by varying experimental conditions such as the amount of sorbent, contact time, and temperature. In addition, the competitive sorption of ions was considered with different concentrations of each ion under the constant total concentration. The Langmuir isotherm model fits adequately the experimental data. In point of kinetics, the second-order kinetic model describes the sorption process for both ions. it was found that more than 90% of the lead and 60% of the copper ions was removed in less than 2 min from the solution under sonication. The thermodynamic parameters such as G, H, and S were determined for the sorption of Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ from the temperature dependence of the sorption process. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aqueous Solution, Aqueous-Solution, Binary Solution, Cadmium, Competitive, Competitive Sorption, Concentration, Contact, Control, Copper, Copper Ions, Cu²⁺, Data, Dependence, Desorption, Discarded Tire Rubber, Experimental, Experiments, Granular Activated Carbon, Heavy-Metals, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherm Model, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm Model, Lead, Mechanisms, Model, Pb²⁺, Phase-Transfer Catalysis, Presence, Process, Removal, Rights, Second Order, Second-Order, Simultaneous Sorption, Solution, Sonication, Sono-Sorption, Sorbent, Sorption, Sorption Process, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameter, Thermodynamic Parameters, Time, Ultrasound, Work

? Jha, V.K., Matsuda, M. and Miyake, M. (2008), Sorption properties of the activated carbon-zeolite composite prepared from coal fly ash for Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 160 (1), 148-153.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat160, 148.pdf

Abstract: Composite materials of activated carbon and zeolite have been prepared successfully by activating coal fly ash (CFA) by fusion with NaOH at 750C in N₂ followed by hydrothermal treatments under various conditions. Uptake experiments for Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ were performed with the materials thus obtained from CFA. Of the various composite materials, that were obtained by hydrothermal treatment with NaOH solution (ca. 4 M) at 80C (a composite of activated carbon and zeolite X/faujasite) proved to be the most suitable for the uptake of toxic metal ions. The relative selectivity of the present sorbents for the various ions was Pb²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Ni²⁺, with equilibrium uptake capacities of 2.65, 1.72, 1.44 and 1.20 mmol/g, respectively. The sorption isotherm was a good fit to the Langmuir isotherm and the sorption is thought to progress mainly by ion exchange with Na⁺. The overall reaction is pseudo-second order with rate constants of 0.14, 0.17, 0.21 and 0.20 L g/mmol min for the uptake of Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Ni²⁺, respectively.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Aqueous-Solution, Carbon, Cd²⁺, Coal, Coal Fly Ash, Composite, Composite Materials, Cu²⁺, Equilibrium, Experiments, Fly Ash, Fusion, Heavy-Metal Ions, Hydrothermal Treatment, Ion Exchange, Ion-Exchange, Ions, Isotherm, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Metal, Metal Ions, N₂, N₂, Na⁺, NaOH, Natural Zeolites, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, Physical Activation, Progress, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Rate Constants, Removal, Resource Recovery, Retention of Metals, Rights, Selectivity, Solution, Sorbents, Sorption, Sorption Isotherm, Toxic, Toxic Metal Ions, Treatment, Uptake, Waste Paper Sludge, Zeolite

? Chen, Y.N., Chai, L.Y. and Shu, Y.D. (2008), Study of arsenic(V) adsorption on bone char from aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 160 (1), 168-172.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat160, 168.pdf

Abstract: Arsenic is a toxic element and may be found in natural waters as well as in industrial waters. Leaching of arsenic from industrial wastewater into groundwater may cause significant contamination, which requires proper treatment before its use as drinking water. The present study described the removal of As(V) on bone char in batch studies conducted as a function of pH, dosage of adsorbent, and contact time. Kinetics revealed that uptake of As(V) ion by bone char was very rapid in the first 30 min and equilibrium time was independent of initial As(V) concentration. and the adsorption process followed a first-order kinetics equation. The arsenic removal was strongly dependent on pH and dosage of adsorbent. Fourier transform infrared spectra of bone char before and after As(V) adsorption demonstrated that Ca–OH functional group plays an important role for As(V) ions removal, and the mechanisms of the removal of As(V) on bone char was complex mechanism where both co-precipitation and ion exchange. The results suggested that bone char can be used effectively for the removal of As(V) ion from aqueous solution.

Keywords: Arsenic Removal, Adsorption Kinetics, Bone Char, Functional Group, Ion Exchange

? Wang, L. and Wang, A.Q. (2008), Adsorption properties of Congo Red from aqueous solution onto surfactant-modified montmorillonite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 160 (1), 173-180.

Full Text: 2008\J Haz Mat160, 173.pdf

Abstract: A series of surfactant-modified montmorillonites (MMT) were prepared using octyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTAB), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and stearyltrimethylammonium bromide (STAB), and the organification of MMT was proved by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrographic (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The adsorption of Congo Red (CR) anionic dye from aqueous solution onto surfactant-modified MMT was carried out. Compared with MMT, the adsorption capacity of surfactant-modified MMT for CR was greatly enhanced and MMT modified with CTAB (2.0 CEC) exhibited the higher adsorption capacity. The effects of pH value of the dye solution, adsorption temperature, adsorption time and the initial dye concentration on the adsorption capacity of CR on CTAB-MMT have been investigated. The results showed that the adsorption kinetic of CR on CTAB-MMT could be best described by the pseudo-second-order model and that the adsorption isotherm of CR was in good agreement with the Langmuir equation. The IR spectra and SEM analysis also revealed that the adsorption of CTAB-MMT was a chemical adsorption process between CTAB and the NH₂, -N=N- and SO₃ groups of CR. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Kinetic, Adsorption Process, Analysis, Aqueous Solution, Bromide, Capacity, CEC, Chemical, Clay-Minerals, Color Removal, Concentration, Congo Red, Cr, CTAB, Dye, Equilibrium, Fly-Ash, FTIR, Infrared, IR, Isotherm, Kinetic, Langmuir, Langmuir Equation, Model, Modified, Montmorillonite, Na⁺-Montmorillonite, Organic Pollutants, pH, pH Value, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Model, Rights, Sem, Solution, Sorption, Spectroscopy, Surfactant, TEM, Temperature, Transmission, Value, Waste-Water, X-Ray, X-Ray Diffraction, XRD

? Ghodbane, I. and Hamdaoui, O. (2008), Removal of mercury(II) from aqueous media using eucalyptus bark: Kinetic and equilibrium studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials,