Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 292.pdf

Abstract: In this study, cattail root was used to remove Congo Red (CR) from aqueous solution. The effects of operation variables, such as cattail root dosage, contact time, initial pH, ionic strength and temperature on the removal of CR were investigated using batch adsorption technique. Removal efficiency increased with increase of cattail root dosage and ionic strength, but decreased with increase of temperature. The equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir model (R² > 0.98) and the adsorption kinetic followed the pseudo-second-order equation (R² > 0.99). Thermodynamics parameters such as standard free energy change (ΔGº), standard enthalpy change (ΔHº), and standard entropy change (ΔSº) were analyzed. The values of ΔGº were between -7.871 and -4.702 kJ mol^-1, of ΔHº was -54.116 kJ mol^-1, and of ΔSº was -0.157 kJ mol^-1 K^-1, revealing that the removal of CR from aqueous solution by cattail root was a spontaneous and exothermic adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacities of CR on cattail root were 38.79, 34.59 and 30.61 mg g^-1 at 20, 30 and 40ºC, respectively. These results suggest that cattail root is a potential low-cost adsorbent for the dye removal from industrial wastewater. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacities, Adsorption Characteristics, Adsorption Kinetic, Aqueous Solution, Batch, Batch Adsorption, Bottom Ash, Cattail, Cattail Root, Congo Red, Constructed Wetlands, Cr, Data, De-Oiled Soya, Dye, Dye Removal, Efficiency, Energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, Equilibrium, Exothermic, Hazardous Dye, Industrial Wastewater, Ionic Strength, Kinetic, Langmuir, Langmuir Model, Low Cost, Low Cost Adsorbent, Low-Cost Adsorbent, Malachite Green, Methylene-Blue, Model, Operation, pH, Potential, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Equation, Removal, Rhodamine-B, Rights, Solution, Standard, Strength, Temperature, Thermodynamic Analysis, Thermodynamics, Thermodynamics Parameters, Waste-Water, Wastewater

? Jiang, X., Qi, Y.J., Wang, S.G. and Tian, X.Z. (2010), New amphoteric flocculant containing beta-cyclodextrin, synthesis, charaterization and decolorization properties. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 298-304.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 298.pdf

Abstract: To react with the cationic monomer, N-trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chloride (TMAEMC), a beta-CD derivative carrying vinyl carboxylic acid groups (beta-CD-MAH)was designed and synthesized via esterfying reaction between beta-CD and maleic anhydride (MAH). Whereafter, a water-soluble amphoteric flocculant, the copolymer of TMAEMC and beta-CD-MAH (beta-CD-MAH-TMAEMC) has been synthesized by means of free radical copolymerization using the ammonium persulfate (APS) and sodium bisulfite (SBS) redox system as the initiator. The copolymer structure was demonstrated by FT-IR, H-1 NMR, SEM characterizations. Its excellent flocculated decolorization properties were evaluated with Acid Light Yellow 2G solutions using a jar test method. With the mass ratio of 1/10 (w/w) between the flocculant and dye, and at pH 4 and 20 degrees C of the initial dye solution, the maximum color removal reached. The charge neutralization played a dominant role during the flocculated decolorization process, although the inclusion of dye molecules into the cavities of beta-CD well maintained in side chain of beta-CD-MAH-TMAEMC also contributed to the conglomerates and floccules. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Amphoteric, Aqueous-Solutions, Beta-Cd-Mah-Tmaemc, Cationic Flocculant, Chitosan, Chloride, Color, Color Removal, Decolorization, Dye, Dyes, Flocculant, FTIR, Molecules, NMR, pH, Removal, SEM, Sorption, Starch-Based Polymers, Synthesis, System, Waste-Water

? Kobya, M., Demirbas, E., Dedeli, A. and Sensoy, M.T. (2010), Treatment of rinse water from zinc phosphate coating by batch and continuous electrocoagulation processes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 326-334.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 326.pdf

Abstract: Treatment of spent final rinse water of zinc phosphating from an automotive assembly plant was investigated in an electrochemical cell equipped with aluminum or iron plate electrodes in a batch mode by electrocoagulation (EC). Effects of the process variables such as pH, current density, electrode material and operating time were explored with respect to phosphate and zinc removal efficiencies, electrical energy and electrode consumptions. The optimum operating conditions for removal of phosphate and zinc were current density of 60.0A/m(2), pH 5.0 and operating time of 25.0 min with Al electrode and current density of 60.0A/m(2), pH 3.0 and operating time of 15.0 min with Fe electrode, respectively. The highest phosphate and zinc removal efficiencies at optimum conditions were 97.7% and 97.8% for Fe electrode, and 99.8% and 96.7% for Al electrode. The electrode consumptions increased from 0.01 to 0.35 kg electrode/m(3) for Al electrode and from 0.20 to 0.62 kg electrode/m(3) for Fe electrode with increasing current density from 10.0 to 100.0 A/m(2). The energy consumptions were 0.18-11.29 kWh/m(3) for Al electrode and 0.24-8.47 kWh/m(3) for Fe electrode in the same current density range. Removal efficiencies of phosphate and zinc were found to decrease when flow rate was increased from 50 to 400mL/min in continuous mode of operation. The morphology and elements present in the sludge was also characterized by using SEM and EDX. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aluminum, Aluminum Electrode, Aqueous-Solutions, Batch, Batch Mode, Coagulation, Electrocoagulation, Iron Electrode, Iron Plate Electrodes, Operating Conditions, Operating Cost, pH, Phosphate Removal, Polishing Waste-Water, Removal, SEM, Settling Characteristics, Sludge, Wastewaters, Water, Zinc, Zinc Removal

? Wang, T.H., Liu, T.Y., Wu, D.C., Li, M.H., Chen, J.R. and Teng, S.P. (2010), Performance of phosphoric acid activated montmorillonite as buffer materials for radioactive waste repository. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 335-342.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 335.pdf

Abstract: In this study, the performance of phosphoric acid activated montmorillonite (PAmmt) was evaluated by cesium ions adsorption experiments. The PAmmt samples were obtained by activating with 1, 3 and 5 mol L-1 of phosphoric acid, respectively under reflux for 3, 12, and 24 h. Experimental results demonstrated that the treatment of raw K-10 montmorillonite with phosphoric acid increased the materials’ affinity for Cs uptake and no significant amount of suspension solids were produced. A relatively insignificant variation in the CEC value was observed. Furthermore, PAmmt also showed high adsorption selectivity toward Cs ions. The improved sorptive properties were mainly related to the increased surface area and the relatively higher surface charge density. Increased specific surface area was the resulted from partial decomposition of lamellar structure of mmt: while the higher surface charge density was caused by the protonation of octahedral Al-OH sites during the acid activation. Generally speaking, stronger acid concentration and longer activation times would produce relatively more decomposed PAmmt particles. However, as the activation exceeds 3 h, the precipitation of Si4+ would passivate PAmmt against further acid attacks. Based upon our results, acid activation by phosphoric acid could produce PAmmt samples with high sorption capacity and selectivity, and good structural integrity, which are beneficial to be used at radioactive waste repository. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid Activation, Adsorption, Aqueous-Solutions, Bentonite, Cesium, Clay, Cu(II), Kaolinite, Montmorillonite, Performance, Radioactive Waste Repository, Removal, Safety Assessment, Sorption, Suspensions, Treatment, Water

? Singh, N., Berns, A.E., Hennecke, D., Hoerner, J., Koerdel, W. and Schaeffer, A. (2010), Effect of soil organic matter chemistry on sorption of trinitrotoluene and 2,4-dinitrotoluene. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 343-348.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 343.pdf

Abstract: The sorption of organic contaminants in soil is mainly attributed to the soil organic matter (SOM) content. However, recent studies have highlighted the fact that it is not the total carbon content of the organic matter, but its chemical structure which have a profound effect on the sorption of organic contaminants. In the present study sorption of two nitroaromatic contaminants viz. trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) was studied in different SOM fractions viz. a commercial humic acid, commercial lignin and humic acid and humin extracted from a compost. C-13-DP/MAS NMR studies indicated that the structural composition of the organic carbon in different SOM fractions was different. The order of sorption of the nitroaromatics in the different sorbents was: humic acid-commercial > humic acid-compost > humin similar to lignin. Among the aliphatic and aromatic carbon fractions (representing bulk of SOM matrix), adsorption parameter K-f(1/n) for nitroaromatics sorption correlated well with the aliphatic carbon(r = 0.791 for TNT and 0.829 for 2,4-DNT) than the aromatic carbon (r = 0.634 for TNT and r = 0.616 for 2,4-DNT). However, among carbon containing functional groups, carbonyl carbon showed strong positive correlation with sorption of TNT (r = 0.991)and 2,4-DNT (r = 0.967) while O-alkyl carbon showed negative correlation (r = 0.832 for TNT and r =0.828 for 2,4-DNT). The study indicates that aliphatic domains in the SOM significantly affect the non-specific sorption of both the nitroaromatic contaminants. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, Adsorption, Aromaticity, Contaminants, Covalent Binding, Degradation, Humic Substances, Model, N-15 Nmr-Spectroscopy, Nmr, Nmr Spectroscopy, Organic Matter Chemistry, Phenanthrene, Soil, Sorption, TNT, Trinitrotoluene

? Mahmoud, M.E., Osman, M.M., Hafez, O.F. and Elmelegy, E. (2010), Removal and preconcentration of Lead(II), copper(II), Chromium(III) and iron(III) from wastewaters by surface developed alumina adsorbents with immobilized 1-nitroso-2-naphthol. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 349-357.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 349.pdf

Abstract: The potential removal and preconcentration of Lead(II), copper(II), Chromium(III) and iron(III) from wastewaters were investigated and explored. Three new alumina adsorbents of acidic, neutral and basic nature (I-III) were synthesized via physical adsorption and surface loading of 1-nitroso-2-naphthol as a possible chelating ion-exchanger. The modified alumina adsorbents are characterized by strong thermal stability as well as resistance to acidic medium leaching processes. High metal up-take was found providing this order: Cu(II)>Cr(III)>Pb(II) owing to the strong contribution of surface loaded 1-nitroso-2-naphthol. The outlined results from the distribution coefficient and separation factor evaluations (low metal ion concentration levels) were found to denote to a different selectivity order: Pb(II)>Cu(II)>Cr(III) due to the strong contribution of alumina matrix in the metal binding processes. The potential applications of alumina adsorbents for removal and preconcentration of Pb(II), Cu(II), Cr(III) from wastewaters as well as drinking tap water samples were successfully accomplished giving recovery values of (89-100 +/- 1-3%) and (93-99 +/- 3-4%), respectively without any noticeable interference of the wastewater or drinking tap water matrices. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 1-Nitroso-2-Naphthol, Adsorption, Alumina, Aqueous-Solution, Atomic-Absorption-Spectrometry, Chromium, Contribution, Copper, Cr(III), Cu(II), Emission-Spectrometry, Flow-Injection, Heavy Metals, Lead, Metal-Ions, Modified Activated Carbon, Pb(II), Preconcentration, Removal, Selective Extraction, Solid-Phase Extraction, Waste-Water, Wastewater, Water

? Liu, S.X., Sun, J. and Huang, Z.H. (2010), Carbon spheres/activated carbon composite materials with high Cr(VI) adsorption capacity prepared by a hydrothermal method. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 377-383.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 377.pdf

Abstract: Glucose and commercial activated carbon (AC) were used as starting materials to hydrothermally synthesize carbon spheres on the surface of AC, producing new carbon sphere-AC hybrid carbon materials. It was found that micrometer-sized carbon spheres, rich in oxygen-containing functional groups, can be effectively anchored to, and well-dispersed on, the surface and at the entrance to the macropores of AC. As the glucose concentration increased, the size and dispersion of carbon spheres changed, the porosity of the AC decreased, the number of oxygen-containing functional groups increased, and C-OH gradually became the dominant functional group. The carbon composites that were obtained exhibited a remarkably enhanced adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) per unit mass and per unit surface area. The highest adsorption capacity per unit mass achieved was 0.4834 mmol g(-1), about 4 times that of unmodified AC. The abundant surface oxygen-containing functional groups and relatively well-developed pore structure were the main causes of the high specific adsorption capacity of the carbon sphere/AC composites. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Aqueous-Solution, Carbon, Carbon Sphere, Cd(II), Composite, Cr(VI), Cr(VI) Adsorption, Glucose, Hydrothermal, Micro-Spheres, Pore, Pore Structure, Removal, Surface-Properties, Water

? Bhuiyan, M.A.H., Parvez, L., Islam, M.A., Dampare, S.B. and Suzuki, S. (2010), Heavy metal pollution of coal mine-affected agricultural soils in the northern part of Bangladesh. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 384-392.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 384.pdf

Abstract: Total concentrations of heavy metals in the soils of mine drainage and surrounding agricultural fields in the northern part of Bangladesh were determined to evaluate the level of contamination. The average concentrations of Ti, Mn, Zn, Pb, As, Fe, Rb, Sr, Nb and Zr exceeded the world normal averages and, in some cases, Mn, Zn, As and Pb exceeded the toxic limit of the respective metals. Soil pollution assessment was carried out using enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (I-geo.) and pollution load index (PLI). The soils show significant enrichment with Ti, Mn, Zn, Pb, As, Fe, Sr and Nb, indicating inputs from mining activities. The I-geo values have revealed that Mn (1.24 +/- 0.38), Zn (1.49 +/- 0.58) and Pb (1.63 +/- 0.38) are significantly accumulated in the study area. The PLIs derived from contamination factors indicate that the distal part of the coal mine-affected area is the most polluted (PLI of 4.02). Multivariate statistical analyses, principal component and cluster analyses, suggest that Mn, Zn, Pb and Ti are derived from anthropogenic sources, particularly coal mining activities, and the extreme proximal and distal parts are heavily contaminated with maximum heavy metals. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Bangladesh, China, Contamination, Drainage, Enrichment, Geoaccumulation, Geochemistry, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metals, Lead, Mine Drainage, Pb, Pollution, Pollution Load Index, Principal Component, Sediments, Soil, Soil Pollution, Soils, Spain, Trace-Elements

? He, H., Yang, S.G., Yu, K., Ju, Y.M., Sun, C. and Wang, L.H. (2010), Microwave induced catalytic degradation of crystal violet in nano-nickel dioxide suspensions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 393-400.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 393.pdf

Abstract: Nickel oxide catalyst was obtained by precipitation-oxidation method with the assistance of microwave irradiation. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, surface area and porosity analyzer. On the basis of the results, the as-prepared product was nano-NiO2 with OH group and active oxygen. The catalytic activity of the as-prepared product might be attributed to its microwave absorbing property and the role of active oxygen, OH group under microwave irradiation. The microwave induced catalytic degradation process (MICD) with as-prepared product was further applied to degrade triphenylmethane dye crystal violet (CV). 97% of a 100 mg L-1 sample of CV was rapidly degraded in 5 min with the corresponding 81% TOC removal. The main intermediates were separated and identified by LC-ESI-MS and GC-MS techniques. The LC-ESI-MS analytical results demonstrated that a series of N-de-methylation products were obtained in a stepwise manner, namely mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexa-de-methylated CV species. Nine organic acids with benzene ring and four low molecular acids were yielded with the assistance of GC-MS. The proposed degradation pathways were discussed in this study. The degradation processes might include N-de-methylation, destruction of conjugated structure and opening-benzene ring. MICD, as a potential technique with wide application perspective. can be used to purify triphenylmethane dye wastewater with nanosized nickel dioxide. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbons, Adsorption, Aqueous Suspensions, Benzene, Crystal Violet, Degradation, Degradation Mechanism, Dye, Fourier Transform Infrared, Infrared, Irradiation, Mechanism, Microwave Induced Catalytic Degradation, Nickel, Nickel Dioxide, Oxidation, Oxide, Photocatalytic Degradation, Removal, TOC, Waste-Water, Wastewater, X-Ray, X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

? Serna, D.D., Moore, J.L. and Rayson, G.D. (2010), Site-specific Eu(III) binding affinities to a Datura innoxia biosorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 409-414.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 409.pdf

Abstract: The binding of Eu(III) to a biosorbent derived from cultured cells of the plant Datura innoxia, have been investigated through elucidation of apparent affinity constants associated with different chemical environments present on the cell wall. Adsorption isotherms for separate types of binding sites were generated using metal ion luminescence measurements. Application of regularized regression analysis to these isotherm data for four chemically distinguishable sites revealed the presence of sites exhibiting both low (mean log K-app = -0.3 to 0.6) and higher (mean log K-app = 3.2-3.5) apparent affinities for pH conditions of 2.0, 4.0, and 5.0. Low affinity sites were observed for all pH conditions and attributed to non-specific binding of the metal ions to the negatively charged biomaterial. The pH-dependent higher affinity sites are ascribed to specific sites involving either an ion-exchange mechanism or formation of weak surface-metal ion complexes. These results differed significantly from a similar analysis of total metal binding isotherms that indicated mean log K-app values of -0.5 to 0.25 (low affinity) and 5.6-6.0 (high affinity). (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Algae, Analysis, Binding Affinities, Biomaterial, Biosorption, Biosorption, Competition, Datura Innoxia, Distributions, Equilibria, Ion Exchange, Isotherm, Isotherms, Metal Ion Binding, Metal Ion-Exchange, Metal Ions, pH, Spectroscopy

? Liu, J.S., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y.P. and Shao, G.Q. (2010), Novel negatively charged hybrids. 3. Removal of Pb²⁺ from aqueous solution using zwitterionic hybrid polymers as adsorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 438-444.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 438.pdf

Abstract: Using zwitterionic hybrid polymers as adsorbent, the adsorption kinetics and isotherm, thermodynamic parameters of Delta G, Delta H and Delta S for the removal of Pb(2+) from aqueous solution were investigated. It is indicated that the adsorption of Pb(2+) ions on these zwitterionic hybrid polymers followed the Lagergren second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model, demonstrating that the adsorption process might be Langmuir monolayer adsorption. The negative values of Delta G and the positive values of Delta H evidence that Pb(2+) adsorption on these zwitterionic hybrid polymers is spontaneous and endothermic process in nature. Moreover, the zwitterionic hybrid polymers produced reveal relatively higher desorption efficiency in 2 mol dm(-3) aqueous HNO(3) Solution, indicating that they can be recycled in industrial processes. These findings suggest that these zwitterionic hybrid polymers are the promising adsorbents for Pb(2+) removal and can be potentially applied in the separation and recovery of Pb(2+) ions from the waste chemicals and contaminated water of lead-acid rechargeable battery. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption, Adsorption Kinetics, Chemicals, Desorption, Freundlich Isotherm, Gel, Heavy Metal, Heavy-Metal Ions, Ions, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetics, Membranes, Model, Pb²⁺ Removal, Recovery, Removal, Sorption, Thermodynamic Parameters, Zirconium-Phosphate, Zwitterionic Hybrid Polymers

? Hoai, N.T., Yoo, D.K. and Kim, D. (2010), Batch and column separation characteristics of copper-imprinted porous polymer micro-beads synthesized by a direct imprinting method. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 462-467.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 462.pdf

Abstract: Copper(II) ion-imprinted porous polymethacrylate micro-particles were prepared. Two functional monomers, methacrylic acid and vinyl pyridine, formed a complex with the template copper ion through ionic interactions. The self-assembled copper/monomer complex was polymerized in the presence of an ethylene glycol dimethacrylate cross-linker by a suspension method. After the imprinting sites were provided through removal of the template, the micro-porous particles, of approximate size 200 mu m, were obtained for batch and column separation applications. The chemical structure and morphology of the Cu(II)-imprinted micro-porous particles were analyzed using FTIR, SEM, and BET. The adsorption capacity and adsorption kinetics of the imprinted beads for the template Cu(II) ion were significantly affected by particle size, copper ion concentration, pH, and flow rate of the feed solution. The imprinted particles showed high selectivity for the copper ion over other metal ions such as Ni and Zn. The selectivity of the present imprinted polymers for the copper ion was at least 10 times as high as those from commercial sources. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Kinetics, Batch, Beads, Complex, Copper, Cu(II), FTIR, Heavy Metal Ion, Imprinted Polymer, Ions, Kinetics, Metal Ions, Metal, Monomer Complex, Particles, pH, Polymers, Pyridine, Recognition, Removal, Resins, Selective Separation, Selective Separation, SEM, Sensors

? Çoruh, S. and Ergun, O.N. (2010), Use of fly ash, phosphogypsum and red mud as a liner material for the disposal of hazardous zinc leach residue waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 468-473.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat173, 468.pdf

Abstract: Increasing amounts of residues and waste materials coming from industrial activities in different processes have become an increasingly urgent problem for the future. The release of large quantities of heavy metals into the environment has resulted in a number of environmental problems. The present study investigated the safe disposal of the zinc leach residue waste using industrial residues such as fly ash, phosphogypsum and red mud. In the study, leachability of heavy metals from the zinc leach residue has been evaluated by mine water leaching procedure (MWLP) and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). Zinc removal from leachate was studied using fly ash, phosphogypsum and red mud. The adsorption capacities and adsorption efficiencies were determined. The adsorption rate data was analyzed according to the pseudo-second-order kinetic, Elovich kinetic and intra-particle diffusion kinetic models. The pseudo-second-order kinetic was the best fit kinetic model for the experimental data. The results show that addition of fly ash, phosphogypsum and red mud to the zinc leach residue drastically reduces the heavy metal content in the leachate and could be used as liner materials. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacities, Adsorption Kinetics, Adsorption Rate, Adsorption-Kinetics, Aqueous-Solution, Clinoptilolite, Copper, Data, Diffusion, Disposal, Elovich, Environment, Environmental, Environmental Problems, Experimental, Fly Ash, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metals, Heavy-Metals, Intra-Particle Diffusion, Intraparticle Diffusion, Ions Removal, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetic Models, Landfill, Leachability, Leachate, Leaching, Lime, Metal, Metal Leachability, Metals, Model, Models, Phosphogypsum, Portland-Cement, Procedure, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Red Mud, Release, Removal, Rights, Solid-Wastes, TCLP, Toxicity, Waste, Waste Materials, Water, Zeolite, Zinc, Zinc Leach Residue

? Ahmad, A.A. and Hameed, B.H. (2010), Effect of preparation conditions of activated carbon from bamboo waste for real textile wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials,