Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 287.pdf

Abstract: Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) is a powerful treatment developed to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Efficient removal of Cd²⁺/Zn²⁺ from wastewater was performed by MEUF using a polysulfone hollow ultrafiltration membrane, with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the surfactant. The adsorption of surfactant micelles and Cd²⁺/Zn²⁺ in MEUF was studied by changing the surfactant dosage and the Cd²⁺/Zn²⁺ concentration in the feed. In addition, kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and thermodynamic rules were analyzed, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was conducted. It was found that when the Cd²⁺/Zn²⁺ feed concentration was 50 mg/L, and the SDS dosage reached 2.15 g/L, the concentration of heavy metal ions in the permeate stabilized at around 1-4 mg/L. and the adsorption of Cd²⁺/Zn²⁺ on SDS micelles followed second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm laws. Adsorption is a spontaneous endothermic process in which the adsorption force is principally the attraction of opposite electrical charges. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Anionic-Nonionic Surfactants, Aqueous-Solution, Binding, Cadmium Ions, Cd²⁺, Chromate, Extraction, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metal Ions, Heavy Metals, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Metal Ions, Metals, Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration, Removal, Separation, Surfactant, Surfactant Micelle, Thermodynamic, Treatment, Ultrafiltration, Waste-Water, Wastewater, X-Ray, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, XPS, Zn²⁺

? Bartzas, G. and Komnitsas, K. (2010), Solid phase studies and geochemical modelling of low-cost permeable reactive barriers. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 301-308.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 301.pdf

Abstract: A continuous column experiment was carried out under dynamic flow conditions in order to study the efficiency of low-cost permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) to remove several inorganic contaminants from acidic solutions. A 50:50 w/w waste iron/sand mixture was used as candidate reactive media in order to activate precipitation and promote sorption and reduction-oxidation mechanisms. Solid phase studies of the exhausted reactive products after column shutdown, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirmed that the principal Fe corrosion products identified in the reactive zone are amorphous iron (hydr)oxides (maghemite/magnetite and goethite), intermediate products (sulfate green rust), and amorphous metal sulfides such as amFeS and/or mackinawite. Geochemical modelling of the metal removal processes, including interactions between reactive media, heavy metal ions and sulfates, and interpretation of the ionic profiles was also carried out by using the speciation/mass transfer computer code PHREEQC-2 and the WATEQ4F database. Mineralogical characterization studies as well as geochemical modelling calculations also indicate that the effect of sulfate and silica sand on the efficiency of the reactive zone should be considered carefully during design and operation of low-cost field PRBs. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid Mine Drainage, Acid-Mine Drainage, Batch Experiments, Corrosion, Corrosion Products, Fourier Transform Infrared, Geochemical Modelling, Goethite, Granular Iron, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metal Ions, Infrared, Laboratory Evaluation, Metal Ions, Metal Removal, Modelling, Performance, Permeable Reactive Barrier, Remediation, Removal, Sem, Silica, Sorption, Sulfate Reduction, X-Ray Diffraction, XRD, Zero-Valent Iron, Zero-Valent Iron

? Wang, C.J., Li, Z.H., Jiang, W.T., Jean, J.S. and Liu, C.C. (2010), Cation exchange interaction between antibiotic ciprofloxacin and montmorillonite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 309-314.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 309.pdf

Abstract: Exploring the interactions between antibiotics and soils/minerals is of great importance in resolving their fate, transport, and elimination in the environment due to their frequent detection in wastewater, river water, sewage sludge and soils. This study focused on determining the adsorption properties and mechanisms of interaction between antibiotic ciprofloxacin and montmorillonite (SAz-1), a swelling dioctahedral mineral with Ca2+ as the main interlayer cation. In acidic and neutral aqueous solutions, a stoichiometric exchange between ciprofloxacin and interlayer cations yielded an adsorption capacity as high as 330 mg/g, corresponding to 1.0 mmol/g. When solution pH was above its pK(d2) (8.7), adsorption of ciprofloxacin was greatly reduced due to the net repulsion between the negatively charged clay surfaces and the ciprolloxacin anion. The uptake of ciprofloxacin expanded the basal spacing (d(001)) of montmorillonite from 15.04 to 17.23 A near its adsorption capacity, confirming cation exchange within the interlayers in addition to surface adsorption. Fourier transform infrared results further suggested that the protonated amine group of ciprofloxacin in its cationic form was electrostatically attracted to negatively charged sites of clay surfaces, and that the carboxylic acid group was hydrogen bonded to the basal oxygen atoms of the silicate layers. The results indicate that montmorillonite is an effective sorbent to remove ciprofloxacin from water. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Antibiotics, Aqueous Solutions, Base-Line, Cation Exchange, Ciprofloxacin, Clay, Environmental Exposure, Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Agents, Fourier Transform Infrared, Infrared, Minerals, Montmorillonite, pH, Sewage Sludge, Society Source Clays, Soil, Soils, Solid-Phase Extraction, Sorbent, Sorption, Surfaces, Waste-Water, Wastewater, Water

? Pan, J.J. and Guan, B.H. (2010), Adsorption of nitrobenzene from aqueous solution on activated sludge modified by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 341-346.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 341.pdf

Abstract: A novel method was conducted to modify activated sludge with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CB) to obtain an adsorbent to remove aqueous nitrobenzene. The adsorption characteristics of nitrobenzene onto modified activated sludge (MAS) were investigated, by contrast with those of unmodified activated sludge (UMAS). Nitrobenzene adsorption onto MAS is more favorable than that of UMAS at initial nitrobenzene concentrations below 150 mg/L, above which they have an equivalent adsorption capacity. pH value has a significant influence on the adsorption capacity, especially from 10.0 to 12.6 for MAS and from 9.0 to 11.0 for UMAS. The modification changes the steady even surface of activated sludge into uneven one, which is better for adsorption. The hydroxyl of activated sludge and hydrophobic group of CB adsorb nitrobenzene molecules, and CB increases the adsorption sites. The nitrobenzene adsorption onto MAS follows Langmuir isotherm, implying the adsorption occurrence tends to be on a homogeneous surface by monolayer adsorption other than multi-layer adsorption which accounts for the adsorption onto UMAS. The maximum adsorption capacity of MAS is 40.6, 25.0 and 25.6 mg/g at 6.0,25.0 and 40.0 degrees C, respectively. MAS presents to be a good adsorbent to remove nitrobenzene from water, and CB is a successful modifier. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Sludge, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Biomass, Biosorption, Carbons, Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide, Isotherm, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Modification, Molecules, Nitrobenzene, Ozonation, pH, Removal, Sorption, Substances, Thermodynamics, Water

? Wang, H.L., Dong, J. and Jiang, W.F. (2010), Study on the treatment of 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (DNBP) wastewater by ClO₂ in the presence of aluminum oxide as catalyst. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 347-352.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 347.pdf

Abstract: The chlorine dioxide (ClO2) oxidative degradation of 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (DNBP) in aqueous solution was studied in detail using Al2O3 as a heterogeneous catalyst. The operating parameters such as the ClO2 concentration, catalyst dosage, initial DNBP concentration, reaction time and pH were evaluated. Compared with the conventional ClO2 oxidation process without the catalyst, the ClO2 catalytic oxidation system could significantly enhance the degradation efficiency. Under the optimal condition (DNBP concentration 39 mg L^-1, ClO2 concentration 0.355g L^-1, reaction time 60 min, catalyst dosage 10.7 g L^-1 and pH 4.66), degradation efficiency approached 99.1%. The catalyst was used at least 8 cycles without any appreciable loss of activity. The kinetic studies revealed that the ClO2 catalytic oxidation degradation of DNBP followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to DNBP concentration. The ClO2 catalytic oxidation process was found to be very effective in the decolorization and CODCr reduction of real wastewater from DNBP manufacturing. Thus, this study showed potential application of ClO2 catalytic oxidation process in degradation of organic contaminants and industrial effluents. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 2,4-Dinitrophenol, 2-Sec-Butyl-4,6-Dinitrophenol, Adsorption, Aluminum Oxide, Aqueous-Solution, Catalytic Oxidation, Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorine Dioxide, Degradation, Distribution-Systems, Industrial Effluents, Kinetic, Kinetics, Nitrophenols, Operating Parameters, Oxidation, pH, Photo-Fenton, System, Technology, Treatment, Wastewater, Wastewater Treatment

? Cooper, A.M., Hristovski, K.D., Moller, T., Westerhoff, P. and Sylvester, P. (2010), The effect of carbon type on arsenic and trichloroethylene removal capabilities of iron (hydr)oxide nanoparticle-impregnated granulated activated carbons. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 381-388.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 381.pdf

Abstract: This study investigates the impact of the type of virgin granular activated carbon (GAC) media used to synthesize iron (hydr)oxide nanoparticle-impregnated granular activated carbon (Fe-GAC) on its properties and its ability to remove arsenate and organic trichloroethylene (TCE) from water. Two Fe-GAC media were synthesized via a permanganate/ferrous ion synthesis method using bituminous and lignite-based virgin GAC. Data obtained from an array of characterization techniques (pore size distribution, surface charge. etc.) in correlation with batch equilibrium tests, and continuous flow modeling suggested that GAC type and pore size distribution control the iron (nanoparticle) contents, Fe-GAC synthesis mechanisms, and contaminant removal performances. Pore surface diffusion model calculations predicted that lignite Fe-GAC could remove similar to 6.3 Lg(-1) dry media and similar to 4 Lg(-1) dry media of water contaminated with 30 mu g L-1 TCE and arsenic, respectively. In contrast, the bituminous Fe-GAC could remove only similar to 0.2 L/g dry media for TCE and similar to 2.8 L/g dry media for As of the same contaminated water. The results show that arsenic removal capability is increased while TCE removal is decreased as a result of Fe nanoparticle impregnation. This tradeoff is related to several factors, of which changes in surface properties and pore size distributions appeared to be the most dominant. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption, Arsenate, Arsenic, Batch, Diffusion, Equilibrium, Ferrihydrite, GAC, Iron (Hydr)Oxide, Modeling, Nanoparticle, Oxides, Pore, Removal, Synthesis, TCE, Trichloroethylene, Water, Water Treatment

? Bekaroglu, S.S.K., Yigit, N.O., Karanfil, T. and Kitis, M. (2010), The adsorptive removal of disinfection by-product precursors in a high-SUVA water using iron oxide-coated pumice and volcanic slag particles. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 389-394.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 389.pdf

Abstract: The main objective of this work was to study the effectiveness of iron oxide-coated pumice and volcanic slag particles in removing disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors from a raw drinking water source with high specific UV absorbance (SUVA(254)) value. Iron oxide coating of particles significantly increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) uptakes and decreased DBP formation after chlorination compared to uncoated particles. pH values close to neutral levels during adsorption and chlorination provided DOC, trihalomethane and haloacetic acid reductions around 60-75% employing 6 g/L coated particle dosage. Higher degree of DOC and DBP reductions (>85%) were obtained with increasing particle dose. The uptake of bromide by iron oxide surfaces was negligible and increasing bromide concentrations (up to 550 mu g/L) did not negatively impact the DOC uptake. However, due to competition between natural organic matter (NOM) and bicarbonate for the iron oxide surfaces, increasing bicarbonate alkalinity levels reduced DOC uptakes. Overall, the results indicated that the iron oxide-coated pumice/slag particles are effective adsorbents to remove NOM and control DBP formation in waters with relatively high DOC and SUVA(254) levels. However, they may not be effective for waters with alkalinity levels above 250 mg CaCO₃/L. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Chlorination, Desorption, Disinfection By-Products, DOC, Drinking Water, Filtration, Fractionation, Goethite, Humic-Acid, Ions, Iron, Iron Oxide, Mechanisms, Natural Organic Matter, Natural Organic-Matter, pH, Pumice, Removal, Sand, Surfaces, Water

? Li, Z.Z., Katsumi, T., Imaizumi, S., Tang, X.W. and Inui, T. (2010), Cd(II) adsorption on various adsorbents obtained from charred biomaterials. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 410-420.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 410.pdf

Abstract: Cadmium could cause severe toxicant impact to living beings and is especially mobile in the environment. Biomass is abundant and effective to adsorb heavy metals, but is easy to be decomposed biologically which affects the reliability of long-run application. Several biomasses were charred with and without additives at temperatures less than 200 degrees C in this study. The prepared adsorbents were further testified to remove Cd(II) from aqueous solution. Equilibrium and kinetic studies were performed in batch conditions. The effect of several experimental parameters on the cadmium adsorption kinetics namely: contact time, initial cadmium concentration, sorbent dose, initial pH of solution and ionic strength was evaluated. Kinetic study confirmed (1) the rapid adsorption of Cd(II) on GC within 10 min and (2) the following gradual intraparticle diffusion inwards the sorbent at neutral pH and outwards at strong acidic solution. The grass char (GC) was selected for further test according to its high adsorption capacity (115.8 mg g(-1)) and affinity (Langmuir type isotherm). The Cd(II) removal efficiency was increased with increasing solution pH while the highest achieved at sorbent dosage 10.0gL(-1). The ionic strength affects the sorption of Cd(II) on GC to a limited extent whereas calcium resulted in larger competition to the sorption sites than potassium. Spectroscopic investigation revealed the adsorption mechanisms between Cd(II) and surface functional groups involving amine, carboxyl and iron oxide. The long-term stability of the pyrolyzed grass char and the potential application in engineering practices were discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Kinetics, Adsorption Mechanisms, Application, Aqueous Solution, Aqueous-Solution, Batch, Behavior, Biomass, Biomaterials, Cadmium, Cadmium, Cadmium Adsorption, Calcium, Capacity, Cd(II), Cd(II) Removal, Char, Charred Biomaterials, Chinese Loess, Competition, Competitive Sorption, Concentration, Diffusion, Efficiency, Engineering, Environment, Equilibrium, Experimental, Functional Groups, Gasification, Heavy Metals, Impact, Intraparticle Diffusion, Investigation, Ionic Strength, Iron, Iron Oxide, Iron-Oxide, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetic Studies, Kinetic Study, Kinetics, Langmuir, Living, Long Term, Long-Term, Mechanism, Mechanisms, Metals, Mobile, Modeling, NOV, Organic-Matter, Oxide, pH, Potassium, Potential, Practices, Pyrolysis, Reliability, Removal, Removal Efficiency, Rights, Soils, Solution, Sorbent, Sorbent Dose, Sorption, Stability, Strength, Surface, Surface Functional Groups

? Ertaş, M., Acemioğlu, B., Alma, M.H. and Usta, M. (2010), Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using cotton stalk, cotton waste and cotton dust. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 421-427.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 421.pdf

Abstract: In this study, cotton stalk (CS), cotton waste (CW) and cotton dust (CD) was used as sorbents to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution by batch sorption technique. Effects of initial dye concentration, solution pH, solution temperature and sorbent dose on sorption were studied. It was seen that the removal of methylene blue increased with increasing initial dye concentration (from 25 to 100 mg/l), solution pH (from 5 to 10), solution temperature (from 20 to 50ºC) and sorbent dose (from 0.25 to 1.50 g/50 ml). The maximum dye removal was reached at 90 min. Sorption isotherms were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models at different temperatures of 20, 30, 40 and 50ºC, and the results were discussed in detail. Moreover, the thermodynamics of sorption were also studied. It was found that the values of standard free energy (ΔGº) were positive for cotton stalk and negative for cotton waste and cotton dust. The values of standard enthalpy (ΔHº) and entropy (ΔSº) were found to be positive, and the obtained results were interpreted in detail. The results of this study showed that cotton stalk, cotton waste and cotton dust could be employed as effective and low-cost materials for the removal of dyes from aqueous solution. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Aqueous Solution, Aspergillus-Wentii, Basic Dye, Batch, Cd, Color Removal, Concentration, Cotton Stalk, Cotton Wastes, Dust, Dye, Dye Removal, Dyes, Energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, Freundlich, Industry Waste, Isotherms, Langmuir, Low Cost, Low-Cost Adsorbent, Low-Cost Materials, Mb, Methylene Blue, Models, NOV, pH, Pine Bark Wastes, Removal, Removal of Dyes, Rights, Solution, Sorbent, Sorbent Dose, Sorbents, Sorption, Sorption Isotherm, Sorption Isotherms, Sorption Thermodynamics, Standard, Temperature, Thermodynamics, Waste, Water

? Northcott, K.A., Bacus, J., Taya, N., Komatsu, Y., Perera, J.M. and Stevens, G.W. (2010), Synthesis and characterization of hydrophobic zeolite for the treatment of hydrocarbon contaminated ground water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 434-440.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 434.pdf

Abstract: Hydrophobic zeolite was synthesized, modified and characterized for its suitability as a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) material for treatment of hydrocarbons in groundwater. Batch sorption tests were performed along with a number of standard characterization techniques. High and low ionic strength and pH tests were also conducted to determine their impact on hydrocarbon uptake. Further ion exchange tests were conducted to determine the potential for the zeolite to act as both a hydrocarbon capture material and nutrient a delivery system for bioremediation. The zeolite was coated with octadecyltrichlorosilane (C18) to change its surface properties. The results of the surface characterization tests showed that the underlying zeolite structure was largely unaffected by the coating. TGA measurements showed a reactive carbon content of 1-2%. Hydrocarbon (o-xylene and naphthalene) sorption isotherms results compared well with the behaviour of similar materials investigated by other researchers. Ionic strength and pH had little effect on hydrocarbon sorption and the treated zeolite had an ion exchange capacity of 0.3 mequiv./g, indicating it could be utilised as a nutrient source in PRBs. Recycle tests indicated that the zeolite could be used cleaned and reused at least three times without significant reduction in treatment effectiveness. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Bioremediation, Granular Activated Carbon, Hexadecyltrimethylammonium, Hydrocarbon Sorption, Hydrophobic Zeolite, Ion Exchange, Isotherms, Molecular-Sieves, Naphthalene, Natural Zeolites, Permeable Reactive Barriers, Permeable Reactive Barriers, pH, Remediation, Researchers, Sorption, Sorption Isotherms, Surfactant-Modified Zeolite, System, Treatment, Volatile Organic-Compounds, Water, Zeolite

? Chen, N., Zhang, Z.Y., Feng, C.P., Li, M.A., Zhu, D.R., Chen, R.Z. and Sugiura, N. (2010), An excellent fluoride sorption behavior of ceramic adsorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 460-465.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 460.pdf

Abstract: A new material, ceramic adsorbent, has been developed and undertaken to evaluate the feasibility for fluoride removal from aqueous environment. Batch experiments were performed to study the influence of various experimental parameters such as contact time (0-48 h). initial fluoride concentration (20-100 mg/L), pH (2-12) and the presence of competing anions on the adsorption of fluoride on ceramic adsorbent. The experimental data revealed that both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models fitted well with the fluoride sorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of ceramic adsorbent for fluoride removal was 2.16 mg/g. The optimum fluoride removal was observed between pH ranges of 4.0-11.0. The sorption process was well explained with pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The fluoride adsorption was decreased in the presence of phosphate followed by carbonate and sulfate. Results from this study demonstrated potential utility of ceramic adsorbent that could be developed into a viable technology for fluoride removal from aqueous environment. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Anions, Aqueous-Solution, Behavior, Capacity, Carbonate, Ceramic Adsorbent, Concentration, Data, Defluoridation, Dialysis, Environment, Equilibrium, Exchange, Experimental, Experiments, Feasibility, Fluoride, Fluoride Adsorption, Fluoride Removal, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetic Modeling, Langmuir, Model, Models, NOV, pH, Phosphate, Potential, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetic Model, Red Mud, Removal, Rights, Sorption, Sorption Isotherms, Sorption Process, Sulfate, Technology, Utility, Wastewaters, Water

? Li, S.D., Tian, S.H., Feng, Y.F., Lei, J.J., Wang, P.P. and Xiong, Y. (2010), A comparative investigation on absorption performances of three expanded graphite-based complex materials for toluene. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 506-511.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 506.pdf

Abstract: Three kinds of expanded graphite-based complex materials were prepared to absorb toluene by dispersing plant oil, animal oil and mineral oil on the surface of expanded graphite, respectively. These complex materials were characterized by scanning electronic micrograph. contact angle meter and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area. And their absorption capacities for toluene were comparatively investigated. The results showed that the surfaces of the three types of sorbents were very hydrophobic and nonporous, but they all had excellent absorption capacities for toluene. And their absorption capacities were proportional to the toluene concentration in streams and decreased differently with increasing the absorption temperature. It was noteworthy that the absorption capacities varied with the unsaturated degree of the complex materials and kept unchanged under different relative humidities of streams. Moreover, the regeneration experiments showed that after 15-run regeneration the absorption capacities of expanded graphite modified by mineral oil almost kept unchanged, while that of expanded graphite loaded plant oil and animal oil dropped by 157 and 93.6 mgg(-1), respectively. The losses of their absorption capacities were ascribed to the destruction of their unsaturated carbon bounds. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Absorption, Activated Carbons, Complex, Complex Material, Dynamic Adsorption, Exfoliated Graphite, Gas-Stream, Heavy Oil, Membrane-Based Absorption, Pore-Size, Regeneration, SBA-15 Materials, Sorption Capacity, Surfaces, Toluene, Unsaturated Degree, VOCS, Volatile Organic-Compounds

? Na, C.K. and Park, H.J. (2010), Defluoridation from aqueous solution by lanthanum hydroxide. Journal of Hazardous Materials,