Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2006\J Env Man81, 265.pdf

Abstract: The sorption and desorption of cadmium and zinc on zeolite 4A, zeolite 13X and bentonite has been studied using batch sorption studies. Parameters such as equilibrium time, effect of pH and sorbent dose were studied. The sorbents exhibited good sorption potential for cadmium and zinc with a peak value at pH 6.0 and 6.5, respectively. The sorption followed the Freundlich sorption model. More than 70% sorption occurred within 20 min and equilibrium was attained at around 90 min for the three sorbents. The metals sorption by zeolite 4A was higher than that by zeolite 13X and bentonite. The desorption studies were carried out using NaCl solution and the effect of NaCl concentration on desorption was also studied. Maximum desorption of 76% for cadmium and 80% for zinc occurred with 10% NaCl. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Cadmium, Zinc, Sorption, Zeolites, Bentonite, Metal Removal, Adsorption, Water, Lead, Tuff

? Ozmihci, S. and Kargi, F. (2006), Utilization of powdered waste sludge (PWS) for removal of textile dyestuffs from wastewater by adsorption. Journal of Environmental Management, 81 (3), 307-314.

Full Text: 2006\J Env Man81, 307.pdf

Abstract: Acid pre-treated powdered waste sludge (PWS) was used for removal of textile dyestuffs from aqueous medium by adsorption as an alternative to the use of powdered activated carbon (PAC). The rate and extent of dysetuff removals were determined for four different dyestuffs at different PWS concentrations varying between I and 6 g l^-1. Biosorbed dyestuff concentrations at equilibrium decreased with increasing PWS concentration for all dyestuffs tested. PWS was more effective for adsorption of Remazol red RR and Chrisofonia direct yellow 12 as compared to the other dyestuffs tested. More than 80% percent dyestuff removal was obtained for all dyestuffs at PWS concentrations above 4 g l^-1 after 6 h of incubation. Similar to percent dyestuff removal, the rate of adsorption was maximum at a PWS concentration of 4 g l^-1. Kinetics of adsorption of dyestuffs was investigated by using the first- and second-order kinetic models and the kinetic constants were determined. Second-order kinetics was found to fit the experimental data better than the first-order model for all dyestuffs tested. Adsorption isotherms were established for all dyestuffs used and the isotherm constants were determined by using the experimental data. Langmuir and the generalized adsorption isotherms were found to be more suitable than the Freundlich isotherm for correlation of equilibrium adsorption data. Acid pre-treated PWS was proven to be an effective adsorbent for dyestuff removal as compared to the other adsorbents reported in literature studies. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Isotherms, Kinetics, Powdered Waste Sludge (PWS), Textile Dyestuffs, Activated-Sludge, Basic-Dyes, Carbon, Bioaccumulation, Biomass, Systems, Color, Reuse, Red

? Huang, J.H., Wang, X.G., Jin, Q.Z., Liu, Y.F. and Wang, Y. (2007), Removal of phenol from aqueous solution by adsorption onto OTMAC-modified attapulgite. Journal of Environmental Management, 84 (2), 229-236.

Full Text: 2007\J Env Man84, 229.pdf

Abstract: The potential of octodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (OTMAC)-modified attapulgite (AT) for phenol adsorption from aqueous solutions was studied. The comparison of natural AT and modified AT showed that it is possible to utilize the sonication-modified OTMAC-AT in the treatment of phenol-contaminated wastewaters. Batch sorption studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of contact time, shaking frequency, temperature and the amount of AT. The results showed that in a lab-scale reactor, at room temperature, with an amount of the modified AT added (2.5 g), and a shaking frequency of 140 rev/min, the adsorption rate of phenol could be 60.4% for a duration of 60 min. The sorption kinetics were described by a pseudo-second-order model, and the values of k and q(e) were 1.367 mg/ig min and 0.7901 ig/mg, respectively. The analysis of equilibrium data showed that the Freundlich isotherms were found to be applicable for the adsorption equilibrium data. K and 1/n were estimated to be 14.53 and 0.8438, respectively. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Equilibrium, Adsorption Equilibrium Data, Adsorption Rate, Ammonium, Analysis, Aqueous Solution, Aqueous Solutions, Attapulgite, Chloride, Clays, Comparison, Contact Time, Degradation, Desorption, Equilibrium, Equilibrium Data, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherms, Iodine Adsorption, Isotherms, Kinetics, Model, Modified, Natural, Octodecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride, Phenol, Phenol Adsorption, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Model, Rate, Reactor, Room Temperature, Solutions, Sonicate, Sorption, Sorption Kinetics, Sorption Studies, Temperature, Treatment, Wastewaters, Water

? Mane, V.S., Mall, I.D. and Srivastava, V.C. (2007), Kinetic and equilibrium isotherm studies for the adsorptive removal of Brilliant Green dye from aqueous solution by rice husk ash. Journal of Environmental Management, 84 (4), 390-400.

Full Text: 2007\J Env Man84, 390.pdf

Abstract: The present study deals with the adsorption of Brilliant Green (BG) on rice husk ash (RHA). RHA is a solid waste obtained from the particulate collection equipment attached to the flue gas lines of rice husk fired boilers. Batch studies were performed to evaluate the influences of various experimental parameters like initial pH (pH(0)). contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration (CO) on the removal of BG. Optimum conditions for BG removal were found to be pH(0) approximate to 3.0, adsorbent dose approximate to 6 g L^-1 of solution and equilibrium time approximate to 5 h for the C-0 range of 50-300 mg L^-1. Adsorption of BG followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Intra-particle diffusion does not seem to control the BG removal process. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of BG on RHA were analyzed by Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson (R-P), Dubnin-Radushkevich (D-R), and Temkin isotherm models using a non-linear regression technique. Langmuir and R- P isotherms were found to best represent the data for BG adsorption onto RHA. Adsorption of BG on RHA is favourably influenced by an increase in the temperature of the operation. Values of the change in entropy (Delta S-0) and heat of adsorption (Delta H-0) for BG adsorption on RHA were positive. The high negative value of change in Gibbs free energy (Delta G(0)) indicates the feasible and spontaneous adsorption of BG on RHA. (C) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Keywords: Acid Dyes, Activated Carbon, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Kinetics, Alumina, Aqueous Solution, Ash, Bagasse-Fly-Ash, Basic Dye, Chitosan, Co, Concentration, Congo Red, Contact Time, Control, Diffusion, Dye, Dye Removal, Energy, Entropy, Equilibrium, Equilibrium Isotherm, Equilibrium Time, Error Analyses, Experimental, Flue Gas, Free Energy, Freundlich, Gas, Gibbs Free Energy, Heat of Adsorption, Hull Ash, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, Isotherms, Kinetics, Langmuir, Models, Non-Linear, Non-Linear Regression, Nonlinear, Nonlinear Regression, Operation, P, Parameters, Particulate, pH, Process, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo Second Order Kinetics, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics, Range, Redlich-Peterson, Regression, Removal, Removal Process, Rice, Rice Husk, Rice Husk Ash, Solid Waste, Sorption, Spontaneous, Temkin Isotherm, Temperature, Thermodynamics, Time, Value, Waste

? Sadhasivam, S., Savitha, S. and Swaminathan, K. (2007), Exploitation of Trichoderma harzianum mycelial waste for the removal of rhodamine 6G from aqueous solution. Journal of Environmental Management, 85 (1), 155-161.

Full Text: 2007\J Env Man85, 155.pdf

Abstract: The harvested mycelial waste of Trichoderma harzianum was used as an adsorbent for the removal of rhodamine 6G and was studied in batch mode. The effects of agitation time and initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and pH were examined. The study revealed that the amount of dye adsorbed (mgg^-1) increased with increase in agitation time and reached equilibrium after 120 min, for dye concentrations of 10-50 mg L^-1. The adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g/50 mL and pH of 8.0 were found to be optimum for maximum dye removal. The batch mode adsorption data followed both the Langinuir and Freundlich isotherms. The pseudo first- and second-order rate kinetics were applied to the adsorbent system. The adsorption kinetics of rhodamine 6G showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the best correlation of the equilibrium data. The study implies that it is possible to develop a dye removal system by using T harzianum biomass, which occurs as sludge in waste stream of fermentation industries. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorbent Dosage, Adsorption, Adsorption Kinetics, Agitation, Aqueous Solution, Aspergillus-Niger, Batch, Batch Mode, Biomass, Biosorption, Blue, Color Removal, Concentration, Concentrations, Correlation, Desorption Studies, Dosage, Dye, Dye Removal, Dyes, Effects, Effluents, Equilibrium, Equilibrium Data, Fermentation, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherms, Fungal Biomass, Industries, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetics, Model, pH, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo Second Order Kinetic, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetic Model, Rate, Rate Kinetics, Removal, Rhodamine 6G, Second Order, Sludge, Stream, Time, Trichoderma Harzianum, Waste, Water

? Jain, R., Mathur, M., Sikarwar, S. and Mittal, A. (2007), Removal of the hazardous dye rhodamine B through photocatalytic and adsorption treatments. Journal of Environmental Management, 85 (4), 956-964.

Full Text: 2007\J Env Man85, 956.pdf

Abstract: This paper reports on photocatalytic and adsorptive treatment of a hazardous xanthene dye, Rohdamine B, in wastewater. The photocatalytic degradation was carried out in the presence of the catalyst TiO₂ and the effects of pH, concentration of the dye, amount of TiO₂, temperature and electron acceptor H₂O₂ on the degradation process were observed. It was found that photocatalytic degradation by TiO₂ is an effective, economical and faster mode of removing Rohdamine B from aqueous solutions. Attempts were also made to utilize activated carbon and rice husk as potential adsorbents to remove Rhodamine B from wastewater. The adsorption studies were carried out at 40, 50 and 60°C. and the effects of pH, temperature, amount of adsorbents, concentration of adsorbate, etc., on the adsorption were measured. On the basis of adsorption data the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were also confirmed. The adsorption isotherm constants thus obtained were employed to calculate thermodynamic parameters like Gibb’s free eneray, change in enthalpy and entropy. In order to observe the quality of wastewater COD measurements were also carried out before and after the treatments. A significant decrease in the COD values was observed, which clearly indicates that both photocatalytic and adsorption methods offer good potential to remove Rhodamine B from industrial effluents. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Activated Carbons Rhodamine B, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Isotherm Models, Aqueous Solutions, Aqueous-Solutions, Bottom Ash, Carbon, Catalyst, COD, Column Operations, Concentration, Constants, De-Oiled-Soya, Dec, Degradation, Dye, Effective, Effects, Effects of pH, Effluents, Electron Acceptor, Enthalpy, Entropy, Equilibrium Uptake, Freundlich, Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm, H₂O₂, Hazardous Dye, Industrial, Industrial Effluents, Industrial-Wastes, Isotherm, Isotherm Constants, Isotherm Models, Langmuir, Liquid-Phase Adsorption, Made, Malachite Green, Measurements, Methods, Models, Order, Paper, Parameters, pH, Photocatalytic, Photocatalytic Degradation, Potential, Process, Quality, Removing, Rhodamine, Rhodamine B, Rhodamine-B, Rice, Rice Husk, Solutions, Sorption Dynamics, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, TiO₂, Treatment, Wastewater, Xanthene Dye

? Xu, H., Yang, L., Wang, P., Liu, Y. and Peng, M. (2008), Kinetic research on the sorption of aqueous lead by synthetic carbonate hydroxyapatite. Journal of Environmental Management, 86 (1), 319-328.

Full Text: 2008\J Env Man86, 319.pdf

Abstract: The sorption of aqueous lead on carbonate-hydroxyapatite (CHAp) is a complicated lion-homogeneous solid/water reaction, which from the kinetic point of view has two stages. In the first stage, the reaction rate is so fast and the kinetic pathway so intricate that further research is required. In the second stage, the reaction rate slows down and the reaction process follows that of a first-order kinetic equation. Experimental results show that the relationship between the reaction rate constant k(1) and temperature T agrees with the Arrhenius equation, and that the activation energy of sorption (E-a) is 11.93 kJ/mol and the frequency factor (A) is 2.51/s. The reaction rate constant k(1) increases with the Pb²⁺ initial concentration and decreasing pH, but with increasing CHAp dosage. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion spectrum (SEM-EDS) and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests indicate that the main sorption mechanism is dissolution-precipitation, in conjunction with surface sorption. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Carbonate-Hydroxyapatite, Lead Ion, Sorption Kinetics, Mechanism, TCLP Tests, Heavy-Metal Ions, Inorganic Cation Exchangers, Contaminated Soil, Mineral Apatite, Methylene-Blue, In-Vitro, Adsorption, Immobilization, Removal, Pb

? Aydın, H., Buluta, Y. and Yerlikaya, Ç. (2008), Removal of copper(II) from aqueous solution by adsorption onto low-cost adsorbents. Journal of Environmental Management, 87 (1), 37-45.

Full Text: 2008\J Env Man87, 37.pdf

Abstract: The use of low-cost adsorbents was investigated as a replacement for current costly methods of removing metals from aqueous solution. Removal of copper(II) from aqueous solution by different adsorbents such as shells of lentil (LS), wheat (WS), and rice (RS) was investigated. The equilibrium adsorption level was determined as a function of the solution pH, temperature, contact time, initial adsorbate concentration and adsorbent doses. Adsorption isotherms of Cu(II) on adsorbents were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum adsorption capacities for Cu(II) on LS, WS and RS adsorbents at 293, 313 and 333 K temperature were found to be 8.977, 9.510, and 9.588; 7.391, 16.077, and 17.422; 1.854, 2.314, and 2.954 mg g^-1, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (Delta G(0)), enthalpy (Delta H-0) and entropy changes (Delta S-0) for the adsorption of Cu(II) were computed to predict the nature of adsorption process. The kinetics and the factors controlling the adsorption process were also studied. Locally available adsorbents were found to be low-cost and promising for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Modeling, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Heavy Metals, Adsorption of Copper(II), Heavy-Metal Ions, Waste-Water, Activated Carbons, Modified Barks, Sawdust, Sorption, Cadmium, Pb(II), Mechanism, Recovery

? Sen Gupta, S. and Bhattacharyya, K.G. (2008), Immobilization of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions on kaolinite and montmorillonite surfaces from aqueous medium. Journal of Environmental Management, 87 (1), 46-58.

Full Text: 2008\J Env Man87, 46.pdf

Abstract: The present study investigates the immobilization of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) on clays (kaolinite and montmorillonite) in aqueous medium through the process of adsorption under a set of variables (concentration of metal ion, amount of clay, pH, time and temperature of interaction). Increasing pH favours the removal of metal ions till they are precipitated as the insoluble hydroxides. The uptake is rapid with maximum adsorption being observed within 180 min for Pb(II) and Ni(II) and 240 min for Cd(II). A number of available models like the Lagergren pseudo first-order kinetics, second-order kinetics, Elovich equation, liquid film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion are utilized to evaluate the kinetics and the mechanism of the immobilization interactions. Two isotherm equations due to Langmuir and Freundlich showed good fits with the experimental data. Kaolinite and montmorillonite have considerable Langmuir monolayer capacity with respect to Pb(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II), the values being in the range of 6.8-11.5 mg/g (kaolinite) and 21.1-31.1 mg/g (montmorillonite). The Freundlich adsorption capacity follows a similar order. The thermodynamics of the immobilization process indicates the same to be exothermic with Pb(II) and Ni(II), but endothermic with Cd(II). The interactions with Pb(II) and Ni(II) are accompanied by decrease in entropy and Gibbs energy while the endothermic immobilization of U(B) is supported by an increase in entropy and an appreciable decrease in Gibbs energy. The results have established good potentiality for kaolinite and montmorillonite to remove heavy metals like Pb(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous medium through adsorption-mediated immobilization. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Capacity, Cd(II), Clay, Diffusion, Entropy, Experimental, Heavy Metals, Immobilization, Interaction, Intra-Particle Diffusion, Isotherm, Kaolinite, Kinetics, Langmuir, Mechanism, Metal, Metal Ions, Metals, Models, Monolayer, Montmorillonite, Pb(II), pH, Pseudo First-Order, Removal, Rights, Temperature, Thermodynamics

? Lin, J.X., Zhan, S.L., Fang, M.H., Qian, X.Q. and Yang, H. (2008), Adsorption of basic dye from aqueous solution onto fly ash. Journal of Environmental Management, 87 (1), 193-200.

Full Text: 2008\J Env Man87, 193.pdf

Abstract: The fly ash treated by H₂SO₄ was used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of a typical dye, methylene blue, from aqueous solution. An increase in the specific surface area and dye-adsorption capacity was observed after the acid treatment. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics of the treated fly ash were studied. The experimental results were fitted using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It shows that the Freundlich isotherm is better in describing the adsorption process. Two kinetic models, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order, were employed to analyze the kinetic data. It was found that the pseudo-second-order model is the better choice to describe the adsorption behavior. The thermodynamic study reveals that the enthalpy (Delta H-0) value is positive (5.63 kJ/mol), suggesting an endothermic nature of the adsorption. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Behavior, Adsorption Isotherm, Aqueous Solution, Basic Dye, Behavior, Capacity, Dye, Experimental, Fly Ash, Freundlich Isotherm, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Models, Kinetics, Langmuir, Methylene Blue, Model, Models, Pseudo-Second Order, Removal, Rights, Solution, Treatment

? Çetin, D., Dönmez, S. and Dönmez, G. (2008), The treatment of textile wastewater including chromium(VI) and reactive dye by sulfate-reducing bacterial enrichment. Journal of Environmental Management, 88 (1), 76-82.

Full Text: 2008\J Env Man88, 76.pdf

Abstract: Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) that could grow on modified Postgate C medium (PC) containing chromium(VI) were isolated from industrial wastewaters and their chromium(VI) reduction capacities were investigated as a function of changes in the initial pH values, chromium, sulfate, NaCl and reactive dye concentrations. The optimum pH value at 50 mg l^-1 initial chromium(VI) concentration was determined to be 8. Chromium(VI) reduction by SRB was investigated at 22.7-98.4 mg l^-1 initial chromium(VI) concentrations. At the end of the experiments, the mixed cultures of SRB were found to reduce within 2-6 days more than 99% of the initial chromium(VI) levels, which ranged from 22.7 to 74.9 mg l^-1. The effects of the initial 0-9.0g l^-1 concentrations of disodium sulfate and 0-6% (w/v) concentrations of NaCl to chromium reduction showed that the lowest concentrations of sulfate and NaCl were the best for chromium reduction in the PC medium including 50 mg l^-1 chromium(VI). Chromium(VI) reduction in 50 mg l^-1 and 25-100 mg l^-1 Remazol Blue, Reactive Black B or Reactive Red RB containing media were also investigated. In the experiments, 25-30% of the initial dye concentrations and 95% of the chromium(VI) was removed from the medium at the end of 72-h and 24-h incubation periods, respectively. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Bacteria, Bioaccumulation, Biosorption, Chromate, Chromium, Chromium(VI), Color, Dye, Effluents, Elsevier, Kinetics, Metals, PC, pH, Reactive Dye, Reduction, Reduction, Removal, SRB, Sulfate, Textile Wastewater, Treatment, Wastewater, Wastewaters

? Gonga, R.M., Zhong, K.D., Hu, Y., Chen, J. and Zhu, G.P. (2008), Thermochemical esterifying citric acid onto lignocellulose for enhancing Methylene blue sorption capacity of rice straw. Journal of Environmental Management, 88 (1), 875-880.

Full Text: 2008\J Env Man88, 875.pdf

Abstract: In this paper, rice straw was esterified thermochemically with citric acid (CA) to produce potentially biodegradable cationic sorbent. The modified rice straw (MRS) and crude rice straw (CRS) were evaluated for their methylene blue (MB) removal capacity from aqueous solution. The effects Of Various experimental parameters (e.g., initial pH, sorbent dose, dye concentration, ion strength, and contact time) were examined. The ratio of MB sorbed on CRS increased as the initial pH was increased from pH 2 to 10. For MRS, the M 13 removal ratio came up to the maximum Value beyond pH 3. The 1.5 g/l or up of MRS Could almost completely remove the dye from 250 mg/l of MP solution. The ratio of MB sorbed kept above 98% over a range from 50 to 450 mg/l of MB concentration when 2.0 g/l Of MRS Was used. increase in ion strength of solution induced decline of M B sorption. The isothermal data fitted the Langmuir model. The sorption processes followed the pseudo-first-order rate kinetics. The intraparticle diffusion rate constant (k(id)) was greatly increased due to modification. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Sorption, Methylene Blue, Thermochemical Esterification, Citric Acid, Rice Straw, Aqueous-Solutions, Wheat-Straw, Metal-Ions, Dye Adsorption, Beech Sawdust, Leaf Powder, Peanut Hull, Removal, Biosorption, Epichlorohydrin

? Lin, S.H. and Juang, R.S. (2009), Adsorption of phenol and its derivatives from water using synthetic resins and low-cost natural adsorbents: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 90 (3), 1336-1349.

Full Text: 2009\J Env Man90, 1336.pdf

Abstract: In this article, the technical feasibility of the use of activated carbon, synthetic resins, and various low-cost natural adsorbents for the removal of phenol and its derivatives from contaminated water has been reviewed. Instead of using commercial activated carbon and synthetic resins, researchers have worked on inexpensive materials such as coal fly ash, sludge, biomass, zeolites, and other adsorbents, which have high adsorption capacity and are locally available. The comparison of their removal performance with that of activated carbon and synthetic resins is presented in this study. From our survey of about 100 papers, low-cost adsorbents have demonstrated outstanding removal capabilities for phenol and its derivatives compared to activated carbons. Adsorbents that stand out for high adsorption capacities are coal-reject, residual coal treated with H3PO4, dried activated sludge, red mud, and cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide-modified montmorillonite. Of these synthetic resins, HiSiv 1000 and IRA-420 display high adsorption capacity of phenol and XAD-4 has good adsorption capability for 2-nitrophenol. These polymeric adsorbents are suitable for industrial effluents containing phenol and its derivatives as mentioned previously. It should be noted that the adsorption capacities of the adsorbents presented here vary significantly depending on the characteristics of the individual adsorbent, the extent of chemical modifications, and the concentrations of solutes. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorbent, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Aqueous-Solutions, Bagasse Fly-Ash, Biomass, Breakthrough Curves, Capacity, Carbon, Carbons, Chlorinated Phenols, Commercial Activated Carbon, Comparison, Dye-Affinity Microbeads, Effluents, Fly Ash, H3PO4, Industrial, Industrial Effluents, Low Cost Adsorbents, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Low-Cost Natural Adsorbents, Montmorillonite, Natural Adsorbents, Nonionic Organic-Compounds, Performance, Phenol, Phenol And Its Derivatives, Polymeric Adsorbents, Red Mud, Removal, Researchers, Review, Surface-Chemistry, Survey, Synthetic Resins, Tetrachloromethane Sorption, Waste-Water, Wastewater Treatment, Water, Zeolites

? Hashimoto, Y., Taki, T. and Sato, T. (2009), Sorption of dissolved lead from shooting range soils using hydroxyapatite amendments synthesized from industrial byproducts as affected by varying pH conditions. Journal of Environmental Management,