Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 201.pdf

Abstract: It is suggested that h-indices themselves may form the basis of a series of h-indices at successively higher levels of aggregation. The concept of successive h-indices may usefully contribute to develop a coherent frame for multi-level assessments.

Keywords: Aggregation, Assessments, Concept, Levels

? Leydesdorff, L. and Meyer, M. (2007), The scientometrics of a Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations (Introduction to the topical issue). Scientometrics, 70 (2), 207-222.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 207.pdf

Abstract: We distinguish between an internal differentiation of science and technology that focuses on instrumentalities and an external differentiation in terms of the relations of the knowledge production process to other social domains, notably governance and industry. The external contexts bring into play indicators and statistical techniques other than publications, patents, and citations. Using regression analysis, for example, one can examine the importance of knowledge and knowledge spill-over for economic development. The relations can be expected to vary among nations and regions. The field-specificity of changes is emphasized as a major driver of the research agenda. In a knowledge-based economy, institutional arrangements can be considered as support structures for cognitive developments.

Keywords: Analysis, Base, Changes, Citations, Development, Economic Development, Indicators, Innovation, Knowledge, Nations, Patents, Publications, Regression Analysis, Relations, Research, Research Agenda, Science, Science and Technology, Scientometrics, Systems, Techniques, Technology, Topical

? Wong, P.K. and Ho, Y.P. (2007), Knowledge sources of innovation in a small open economy: The case of Singapore. Scientometrics, 70 (2), 223-249.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 223.pdf

Abstract: By tracing the flows of patent citation to prior patents and scientific journal articles, we investigate the sources of knowledge for innovation output in Singapore, a small, highly open economy that has traditionally been significantly dependent on foreign multinational corporations (MNCs). We found that the local production of new knowledge by indigenous Singaporean firms depends disproportionately on technological knowledge produced by MNCs with operational presence in Singapore and scientific knowledge generated by foreign universities. Locally produced new knowledge by indigenous firms and local universities/ public research institutes constitutes an as yet insignificant, albeit growing, source for innovation in Singapore.

? Azagra-Caro, J.M., Archontakis, F. and Yegros-Yegros, A. (2007), In which regions do universities patent and publish more? Scientometrics, 70 (2), 251-266.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 251.pdf

Abstract: The main objective of this contribution is to test whether university patents share common determinants with university publications at regional level. We build some university production functions with 1,519 patents and 180,239 publications for the 17 Spanish autonomous regions (NUTS-2) in a time span of 14 years (1988-2001). We use econometric models to estimate their determinants. Our results suggest that there is little scope for regional policy to compensate the production of patents vs. publications through different university or joint research institutional settings. On the contrary, while patents are more reactive to expenditure on R&D, publications are more responsive to the number of researchers, so the sustained promotion of both will make it compatible for regions their joint production. However, standing out in the generation of both outputs requires costly investment in various inputs.

Keywords: Economics, Growth, Innovation, Inputs, Models, Policy, Production, Regional, Research, Research Productivity, Science, Systems, Technology-Transfer, United-States

? Glänzel, W. and Schlemmer, B. (2007), National research profiles in a changing Europe (1983-2003) - An exploratory study of sectoral characteristics in the Triple Helix. Scientometrics, 70 (2), 267-275.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 267.pdf

Abstract: Eight Eastern European countries joined the European Union in 2004. In this paper, bibliometric methods are used to analyse if the integration of these countries into the EU was accompanied by corresponding changes in their sectoral research profiles. In addition, the authors discuss changes in the national profiles of three accession countries and three EU15 member states during the last two decades. The results confirm that a process of European homogenisation and convergence is taking place, but also show that this process is slow and that member countries have maintained their individual peculiarities and preferences during this evolution.

Keywords: Bibliometric, Bibliometric Methods, Characteristics, EU, Europe, European Union, Evolution, Integration, Methods, Paper, Process, Profiles, Research

? Bhattacharya, S. and Arora, P. (2007), Industrial linkages in Indian universities: What they reveal and what they imply? Scientometrics, 70 (2), 277-300.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 277.pdf

Abstract: The study investigated industrial interactions in science and ‘applied science’ departments of seven universities in India. Motivating factors and constraints perceived by university departments and the role of the government in initiating and sustaining interactions were examined. Different types of interactions with industry were exhibited in the seven selected universities. Some specific initiatives like creation of special centers to facilitate interaction with industry were observed in the majority of the selected universities. Personal contact was indicated as the major motivator in the initiation of linkages. The government had taken some important initiatives to strengthen the university-industry link. The study points to the need of developing further linkages so that they can lead to successful and mutually beneficial outcomes for both university and industry.

Keywords: Creation, India, Industrial, Interaction, Interactions, Lead, Science, Spillovers

? Belkhodja, O. and Landry, R. (2007), ‘The Triple-Helix collaboration: Why do researchers collaborate with industry and the government? What are the factors that influence the perceived barriers?’. Scientometrics, 70 (2), 301-332.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 301.pdf

Abstract: This paper addresses four questions: What is the extent of the collaboration between the natural sciences and engineering researchers in Canadian universities and government agencies and industry? What are the determinants of this collaboration? Which factors explain the barriers to collaboration between the university, industry and government? Are there similarities and differences between the factors that explain collaboration and the barriers to collaboration? Based on a survey of 1554 researchers funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the results of the multivariate regressions indicate that various factors explain the decision of whether or not to collaborate with industry and the government. The results also differed according to the studied fields. Overall, the results show that the variables that relate to the researcher’s strategic positioning, to the set- up of strategic networks, to the costs related to the production of the transferred knowledge and transactions explain in large part the researcher’s collaboration. The results of the linear regression pointed to various factors that affect collaboration with researchers: research budget, university localization, radicalness of research, degree of risk-taking culture and researcher’s publications. Finally, the last part of the paper presents the results, and what they imply for future research and theory building.

Keywords: Barriers, Budget, Building, Canada, Costs, Culture, Knowledge, Multivariate, Natural, Paper, Production, Research, Risk-Taking, Science, Scientific Co-Authorship, Survey, University

? Baldini, N., Grimaldi, R. and Sobrero, M. (2007), To patent or not to patent? A survey of Italian inventors on motivations, incentives, and obstacles to university patenting. Scientometrics, 70 (2), 333-354.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 333.pdf

Abstract: This paper reports results from a survey of 208 Italian faculty members, inventors of university-owned patents, on their motivation to get involved in university patenting activities, the obstacles that they faced, and their suggestions to foster the commercialization of academic knowledge through patents. Findings show that respondents get involved in patenting activities to enhance their prestige and reputation, and look for new stimuli for their research, personal earnings do not represent a main incentive. University-level patent regulations reduce the obstacles perceived by inventors, as far as they signal universities’ commitment to legitimate patenting activities. Implications for innovation policies are discussed.

Keywords: Academic Knowledge, Bayh-Dole Act, Biotechnology, Commercialization, Commitment, Entrepreneurial, Incentives, Intellectual Property, Knowledge, Motivation, Paper, Public Research, Research, Research-And-Development, Science, Survey, Technology-Transfer

? Moutinho, P.S.F., Fontes, M. and Godinho, M.M. (2007), Do individual factors matter? A survey of scientists’ patenting in Portuguese public research organisations. Scientometrics, 70 (2), 355-377.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 355.pdf

Abstract: This paper addresses scientists’ behaviour regarding the patenting of knowledge produced in universities and other public sector research organisations (PSROs). Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in patenting and licensing activities by PSROs. We argue that the whole process depends to a certain extent on scientists’ willingness to disclose their inventions. Given this assumption, we conduct research into individual behaviour in order to understand scientists’ views concerning the patenting of their research results. Data from a questionnaire survey of Portuguese researchers from nine PSROs in life sciences and biotechnology is presented and analysed and complemented with in-depth interviews. The results reveal that overall the scientists surveyed show a low propensity to become involved in patenting and licensing activities, despite the fact that the majority had no ‘ethical’ objections to the disclosure of their inventions and the commercial exploitation of these. Perceptions about the impacts of these activities on certain fundamental aspects of knowledge production and dissemination are however divergent. This may account for the low participation levels. Furthermore, most scientists perceived the personal benefits deriving from this type of activity to be low. Similarly, the majority also believed that there are many difficulties associated with the patenting process and that they receive limited support from their organisations, which lack the proper competences and structures to assist with patenting and licensing.

Keywords: Academia, Activity, Biotechnology, Economics, Growth, Impacts, Knowledge, Levels, Life, Matter, Paper, Participation, Performance, Production, Questionnaire, Questionnaire Survey, Research, Science, Survey, Systems, Technology, Universities

? Cassiman, B., Glenisson, P. and Van Looy, B. (2007), Measuring industry-science links through inventor-author relations: A profiling methodology. Scientometrics, 70 (2), 379-391.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 379.pdf

Abstract: In this pilot study we examine the performance of text-based profiling in recovering a set of validated inventor-author links. In a first step we match patents and publications solely based on their similarity in content. Next, we compare inventor and author names on the highest ranked matches for the occurrence of name matches. Finally, we compare these candidate matches with the names listed in a validated set of inventor-author names. Our text-based profile methodology performs significantly better than a random matching of patents and publications, suggesting that text-based profiling is a valuable complementary tool to the name searches used in previous studies.

Keywords: Matching, Methodology, Performance, Profile

? Iversen, E.J., Gulbrandsen, M. and Klitkou, A. (2007), A baseline for the impact of academic patenting legislation in Norway. Scientometrics, 70 (2), 393-414.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 393.pdf

Abstract: As the commercialization of academic research has risen as a target area in many countries, the need for better empirical data collection to evaluate policy changes on this front has increasingly been recognized. This need is exemplified in the Norwegian case where legislative changes went into effect in 2003 expressly to encourage greater commercialization through patenting research results. This policy ambition faces the problem that no record of the patenting activity of academic researchers is available before 2003 when the country’s ‘professor’s privilege’ was phased out. This article addresses the fundamental difficulty of how to empirically test the effect of such policy aims. It develops a methodology which can be used to reliably baseline changes in the extent and focus of academic patents. The purpose is to describe the empirical approach and results, while also providing insight into the changes in Norwegian policy on this front and their context.

Keywords: Activity, Data Collection, Entrepreneurial, Evolution, Front, Impact, Industry, Inventors, Methodology, Norway, Performance, Policy, Research, Science, Technology, Triple-Helix, University

? Meyer, M.S. and Tang, P. (2007), Exploring the ‘value’ of academic patents: IP management practices in UK universities and their implications for Third-Stream indicators. Scientometrics, 70 (2), 415-440.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 415.pdf

Abstract: Third-Stream activities have become increasingly important in the UK. However, valuing them in a meaningful way still poses a challenge to science and technology analysts and policy makers alike. This paper reviews the general literature on ‘patent value’ and assesses the extent to which these established measures, including patent citation, patent family, renewal and litigation data, can be applied to the university context. Our study examines indicators of patent value for short and mid-term evaluation purposes, rather than indicators that suffer from long time lags. We also explore the extent to which differences in IP management practices at universities may have an impact on the validity and robustness of possible indicators. Our observations from four UK universities indicate that there are considerable differences between universities as to how they approach the IP management process, which in turn has implications for valuing patents and how they track activity in this area. In their current form, data as collected by universities are not sufficiently robust to serve as the basis for evaluation or resource allocation.

Keywords: Activity, Evaluation, Family, Impact, Indicators, Innovation, Litigation, Management, Management Practices, Paper, Policy, Resource Allocation, Reviews, Robustness, Science, Semiconductor Industry, Systems, Technology, UK, Validity

? Van Looy, B., Magerman, T. and Debackere, K. (2007), Developing technology in the vicinity of science: An examination of the relationship between science intensity (of patents) and technological productivity within the field of biotechnology. Scientometrics, 70 (2), 441-458.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 441.pdf

Abstract: In this paper we investigate-at a country level-the relationship between the science intensity of patents and technological productivity, taking into account differences in terms of scientific productivity. The number of non patent references in patents is considered as an approximation of the science intensity of technology whereas a country’s technological and scientific performance is measured in terms of productivity (i.e., number of patents and publications per capita). We use USPTO patent-data pertaining to biotechnology for 20 countries covering the time period 1992-1999. Our findings reveal mutual positive relationships between scientific and technological productivity for the respective countries involved. At the same time technological productivity is associated positively with the science intensity of patents. These results are confirmed when introducing time effects. These observations corroborate the construct validity of science intensity as a distinctive indicator and suggest its usefulness for assessing science and technology dynamics.

Keywords: Alliances, Citation Analysis, Dynamics, Effects, Exploration, Indicator, Indicators, Industry-Government Relations, Innovation, Linkage, Paper, Performance, Productivity, Public Science, References, Science, Triple-Helix, Validity

? Ramlogan, R., Mina, A., Tampubolon, G. and Metcalfe, J.S. (2007), Networks of knowledge: The distributed nature of medical innovation. Scientometrics, 70 (2), 459-489.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 459.pdf

Abstract: Innovation in medicine is a complex process that unfolds unevenly in time and space. It is characterised by radical uncertainty and emerges from innovation systems that can hardly be comprehended within geographical, technological or institutional boundaries. These systems are instead highly distributed across countries, competences and organisations. This paper explores the nature, rate and direction of the growth and transformation of medical knowledge in two specific areas of research, interventional cardiology and glaucoma. We analyse two large datasets of bibliometric information extracted from ISI and adopt an empirical network approach to try to uncover the fine structure of the relevant micro-innovation systems and the mechanisms through which these evolve along trajectories of change shaped by the search for solutions to interdependent problems.

Keywords: Bibliometric, Biotechnology, Cardiology, Collaboration, Complex, Connectivity, Fine Structure, Glaucoma, Growth, Information, Innovation, ISI, Knowledge, Mechanisms, Medical, Medicine, Paper, Process, Radical, Rate, Research, Solutions, Structure, Trajectories, Transformation, Uncertainty

? Klitkou, A., Nygaard, S. and Meyer, M. (2007), Tracking techno-science networks: A case study of fuel cells and related hydrogen technology R&D in Norway. Scientometrics, 70 (2), 491-518.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 491.pdf

Abstract: This study explores boundary-crossing networks in fuel-cell science and technology. We use the case of Norwegian fuel cell and related hydrogen research to explore techno-science networks. Standard bibliometric and patent indicators are presented. Then we explore different types of network maps-maps based on co-authorship, co-patenting and co-activity data. Different network configurations occur for each type of map. Actors reach different levels of prominence in the different maps, but most of them are active both in science and technology. This illustrates that to appreciate fully the range of science-technology interplay, all three analyses need to be taken into account.

Keywords: Bibliometric, Case Study, Cells, Co-Authorship, Co-Authorships, Fuel Cell, Fuel Cells, Hydrogen, Indicators, Industry-Government Relations, Interface, Knowledge, Levels, Networks, Norway, Patents, Patterns, Range, Research, Research Collaboration, Science, Science and Technology, Triple-Helix, University

? Kretschmer, H., Kretschmer, U. and Kretschmer, T. (2007), Reflection of co-authorship networks in the Web: Web hyperlinks versus Web visibility rates. Scientometrics, 70 (2), 519-540.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 519.pdf

Abstract: methods used in webometrics and scientometrics or informetrics are evident from the literature. Are there also similarities between scientometric and Web indicators of collaboration for possible use in technology policy making? Usually, the bibliometric method used to study collaboration is the investigation of co-authorships. In this paper, Web hyperlinks and Web visibility indicators are examined to establish their usefulness as indicators of collaboration and to explore whether similarities exist between Web-based structures and bibliographic structures. Three empirical studies of collaboration between institutions and individual scientists show that hyperlink structures at the Web don’t reflect collaboration structures collected by bibliographic data. However Web visibility indicators of collaboration are different from hyperlinks and can be successfully used as Web indicators of collaboration.

Keywords: Bibliometric, Co-Authorship, Co-Authorship Networks, Collaboration, Communication, Hyperlinks, Indicators, Informetrics, Institutions, International Scientific Collaboration, Investigation, Methods, Networks, Paper, Patterns, Policy, Policy Making, Policy-Making, Science, Scientometrics, Technology Policy, Visibility, Webometrics

? Pouris, A. (2007), Nanoscale research in South Africa: A mapping exercise based on scientometrics. Scientometrics, 70 (3), 541-553.

Full Text: S2007\Scientometrics70, 541.pdf

Abstract: This article reports the findings of a scientometric analysis of nanoscale research in South Africa during the period 2000-2005. The ISI databases were identified as the most appropriate information platform for the objectives of the investigation and have been interrogated for the identification of South African authors publishing in the field. The article identifies trends over time, major institutional contributors, journals in which South African authors publish their research, international collaborators and performance in comparison to four comparator countries (India, Brazil, South Korea and Australia). The major findings of the investigation are as follows: nanoscale research in South Africa is driven by individual researchers interests up to date and it is in its early stages of development, the country’s nanoscale research is below what would one expect in light of its overall publication output, the country’s nano-research is distributed to a number of Universities with subcritical concentration of researchers.

Keywords: Africa, Analysis, Australia, Brazil, Collaboration, Comparison, Concentration, Databases, Development, Exercise, Identification, India, Information, Investigation, ISI, Journals, Korea, Light, Mapping, Nanoscale, Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, Output, Performance, Publication, Publications, Publishing, Research, Scientometrics, Sector, South Africa, South Korea, Trends

? Lin, M.W. and Zhang, J.J. (2007), Language trends in nanoscience and technology: The case of Chinese-language publications. Scientometrics, 70 (3), 555-564.

Full Text: 2007\Scientometrics70, 555.pdf

Abstract: Nanoscience and technology (NST) is a young scientific and technological field that has generated great worldwide interest in the past two decades. Previous bibliometric analyses have unmistakably demonstrated the remarkable growth of the global NST literature. While almost all published research articles in NST are in English, increasingly a larger share of NST publications is published in the Chinese language. Perplexingly, Chinese is the only language - apart from English - that displays an ascendant trend in the NST literature. In this brief note, we explore and evaluate three arguments that could explain this phenomenon: coverage bias, language preference, and community formation.

Keywords: Bias, Bibliometric, Brief, Chinese, Community, Developing-World, English, Formation, Global, Growth, Language, Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, Preference, Publications, Research, Research Articles, Research Performance, Science-Citation-Index, Scientific Journals, Trend, Trends

? Kostoff, R.N., Koytcheff, R.G. and Lau, C.G.Y. (2007), Global nanotechnology research metrics. Scientometrics,