Personal Research Database

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 223.pdf

Abstract: The paper examines a not too comprehensive set of quantitative aspects of technology. It concentrates mainly on the quantification of management tools.

? Karmeshu, Lind, N.C. and Cano, V. (1984), Rationales for Bradford Law. Scientometrics, 6 (4), 233-241.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 233.pdf

Abstract: Two models of the mechanism responsible for the distribution of scientific papers in an area over periodicals are given. Empirical distributions following Bradford’s law are shown to agree quite closely with a lognonnal distribution. This distribution arises, in one model, by taking the probability of a paper being published in a particular journal as the product of many independent factors It can also arise, according to an alternative mechanism, by random subdivision of the papers in a field over the journals. The mechanisms are compared with other models in the literature.

? Lerner, J. and Roy, R. (1984), Numbers, origins, economic value and quality of technically trained immigrants into the United-States. Scientometrics, 6 (4), 243-259.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 243.pdf

Abstract: This study updates the data on the numbers and the changing origins of immigrants into the U.S. with technical qualifications and ability, and the economic gain to the U.S. therefrom. It also provides new data on the quality of such personnel by examining the number of immigrants who are elected to the U.S. National Academies of Engineering and of Science, and also win Nobel prizes. It is shown that this immigration is a major continuing contribution to the U.S., constituting substantial fractions (one third to one-half) of certain categories of advanced degrees. Using different methods of calculating the value of the education thus transferred one arrives at the general conclusion that it is roughly in balance with the total economic aid from the U.S. (i.e. in the order of several billion i/year in the last two decades). Immigrant engineers/scientists constitute about a fifth of National Academy membership and between 20 and 50% of the Nobel prize winners, depending on the discipline involved, with chemistry appearing as the native national strength of the U.S.

Keywords: United States

? Gieryn, T.F. (1984), Polish contributions to the science of science: Walentynowicz, B. Scientometrics, 6 (4), 261-262.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 261.pdf

? Moravscik, M.J. (1984), Sociology of sciences: An annotated-bibliography on invisible-colleges, 1972-81 - Chubin, DE. Scientometrics, 6 (4), 263.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 263.pdf

? Suppe, F. (1984), Faces of science - Nalimov, VV. Scientometrics, 6 (4), 264-266.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 264.pdf

? Pyenson, L. and Singh, M. (1984), Physics on the periphery: A world survey, 1920-1929. Scientometrics, 6 (5), 279-306.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 279.pdf

Abstract: We provide a quantitative, historical survey of physics on the periphery (that is, beyond Europe and the United States) during the crucial decade of the I920s. Our population derives from Henry mall’s Physics Citation Index~ 1920-1929, 2 vols (Philadelphia, 1981), which organizes the content of sixteen of the world:s most important physics journals into the alphabetical lists familiar to users of the products of the Institute for Scientific Information. The 319 authors are situated in eleven separate political entities. Both expected and surprising results emerge from considering the educational trajectories, publishing patterns, and citation visibility of our sample.

? Gregory, J.G. (1984), Citation study of a scientific revolution: Sudden infant death syndrome. 2. The superseded paradigm. Scientometrics, 6 (5), 307-326.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 307.pdf

Abstract: Nutrition hypotheses associated with the old paradigm for the cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) have been investigated by a qualitative and quantitative analysis of citations It is shown that they are reasonable and that they have not definitely been refuted, but that interest in them has declined. The social and political background of infant feeding is outlined, and the scientific revolution is discussed in relation to Kuhn’s precepts and external influences on the course of research.

Poikolainen, K. (1984), Organization and funding of medical-research in 10 European-countries. Scientometrics, 6 (5), 327-358.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 327.pdf

Abstract: Information on the organization and funding of medical research were obtained by a questionnaire from 10 member countries of the European Medical Research Councils. Responses how that the ratio of medical research expenditure to Gross Domestic Product varied from 0.1 to 0.2 per cent between these countries. In many countries, the largest shtgle source of funds was pharmaceutical industry, its share of the total expenditure varied between one and 58 per cent. Excluding pharmaceutical industry, the contribution of Medical Research Councils (MRCs) varied from 2 to 22 per cent of the remaining expenditure- The present figures, derived directly from the national research organizations, were considerably higher than the respective OECD figures. A great deal of variation between the national MRCs in the distribution of funds by field of research, type of activity, and type of cost was observed. The average cost era research project varied between 4800-97000 U.S. dollars. The variation is probably explained to a great extent by availability of other sources of funds. All MRCs used peer review in the assessment of research proposals. Criteria for peer review varied much. Only two MRCs mentioned specifically the needs of the society among the criteria. The various medical research organizations are described in detail inthis report.

? Schubert, A. (1984), Quantitative studies of science: A current bibliography. Scientometrics, 6 (5), 359-367.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 359.pdf

? Holmfeld, J.D. (1984), Politics and the restraint of science: Cole, LA. Scientometrics, 6 (5), 369-370.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 369.pdf

? Rip, A. and Courtial, J.P. (1984), Co-word maps of biotechnology: An example of cognitive scientometrics. Scientometrics, 6 (6), 381-400.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 381.pdf

Abstract: To analyze developments in scientific fields, scientometrics provides useful tools, provided the content of scientific articles is taken into account. Such cognitive scientometrics is illustrated by using as data a 10-yr period of articles from a biotechnology core journal. After coding with key words, the relations between articles are brought out by co-word analysis. Maps of the field are given, showing connections between areas and their change over time, and with respect to the institutions in which research is performed. Other approaches are explored, including an indicator of theoretical level of bodies of articles.

Keywords: Biotechnology, Scientometrics

? Studer, K.E., Barboni, E.J. and Numan, K.B. (1984), Structural-analysis using the input-output model: With special reference to networks of science. Scientometrics, 6 (6), 401-423.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 401.pdf

Abstract: Social science network analysis originated in the small group sociometric tradition, thus many of the common assumptions of network models are inappropriate theoretically and formally for the analysis of open systems of social relationships. Five common assumptions of network analysis are identified, discussed and criticized: (a) generators are homogeneous, (b) relationships are dichotomous, (c) groups have fixed boundaries, (d) relationships are symmetric, and (e) networks are static. It is suggested that an open input-output model overcomes many of the difficulties inherent in the more common network analytical techniques. After a formal treatment of input-output analysis, and its relationship to network analysis, some interpretations from exchange theory are suggested. This model helps the analyst overcome many of the theoretical difficulties encountered in other models and allows the researcher to specify how subsets of individuals are ‘embedded’ within larger social contexts. Specifically, because society is comprised of numerous interacting subsystems, this model is particularly beneficial in describing how groups of scientists interface with each other and with the larger social domains.

? Richards, Jr., J.M. (1984), Structure of specialization among American population scientists. Scientometrics, 6 (6), 425-432.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 425.pdf

Abstract: Studies of journal citation patterns suggest that specialty areas within disciplines may be the most appropriate structural units for understanding the social organization of science. Citation studies necessarily are limited to scientists who publish, however, and studies of all members of particular disciplines would provide more general specialty structure data. Accordingly, this research applied factor analytic procedures previously used in studies of the structure of specialization among psychologists to all members of the Population Association of America. Four principal components derived from the self-designated specialties of these population scientist were rotated to a final solution by the varimax procedure and were interpreted as measuring, respectively, Social Emphasis, Geographic Emphasis, Formal Emphasis, and Epidemiological Emphasi~ These results partially confirm the distinction sometimes made by population scientists between social demography and formal demography, but suggest this typology is incomplete. The results also illustrate techniques that could provide a useful alternative to citation analysis for researchers studying specialty s~uctures in other disciplines.

? Schubert, A., Zsindely, S., Telcs, A. and Braun, T. (1984), Quantitative-analysis of a visible tip of the peer-review iceberg: Book reviews in chemistry. Scientometrics, 6 (6), 433-443.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 433.pdf

Abstract: Book reviews are practically unique in being public, ‘visible’ manifestations of the peer review process. Two hundred reviews of 39 books on chemical topics were subjected to statistical context analysis. Dominance of attitudes, consensus among reviewers, correlation between the reviewers’ evaluations and the subsequent citation rate of the reviewed book were analysed.

? Schubert, A. (1984), The visual-display of quantitative information: Tufte, ER. Scientometrics, 6 (6), 445-446.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 445.pdf

? Moravcsik, M.J. (1984), Would we be better off without research: The influence of natural-science on society - German - Perutz, MF. Scientometrics, 6 (6), 446-447.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 446.pdf

? Restivo, S. (1984), Antipositivist theories of the sciences: Stockman, N. Scientometrics, 6 (6), 447-448.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 447.pdf

? (1984), Indicators of measurement of impact of science and technology on socio-economic development objectives: Report of the panel of specialists of the united-nations-advisory-committee-on-science-and-technology-for-developm ENT held in Graz, Austria from 2-7 May 1984. Scientometrics, 6 (6), 449-463.

Full Text: 1984\Scientometrics6, 449.pdf

Keywords: Austria

? Oromaner, M. (1985), The ortega hypothesis and influential articles in American sociology. Scientometrics, 7 (1-2), 3-10.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 3.pdf

Abstract: In The Revolt of the Masses, Jose Ortega y Gasset suggests that the work of average or mediocre researchers plays a role in the advancement of science. In order to examine the ‘Ortega hypothesis’ in sociology, lifework citations to scholars referred to in 5 of the most highly cited contemporary sociological articles are examined. The findings do not support the hypothesis. That is, few average scholars received citations to their work in these influential articles. This finding is consistent with similar analyses for physics and criminology.

? Bakker, P. and Rigter, H. (1985), Editors of medical journals: Who and from where. Scientometrics, 7 (1-2), 11-22.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 11.pdf

Abstract: The representation of scientists from different countries in the editorial boards of the most influential journals from 48 fields of biomedical and clinical research was studied. Scientists from the USA were best represented, followed by scientists from the UK, FRG, Switzerland, Japan, Sweden, Canada, The Netherlands and Italy. The scientifically most productive countries provided most of the editors. For Dutch editors a strong correlation wa~ found between the number of editorships held and the number of papexs--~trth~-r~d or measures of scientific eminence. Conceivably, scientific productivity and eminence may be important reasons for being asked as an editor. However, national biases play a role too in the composition of editorial boards.

? Nederhof, A.J. (1985), Evaluating research output through life work citation counts. Scientometrics, 7 (1-2), 23-28.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 23.pdf

Abstract: The total number of citations to all previous publications (‘the life work’ has often been used to evaluate the research output of target units such as persons or depa_qments. However, a study of a sample of Dutch full professors of sociology shows that simple counting of citations may lead to unretiable results. Dependent upon recency of publication period, large variations in rankings and citation scores were observed. Other pitfalls of using life work citation counts were discussed, as well as how to avoid them. For fine-tuned assessment of research output, longitudinal analysis seems to be called for.

? Leary, R.A. (1985), A Framework for assessing and rewarding a scientists research productivity. Scientometrics, 7 (1-2), 29-38.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 29.pdf

Abstract: A contest for werld leadership in science and technology exists. New ways to motivate scientists seem as important to contest outcome as new sources of funds. A framework formed by cross-tabulating question difficulty and answer generality should help to identify the contribution of a research scientist, A reward relationship based on this framework should help to ensure that scientists will work on the most difficult research problems, a necessity for a high quality research program.

? Kretschmer, H. (1985), Cooperation structure, group-size and productivity in research groups. Scientometrics, 7 (1-2), 39-53.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 39.pdf

Abstract: A research group is considered to be a system and the scientists the elements in this system. The degree of interaction among scientists is determined by means of a complex structure measure for groups. It is shown that optimum cooperation structures depend on group size. In addition, it was possible to determine an optimum group size. Various hypotheses have been verified employing the same data material by using several levels of the structure measure.

? Mcallister, P.R. and Condon, T. (1985), Econometric-analysis of biomedical-research publishing patterns. Scientometrics, 7 (1-2), 55-75.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 55.pdf

Abstract: An econometric-type model was developed that describes the relationship between federal biomedical funding and the number, subject area and research level (clinical to basic) of published papers in biomedical journals. The study covered federal biomedical funding over the period 1962-1979 and biomedical literature counts over the period 1965-1979. A unique feature of the model was the explicit incorporation of the citation-based interrelationships among the various subfields and research levels of biomedicine. Publication counts in a particular subject area were modeled as a function of federal funding to the area and publication activity in related subject areas. In general, publication activity in related subject areas was found to be a significant explanatory variable over and above funding alone. Moreover, clinically oriented subject areas most often had publication counts in related basic research areas as explanatory variables.

? Pavitt, K. (1985), Patent statistics as indicators of innovative activities: Possibilities and problems. Scientometrics, 7 (1-2), 77-99.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 77.pdf

Abstract: Advances in information technology have increased actual and potential uses of patent statistics as proxy measures of innovative activitie~ Analytical contributions have come out of economics, bibliometrics, and descriptive comparisons for policy purposes. They show achievement of promise in analysing (1) international patterns of innovative activities and their effects on trade and production, (2) patterns of innovative activities amongst firms, and their effects on firm performance and industrial structure, (3) rates and directions of innovative activities in different technical fiieds and industrial sectors, (4) links between science and technology. However, systematic biases remain in patent statistics, the full assessment of which require further econometric, classificatory and survey research.

? Balog, C. (1985), The distribution of reference citations in 2 agricultural journals. Scientometrics, 7 (1-2), 101-104.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 101.pdf

Abstract: The average numbers of references cited in papers published in N. Z. Journal of Experimental Agriculture (.YEA/and N. Z. Journal of Agricultural Research (JAR) are compared. The papers in JAR have a greater number of references per paper than do,YEA papers, probably because .YAR papers are longer. For .YEA papers there is a steady increase in the average number of references per paper as the number of authors per paper increases. F0r .YAR there is no such steady increase but there is a marked increase in the average number of references per paper for 3- and 4+-author papers There is a clear difference between.yEA and JAR papers in the distribution of references between the different sections of the text. For .YEA papers 49% of references are cited in the Introduction and 52% are cited in the Results & Discussion sections For JAR the f~gures are 38% and 65% respectively. It is suggested that the distribution of cited references in the different sections of the text may be an indicator of the ‘apptiedness’ of a paper or of a journal.

? Balog, C. (1985), Authorship of papers dealing with different subjects in an agricultural journal. Scientometrics, 7 (1-2), 105-109.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 105.pdf

Abstract: It has been shown 2 that there is little change in the subject areas covered by papers published inN. Z. Journal of Agricultural Research from 1958 to 1978. Over the same period there has been a marked increase in the number of multiple author paperspublished in the same journal (See Ref. 1). It was considered possible that the subjects covered by single and multiple author papers could be different but these differences could be masked by the changes in multiple authorship over the 21 years from 1958 to 1978. This paper considers the subject areas of papers published in N. Z. Journal of Agricultural Research over the years 1958 (volume 1) to 1978 (volume 21) and compares single and multiple author papers.

? Schubert, A. (1985), Quantitative studies of science: A current bibliography. Scientometrics, 7 (1-2), 111-117.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 111.pdf

? Moravcsik, M.J. (1985), The arab construction-industry: Zahlan, AB. Scientometrics, 7 (1-2), 119-120.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 119.pdf

? Medows, J. (1985), How to write and publish a scientific paper: Day, RA. Scientometrics, 7 (1-2), 120-121.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 120.pdf

? (1985), Price, Derek, John, Desolla memorial issue: Instead of a preface. Scientometrics, 7 (3-6), 137.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 137.pdf

Moravcsik, M.J. (1985), Address at the presentation of the first Derek de Solla Price Award to Eugene Garfield on December 20, 1984. Scientometrics, 7 (3-6), 143-144.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 143.pdf, 1985\Scientometrics7, 143a.pdf

? Marton, J. (1985), Obsolescence or immediacy: Evidence supporting price hypothesis. Scientometrics, 7 (3-6), 145-153.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 145.pdf

Abstract: The time distributions of references given by five leading journals in each of seven life science disciplines revealed that the decrease in the frequency of references is faster in the early years (5-10 years) than later. The rate of decrease is in good correlation with the 3 and 4 year-old references per article values, with the discipline impact factor sums and with the ratio of the 3-year-old references to the 4-year-old ones. The results are discussed as evidence supporting Price’s immediacy factor, i.e. the fall of citations in time does not mean obsolescence.

? Schubert, A., Zsindely, S. and Braun, T. (1985), Scientometric indicators for evaluating medical-research output of mid-size countries. Scientometrics, 7 (3-6), 155-163.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 155.pdf

Abstract: The medical research output of eleven mid-size countries were compared with the aid of scientometric indicators. Papers published by clinical medicine journals and those of professors working at clinical faculties were used for comparison. The professors proved to be more productive authors than ‘average scientists’ of the same country, but no particular eminence of the professors could be revealed. A correlation was found between the quality of clinical medicine papers (as reflected by their relative citation rate) and the infant mortality of the countries in question.

? Moravcsik, M.J. (1985), Applied scientometrics: An assessment methodology for developing-countries. Scientometrics, 7 (3-6), 165-176.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 165.pdf

Abstract: A United Nations sponsored project is described to formulate a practicable method for assessing the impact of science and technology in the developing countries and to propose further research to improve the development of such indicators. After a discussion of the importance of the project, the aims of science and technology are summarized, followed by the elements that need to be considered in such an assessment procedure, and the structure of the relationships among these elements. The first step in the assessment process is to make a map of the part of the system to be assessed. The types of indicators that can be used are then listed, and it is suggested that the status of these indicators is weak, especially with respect to their applicability to developing countries. It is proposed that a small number of specific pilot projects be undertaken to test the general ideas contained in the discussion and to experiment with novel kinds of indicators.

Keywords: Scientometrics

? Stefaniak, B. (1985), Periodical literature of information science as reflected in referativnyi zhurnal section 59 informatika. Scientometrics, 7 (3-6), 177-194.

Full Text: 1985\Scientometrics7, 177.pdf

Abstract: The paper presents results of a study of information science periodical literature included into RZh-Informatika in 1977-1983. The distribution of papers among periodicals and their language pattern are shown. The list of 95 periodicals that rendered at least 12 papers yr is also presented. The results are compared with some data taken from the SSCI-JCR database. Connections between information science and scientometerics are investigated by the overlap of periodical literature in both fields.

? Todorov, R. (1985), Distribution of Physics Literature. Scientometrics,