Title: Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde

Title: Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde

Full Journal Title: Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science since 1999, Vol 162

ISO Abbreviated Title: Z. Pflanzen. Bodenk.

JCR Abbreviated Title: Z Pflanz Bodenkunde

ISSN: 0044-3263

Issues/Year: 6

Journal Country/Territory: Germany

Language: Multi-Language

Publisher: Wiley-V C H Verlag GmbH

Publisher Address: Muhlenstrasse 33-34, D-13187 Berlin, Germany

Subject Categories:

Agronomy: Impact Factor 1.207, / (2000)

Plant Sciences: Impact Factor 1.207, 47/137 (2000)

Agriculture, Soil Science: Impact Factor 1.207, 8/29 (2000)

? Mayer, R. (1978), Adsorption isotherms as regulators controlling heavy metal transport in soils. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 141 (1), 11-28.

Full Text: 1978\Zei Pfl Bod141, 11.pdf

? Grimme, H. (1980), Effect of field strength on the quantity of K desorbed from soils by electro-ultrafiltration. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 143 (1), 98-106.

Full Text: 1960-80\Zei Pfl Bod143, 98.pdf

Abstract: Only halftime (a measure of desorption rate) was found to vary with field strength. The quantities which were actually desorbed within a given time were, of course, also dependant on field strength because of the change of desorption rate with field strength. The theoretical desorption maximum, however, as obtained from extrapolating the cumulative desorption curve, remained unaffected.

The desorption maximum was always equal or close to the exchangeable K content. No fractionation of exchangeable K was possible by applying different field strengths. The sum of desorbed + residual exchangeable K approximated closely the exchangeable K content. Thus there was no evidence of a significant release of non-exchangeable K. It was concluded that there is no corrosive attack on the clay mineral structure during the EUF extraction procedure.

? David, M.B. and Zech, W. (1990), Adsorption of dissolved organic-carbon and sulfate by acid forest soils in the Fichtelgebirge, FRG. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 153 (6), 379-384.

Full Text: 1990\Zei Pfl Bod153, 379.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and sulfate was examined in mineral horizons of acid soils from damaged (Oberwarmensteinach) and healthy (Wulfersreuth) Norway spruce forested sites in the Fichtelgebirge (NE-Bavaria). The A horizons of both sites desorbed DOC at all levels added, whereas the B horizons (Bs and Bv) retained added DOC at levels > 5 mmol C kg-1. An initial mass isotherm used on the B horizon data indicated that these soils have a greater affinity for DOC than B horizons from Spodosols in the northeastern U.S. Sulfate was only retained at high solution levels, and retention was pH dependent. Nitrate and sulfate additions (1000-mu-eq L-1 anion) had minor effects on DOC adsorption. Overall, there was little difference in DOC or sulfate retention at the two sites, indicating atmospheric deposition inputs have not affected these processes.

Keywords: Adsorption, Altitudes, Chemistry, DOC, pH, Rain, Retention, Soils, Spodosol, Transport

? Polyzopoulos, N.A. and Pavlatou, A. (1992), Phosphate sorption isotherms revisited. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 155 (1), 71-72.

Full Text: 1992\Zei Pfl Bod155, 71.pdf

Abstract: A criterion is proposed for assessing ranges of validity of equilibrium isotherms for phosphate sorption by soils. This criterion is based on the geometrical features commonly exhibited by such isotherms and is analogous to the one that was first formulated by Aharoni and Ungarish in connection with the kinetics of chemisorption reactions. Its use with equilibrium isotherms is illustrated with three widely used expressions for the representation of phosphate sorption by soils but it would also be expected to be useful in connection with sorption of other solutes by soils as well as by other adsorbents.

Keywords: Desorption, Elovich Equation, Equilibrium, Isotherms, Kinetics, Soils, Sorption, Sorption Isotherms

? Richter, J., Richter, O., Marucchini, C. and Perucci, P. (1992), Kinetics of degradation of some herbicides in soil samples under controlled conditions. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 155 (4), 261-267.

Full Text: 1992\Zei Pfl Bod155, 261.pdf

Abstract: Experimental results on degradation of four herbicides - Chlorsulfuron, Atrazine, Alachlor and Metolachlor - in soils under varying conditions am partially reviewed and subjected to a kinetic investigation using different approaches. In no case the experimental data are in accordance with pure first order kinetics: for Chlorsulfuron, a pseudo-first-order description holds, whereas the degradation of the three other herbicides may correctly be described by combining first order degradation with a simultaneous first order adsorption. Predicting herbicide concentration in field soils by simulation using pure first order degradation models and the corresponding kinetic parameter functions as validated in the laboratory may strongly underestimate concentrations especially with alkaline soils in warmer climates.

Keywords: Adsorption, Atrazine, Chlorsulfuron, Degradation, Herbicides, Kinetics, Model, Persistence, Residues, Soil, Soils

? Elkhatib, E.A., Elshebiny, G.M. and Balba, A.M. (1992), Comparison of four equations to describe the kinetics of lead desorption from soils. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 155 (4), 285-291.

Full Text: 1992\Zei Pfl Bod155, 285.pdf

Abstract: The rate of Pb desorption was investigated from clay (Silly clay, Torrifluvent), CaCO3-rich (Sandy clay, Calciorthid), and sandy (Sandy loam, Quartzipsamment) soils at two different temperatures. Lead has not been released from CaCO3-rich soils which suggests irreversible Pb sorption by the soil. The desorption was quite hysteretic from sand and clay soils. The total amount of Pb released from the clay soil exceeded that released from the sandy soil. The lower Pb desorption associated with the sandy soil is probably due to its higher calcium carbonate content relative to the clay soil. The kinetics of Pb desorption were evaluated using the Elovich, modified Freundlich, parabolic diffusion, and first order equations. The first order and parabolic diffusion equations adequately described the kinetics of Pb desorption from clay and sandy soils under isothermal conditions. The choice of first order and parabolic equations among others investigated was bawd on the goodness of fit and the more scientific theoretical assumptions of the equations. The apparent Pb diffusion rate coefficient (D(d)) and desorption rate coefficient (k(d)) values from the clay and sandy soils increased with increasing temperature.

Keywords: Adsorption, Desorption, Diffusion, Freundlich, Kinetics, Lead, Soil, Soils, Sorption

? Gerke, J. and Dette, H. (1993), Phosphate sorption isotherms revisited - Comments. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 156 (1), 89.

Full Text: 1993\Zei Pfl Bod156, 89.pdf

Keywords: Isotherms, Sorption, Sorption Isotherms

? Polyzopoulos, N.A. and Pavlatou, A. (1993), Phosphate sorption isotherms revisited - Response. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 156 (1), 91.

Full Text: 1993\Zei Pfl Bod156, 89.pdf

Keywords: Isotherms, Sorption, Sorption Isotherms

? Gerth, J., Brummer, G.W. and Tiller, K.G. (1993), Retention of Ni, Zn and Cd by Si-associated goethite. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 156 (2), 123-129.

Full Text: 1993\Zei Pfl Bod156, 123.pdf

Abstract: Synthetic goethite used to study the effects of reaction time and temperature on the pH-dependent sorption of Ni, Zn and Cd was associated with amorphous silica. Ni interacted with dissolved Si and formed a Ni/Si precipitate on the goethite surface. Individual metals added at a concentration of 0.5 mumol g-1 and sorbed during a reaction period of 504 hours (21 days) at 35°C were extracted by 0.7 M HNO₃ for 14 days. At the end of this period 11, 28 and 40 percent of Ni, Cd and Zn, respectively, were not extracted whereas 20 percent of the total Fe content of the goethite and 39 percent of the associated Si were dissolved. During the sorption process metals became immobilized in the goethite particles. This effect can be related to a diffusion of metal ions into micropores. A total mobilization of sorbed metals can only be achieved by a complete dissolution of the goethite. The strong fixation of Ni, Zn and Cd by goethite suggests that additions of this Fe oxide could be used to ameliorate highly contaminated sludges or soils.

Keywords: Adsorption, Desorption, Diffusion, Iron, Kinetics, Metal Ions, Oxides, Phosphate, Soil Clay Fractions, Soils, Sorption

? Wilczynski, A.W., Renger, M., Jozefaciuk, G., Hajnos, M. and Sokolowska, Z. (1993), Surface area and CEC as related to qualitative and quantitative changes of forest soil organic matter after liming. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 156 (3), 235-238.

Full Text: 1993\Zei Pfl Bod156, 235.pdf

Abstract: Water vapor adsorption isotherms were used for estimation of (apparent) surface areas of samples of limed and unlimed plots of an acidic sandy forest soil. Samples were taken at two microrelief (ridge and furrow) positions from five subsequent 10 cm layers. Values of surface area and CEC correlated linearly with organic matter content but only for four bottom layers. Surface areas and CEC values calculated per the unit mass of organic carbon were higher in upper layers than in lower layers for control samples. For limed samples an opposite trend was observed. The estimated average (apparent) charge densities of organic matter showed a better correlation with humic to fulvic acids ratio. Values of surface charge densities for every investigated profile increased with depth and they were lower in limed than in unlimed profiles.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Fulvic Acids, Isotherms, Soil, Trend

? Elkhatib, E.A., Elshebiny, G.M., Elsubruiti, G.M. and Balba, A.M. (1993), Thermodynamics of lead sorption and desorption in soils. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 156 (6), 461-465.

Full Text: 1993\Zei Pfl Bod156, 461.pdf

Abstract: Thermodynamics of Lead (Pb) sorption and desorption was investigated with samples of a clayic Torrifluvent, a sandy clayic Calciorthid, and sandy Quartzipsamment. The values of activation energy for Pb sorption on the Calciorthid (ranged from 20.7 to 27.7 kJ mol^-1) were higher than those of the Torrifluvent (ranged from 3.4 to 17.4 kJ mol^-1) and the Quartzipsamment (1.5 to 4.6 kJ mol^-1). The energies of activation for adsorption “E(a)” were greater than those for desorption “E(d)”, indicating that more energy was needed to sorb Pb than to desorb Pb. The enthalpy of activation (DELTAH*) values indicate that Pb sorption is endothermic reaction while Pb desorption is exothermic reaction. The entropy of activation (DELTAS*) values for Pb sorption were negative and increased with increasing surface coverage. The free energy of activation (DELTAG*) values ranged from 81.2 to 89.2 and from 83.6 to 84.0 kJ mol^-1 for Pb sorption and desorption respectively.

Keywords: Adsorption, Desorption, Exchange, Kinetics, Lead, Sorption, Thermodynamics

? Sokołowska, Z., Józefaciuk, G., Sokołowski, S., Renger, M. and Wilczynski, W. (1993), Water vapor adsorption as related to liming of acidic sandy forest soil. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 156 (6), 495-499.

Full Text: 1993\Zei Pfl Bod156, 495.pdf

Abstract: Water vapor adsorption isotherms were measured for soil samples taken from five subsequent 10 cm layers of limed and unlimed Cambic Arenosol under forest, Applying the numerical approximation of adsorption isotherms with an exponential isotherm equation and a local BET model. the surface areas, average adsorption energies and adsorption energies distribution functions were calculated. The values of average adsorption energies increased slightly with the depth of the layer, however no marked differences were observed between the average energies for the equivalent layers of both limed and unlimed profiles. For unlimed profiles the energy distribution functions possessed two maxima, the smaller maximum. however, disappeared in limed profile.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Approximation, Energy-Distribution Function, Isotherm, Isotherms, Soil

? Prodromou, K.P. (1994), Response of phosphate adsorption by acid soils to the use of electrolyte. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 157 (1), 23-28.

Full Text: 1994\Zei Pfl Bod157, 23.pdf

Abstract: The presence of electrolyte in the solution, increases the amount of adsorbed anions. This increase, mainly depends on the kind of electrolyte, the concentration in the solution and the pH of treatment. In this work the process of phosphate adsorption in acid soils (Dystric subgroups of Inceptisols and Entisols) with and without use of electrolyte, lyte, was studied in order to find the real adsorption capacity of soils and the equations that fit to the adsorption data. It was found out that the shape of the isotherms obtained without electrolyte was different from that with electrolyte. The amount of the adsorbed anions was higher in the later case. The Freundlich gave a good fit to the isotherm data and the exponent of Freundlich equation was correlated with some properties of the soils.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Charge, Curves, Freundlich, Isotherms, Soils, Sorption, Surface, Treatment

? Schulte, A. and Beese, F. (1994), Adsorption density isotherms for heavy-metals and their ecological signification. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 157 (4), 295-303.

Full Text: 1994\Zei Pfl Bod157, 295.pdf

Abstract: To study the adsorption of Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb, 16 Israelian and German soil samples of different chemical soil reactions were taken and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. Traditional adsorption isotherms reveal the relation between the amount of heavy metals adsorbed and the heavy metal concentration in the soil solution only for the soil in study and can therefore not be applied to othe soils. To meet the aim of modelling heavy metal adsorption and mobility also for soils differing greatly in their properties, it was attempted to establish generalizing adsorption isotherms for soils of entirely different compositions. The generalizing heavy metal adsorption density isotherms for the Al-Hydroxid-, Silicate- and Carbonate buffer range introduced in the following seem to allow a sufficiently corresponding description to be given of the quantity/intensity relation of Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb in soils which differ greatly in their specific surface area.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metals, Isotherms, Metal Adsorption, Mobility, Soil, Soils, Translocation

? Marschner, B., Henke, U. and Wessolek, G. (1995), Effects of meliorative additives on the adsorption and binding forms of heavy metals in a contaminated topsoil from a former sewage farm. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 158 (1), 9-14.

Full Text: 1995\Zei Pfl Bod158, 9.pdf

Abstract: In a laboratory study, a heavy metal contaminated topsoil from a former sewage farm in Berlin was amended with different additives: lime, ash/gypsum, bark mulch, brown coal and combinations of these treatments. After 8 weeks of incubation, pH of the lime and ash/gypsum treatments increased to 6.2-6.3 compared to 5.2-5.3 in the control and the other treatments. Organic-C content rose from 42 g/kg in the control to 46-53 g/kg in the organic amendments. In reaction to the pH-increase the water soluble fraction of Cd, Cu and Zn was reduced by roughly 60%, 30% and 80% respectively. Cd- and Zn-binding forms as determined with NH4-acetate- and EDTA-extracts were note affected by the treatments, while the ash/gypsum-treatment increased EDTA-extractable Pb by 17%. The exchangeable Cu-Fraction (NH4-acetate extract) was reduced in all treatments to 82-93% of the control values, with the greatest effects in the tree bark amendment. The FREUNDLICH adsorption isotherms also show an increased sorption of heavy metals in the lime and ash/gypsum treatments. Organic amendments alone or in combination with lime had little effect on heavy metal adsorption.

Keywords: Acid, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Forest Soil, Freundlich, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metals, Isotherms, Metal Adsorption, Soil Solution, Sorption, Water

? Wagner, B., Schewes, R., Maidl, F.X. and Fischbeck, G. (1995), Measurement of residues and simulation of the movement of atrazine in deeper soil layers after long-term application in agriculture. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 158 (4), 333-338.

Full Text: 1995\Zei Pfl Bod158, 333.pdf

Abstract: The herbicide atrazine [2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine] was applied to corn at recommended rates over a period of 18 years until 1988. The investigated field was sampled down to a depth of 10 m in 1989 and 1991. In both years residues of atrazine were determined down to 10 m depth by HPLC-analysis of soil extracts in concentrations of up to 12 g/kg. Batch-experiments were conducted to established sorption isotherms of various soil layers. Numerical simulations of the migration of atrazine, based on the Richards-equation and the convection-dispersion-equation with first-order degradation were performed and compared to the measurements. Depth-dependent distribution of atrazine residues could be roughly reproduced by calculations, But the calculated depth-profiles of atrazine concentrations varied strongly within the variability of the sensitive parameters. The deterministic model used was therefore not able to predict the amount of pesticide residues in groundwater recharge precisely.

Keywords: Adsorption, Atrazine, Degradation, Isotherms, Soil, Sorption, Sorption Isotherms

? Schulte, A. (1995), Influence of soil sample preparation on cd and cu adsorption in acid forest soils. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 158 (5), 465-467.

Full Text: 1995\Zei Pfl Bod158, 465.pdf

Abstract: The influence of soil sample preparation on Cd and Cu adsorption was investigated using six acid forest soil samples and comparing adsorption isotherms for fresh and air-dried samples. While no influence of sample preparation on Cd adsorption capacity was found, air-drying resulted in a significant decrease in Cu adsorption density in all six soil samples under investigation at ecotoxicologically relevant concentrations in the soil solution.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Isotherms, Isotherms, Soil

? Alewell, C. and Matzner, E. (1996), Water, NaHCO₃^-, NaH₂PO₄^- and NaCl^- extractable SO₄^2- in acid forest soils. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 159 (3), 235-240.

Full Text: 1996\Zei Pfl Bod159, 235.pdf

Abstract: A variety of different methods have been used for the determination of inorganic soil SO42- in the past, which makes it difficult to compare SO42- contents of soils. Sulfate was extracted with the four commonly used extraction solutions 0.5 M NaHCO3, 0.02 M NaH2PO4, 0.1 M NaCl and H2O from A-, Bw- and Bs-horizons of six acid forest soils. 5 g of field moist soil were percolated with a flow rate of 5 ml/h and percolations were repeated as long as SO42- was detectable in the percolate (> 0.5 mg SO4 . l-1). NaCl and NaHCO3 extracted highest amounts of total inorganic SO42- in A-horizons, but NaHCO3 caused analytical problems. NaHCO3 and NaH2PO4 yielded highest amounts in B-horizons. With the exception of Bs-horizons more than 70% of the total inorganic SO42- was H2O-soluble. Thus, if H2O-soluble SO42- is defined as reversibly bound, the greater part of the inorganic SO42- fraction can potentially be released, if SO42- deposition decreases.

Keywords: Biomass, Desorption, Kinetics, Retention, Soil, Soils, Sorption, Sulfate Adsorption, Sulfur, Temperature, Variety

? Siebe, C. and Fischer, W.R. (1996), Effect of long-term irrigation with untreated sewage effluents on soil properties and heavy metal adsorption of Leptosols and Vertisols in Central Mexico. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 159 (4), 357-364.

Full Text: 1996\Zei Pfl Bod159, 357.pdf

Abstract: The effect of long-term irrigation with untreated sewage effluents from Mexico City on soil properties and heavy metal adsorption behaviour of soils at irrigation District 03 in the Mezquital Valley, Central Mexico, was studied. General soil parameters of 25 samples from Ap-horizons of Mollic Leptosols and Eutric Vertisols taken at sites which have been under irrigation for different periods of time were compared with samples from fields under rainfed agriculture. The adsorption of Pb, Cd, Cuand Zn was analysed in 8 selected samples by batch experiments. The long-term irrigation of soils with untreated sewage effluent has increased the contents of total (TOC) and dissolved (DOC) organic carbon in Ap-horizons of Leptosols and Vertisols, and diminished the contents of manganese oxides in Vertisols. This influences the heavy metal adsorption behaviour of both soils, since DOC enhances metalsolubility at low loading rates and TOC improves metal adsorption capacities at high loading rates. The possibility of an increase in the chloride content in soils due to wastewater irrigation and its relation to higher Cd mobility are discussed, as in the importance of humus balance control through oriented management practices in order to minimize heavy metal mobility in soils, which have been under irrigation with wastewater during long periods.

? Matschonat, G. and Matzner, E. (1996), Soil chemical properties affecting NH4+ sorption in forest soils. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 159 (5), 505-511.

Full Text: 1996\Zei Pfl Bod159, 505.pdf

Abstract: Fourteen European forest soils from the boreal to the mediterranean climate on different parent materials were investigated with respect to their ability to store NH4+ in exchangeable form, using sorption isotherms. Distribution coefficients for NH4+ sorption per unit weight of soil were in the range of 0.02 to 0.77. NH4+ sorption coefficients were usually highest in the forest floor of a given soil. NH4+ sorption behaviour of mineral soil horizons was correlated to soil parameters that are determined during routine soil analysis. A combination of CEC and base saturation explained up to 95% of the variability of NH4+ sorption. In the forest floors, variability in NH4+ sorption could not be explained quantitatively from independent soil parameters. The affinity of the sorption sites for NH4+ was the mast important factor for explanation of the variability in NH4+ sorption in the forest floors but was of low importance in mineral soil horizons. As NH4+ exchanges predominantly base cations, susceptibility of NH4+ to transport through the soil profile increases with low base saturation of a soil as well as with low CEC values.

Keywords: Ammonium, Dissolved Organic-Carbon, Exchangeable Cations, Isotherms, Potassium, Quantity-Intensity Relationships, Soil, Soils, Sorption, Sorption Isotherms, Sulfate, Weight

? Pätzold, S. and Brümmer, G.W. (1997), Fate, sorption, and leaching of the herbicide diuron after annual application in an orchard soil (Orthic Luvisol). Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 160 (2), 165-170.

Full Text: 1997\Zei Pfl Bod160, 165.pdf

Abstract: A three years field trial was conducted in an apple orchard on a loess site (Orthic Luvisol) with annual applications of the herbicide diuron. An accumulation of biologically effective residues of the herbicide was not observed, although a carry-over of herbicide residues in a range of 46-77 g/kg dry soil in the 0-5 cm layer occurred between different years. After. application in May, the residues were rapidly degraded during the following summer months. Disappearance of diuron residues from the 0-5 cm layer conformed to first-order kinetics during the first six months after application. The DT50-values ranged from 14 to 30 days. As the degradation rate decreased with time, the level of remaining residues on a long-term scale was best represented by two combined exponential functions for the fast and-slow degradation rate. The distribution coefficient between adsorbed and dissolved residues increased with time, indicating decreasing mobility of herbicide residues. The distribution coefficients and the-extractable residue contents were strongly negatively correlated. A few days after a diuron application in May 1994, about 15% of the applied amounts could be analyzed in subsoil samples from 30-60 cm depth (6%) and 60-90 cm depth (9%), while high concentrations of diuron remained in the 0-5 cm soil layer. This vies the result of a heavy rainfall (20 mm) and a rapid movement of seepage water into the subsoil due-to preferential transport in soil macropores like earthworm channels and shrinkage cracks, which frequently occurred in this untilled loess soil. Different transport patterns were observed during the winter months in 1992/93 and 1993/94, when only low amounts of the diuron applied in spring were leached down to 30-60 cm depth. In winter time, the remaining low concentrations of extractable residues were strongly adsorbed and therefore remained in the upper soil layers.

Keywords: Degradation, Kinetics, Mobility, Soil, Sorption, Water

? Kaiser, K. and Zech, W. (1997), About the sorption of dissolved organic matter to forest soils. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 160 (3), 295-301.

Full Text: 1997\Zei Pfl Bod160, 295.pdf

Abstract: This investigation characterizes the major forest soils of the temperate climatic zones (leptosols,vertisols, cambisols, luvisols; podzols, stagnosols, gleysols)as sorbents for dissolved organic matter (DOM). Sorption isotherms were obtained for 135 soil horizons from 36 profiles. When solutions containing no DOC were added, the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOG) was highest for horizons rich in organic C (A and Bh horizons). In subsoil horizons DOC release was much lower. Most of the investigated top soils (A and E horizons) and Bh, Bg, and C horizons showed a weak DOC sorption. This was caused by low contents of sorbents (clay and sesquioxides) and/or high contents of organic C. Organic C seems to reduce the DOC sorption by occupying binding sites. Subsoils rich in clay and sesquioxides like Bs, Bt, and Bw horizons showed a strong retention of DOG. Under the aerobic conditions of the experiments,some of the subsoils of stagnosols and gleysols also showed a strong sorption of DOG. However, in sorption experiments conducted after an anaerobic incubation, the DOC sorption decreased significantly.

Keywords: Carbon, Doc, Horizons, Isotherms, Soil, Soils, Sorption, Sulfate, Water

? Sokolowska, Z., Hajnos, M., Jozefaciuk, G., Hoffmann, C. and Renger, M. (1997), Influence of humic acid on water adsorption characteristics of kaolin and quartz. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 160 (3), 327-331.

Full Text: 1997\Zei Pfl Bod160, 327.pdf

Abstract: Water vapor adsorption isotherms were measured for samples of kaolin and quartz amended with different amounts of humic acid extracted from a Cambic Arenosol under forest. Applying the approximation of the adsorption isotherms with the BET equation the monolayer capacities (surface areas) for the studied systems were calculated. for kaolin systems the surface area decreased sharply at low humic acid additions and this slowly increased with the further rise of the humic acid content, whereas for the quart the increase of surface area was only noted for high humic acid contents. Using an exponential isotherm equation with a local BET model, thee absorption energy distribution functions were calculated for kaolin systems. The shape of the adsorption energy distributions shown that the increase in humic content changed the character of the surface from more hydrophilic to more hydrophobic. For intermediate humic acid contents, the energy distribution function had two maxima - more polar and less polar. At high humic acid contents the energy distribution function tended to the estimated value for pure humic acid, indicating high surface-coverage with organic material. As measured by the mercury intrusion porosimetry, for the kaolin samples the amount of the largest pores decreases and the amount of the smallest pores increases with the accumulation of humic acid. For the quartz systems only very high doses of humic acid are reflected in changes of pore size distribution.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Approximation, Energy, Heterogeneity, Isotherms, Soil, Vapor, Water

? MeyerWindel, S., Ketelsen, H. and Widmoser, P. (1997), On the relation of herbicide adsorption and soil organic fraction. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 160 (4), 361-368.

Full Text: 1997\Zei Pfl Bod160, 361.pdf

Abstract: Freundlich adsorption isotherms were measured for four herbicides (atrazine, terbuthylazine, chlorotoluron, isoproturon) and 24 soil horizons, which are typical of Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany. The relationship between the adsorption constant (K-Fr) of a chemical and the fraction of organic carbon (f(OC)) of the soil horizons was evaluated. Chemical specific K-OC’-values, that are independent of soil organic carbon fraction varied considerably for each herbicide (CV about 50%); therefore these values as well as K-OC-values, that are determined by linear regression of K-Fr and f(OC) should be evaluated critically before application. K-OC’- and K-OC-values derived from experiments showed decreasing affinity of the herbicides to soil horizons in the order terbuthylazine > chlorotoluron > atrazine congruent to isoproturon. Calculation of K-OC from K-OW or water solubility of each herbicide, however, led to changes in the above mentioned ranking. Hence, especially K-OW or water solubility based K-OC-values may lead to false conclusions concerning chemical mobility. For atrazine, terbuthylazine and isoproturon Freundlich adsorption constants increased overproportionally with increasing organic carbon content of soils. The relationships between K-Fr and f(OC) therefore were described better by a non-linear equation (second order polynom) than by a linear approach. Contrary, for chlorotoluron a linear relation between K-Fr and f(OC) holds at least for the range of f(OC) investigated in this study.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Atrazine Adsorption, Behavior, Freundlich, Herbicides, Isotherms, K-Oc, Mobility, Sediments, Soil, Soils, Sorption, Water

? Alewell, C. (1998), Investigating sulfate sorption and desorption of acid forest soils with special consideration of soil structure. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 161 (1), 73-80.

Full Text: 1998\Zei Pfl Bod161, 73.pdf

Abstract: When investigating the reversibility of soil and water acidification due to a reduction of SO42- deposition, the size and stability of the reversibly bound SO42- fraction in soils are important parameters. The desorption behaviour of SO42- in three acid forest soils was investigated using columns with undisturbed and disturbed (< 5 mm sieved) soil material. The results were compared to batch experiments. A comparison of the undisturbed and the disturbed soil samples showed that the soil structure had no effect on the chemistry of the soil solution, the S-mineralisation rates or the SO42- desorption rates. A comparison of the batch and the column method showed only minor differences in desorption rates. However, fitting the measured desorption rates to a modified Langmuir equation showed a more distinct difference between both methods. It was concluded that the batch method was more suitable to establish SO42- desorption isotherms. When investigating SO42- dynamics of soils, the heterogeneity of the soils has to be considered because the spatial variability of isotherm parameters was found to be greater than differences between the investigated methods. Furthermore, SO42- sorption showed a distinct hysteresis. While mast of the sorbed SO42- was desorbed at concentrations less than or equal to 5-10 mg SO42-.l(-1), a sorption of SO42- was observed only at concentrations greater than or equal to 20-30 mg SO42-.l(-1).

Keywords: Acidification, Adsorption, Batch, Chemical-Properties, Desorption, Isotherms, Langmuir, Small-Scale Heterogeneity, Soil, Soils, Sorption, Water

? Assimakopoulos, J., Bovis, C., Kosmas, C. and Nychas, A. (1998), The fate of freshly added phosphorus in representative agricultural soils. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 161 (3), 261-266.

Full Text: 1998\Zei Pfl Bod161, 261.pdf

Abstract: Surface and subsurface samples from 26 representative agricultural soils (13 Entisols, 9 Alfisols and 4 Vertisols) from Central and South Western Greece were equilibrated for a week with P solutions ranging from zero to 800 mg P kg(-1) soil. The Freundlich and in the cases of high fine carbonate content (> 6%) the linear equations described the sorption isotherms in a satisfactory way. Sequential fractionation indicated that a 0.1 M NaOH plus 1 M NaCl + 0.3 M Na-citrate + 1 M NaHCO3 (buffer) solution extracted more than 60% of the P retained by Entisols containing low to medium fine carbonates and by Vertisols, and less than 60% by Entisols with a high fine carbonate content. In ail Entisols, this percentage decreased significantly at P additions higher than 150 mg kg(-1). The opposite was observed in Vertisols, in which this fraction was the most important part of the retained P up to the maximum P addition. In contrast, in Alfisols this fraction reached 100%, but in the case of high Bray-P (> 50 ppm) it was more than 100% of the retained P. The second fraction extracted with the 0.3 M Na-citrate + 1 M NaHCO3 buffer plus Na-dithionite was found to be much smaller than the first fraction, increasing with P additions in absolute amounts but remaining constant as a percentage of the retained P, ranging from 15-35 % among the studied samples. The third fraction obtained with 1 M HCl solution showed a peculiar behaviour. It was close to zero of the retained P in samples containing carbonates (Entisols and Vertisols) at P additions up to 300 mg kg(-1) soil, but increased significantly at higher P additions and almost doubled in Entisols. Finally, the P fraction obtained after seven successive extractions with 0.01 M CaCl2, correlated well by a polynomial of and degree equation with NaOH+CB-P and linearly with Olsen-P and Bray-P.

Keywords: Acid, Additions, Calcareous Soils, Freundlich, Iron, Isotherms, Mediterranean Soils, Oxides, P-Sorption, Phosphate Adsorption, Sequential P-Extraction, Soil, Soils, Sorption, Sorption Isotherms, Sri-Lankan Alfisols

? Springob, G. and Bottcher, J. (1998), Parameterization and regionalization of Cd sorption characteristics of sandy soils. I. Freundlich type parameters. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 161 (6), 681-687.

Full Text: 1998\Zei Pfl Bod161, 357.pdf

Abstract: Cd sorption isotherms (n = 24) were established for arable, sandy soils of the ‘Fuhrbergher Feld’ catchment area northeast of Hannover (Germany) using 0.01 M-c Ca(NO3)(2) solution with Cd additions rangiing from 0 to 44 M-c Cd. Alternative fractions of initially (prior to analysis) sorbed Cd. (S-0) were added to the amount sorbed during the experiments. The Freundlich equation was fitted to the resulting isotherms. The obtained retention parameters k and M varied with respect to the different S-0 fractions. Isotherms corrected with Cd-EDTA as S-0 fraction were nonlinear in their log-form. The highest degree of log-linearity is obtained if S-0 is characterized by 40% of the aqua regia extractable Cd. The corresponding k values ranged from 36 to 1275 g(1-M) L-M kg(-1) (mean 338 g(1-M) L-M kg(-1), cv = 92%). The Freundlich exponent M showed less variation (0.7 to 1.1, cv = 12%) with a mean of 0.88. Functions based on these parameters predicted Cd concentrations in Ca(NO3)(2)-soil suspensions well (r(2) = 0.96) but were hardly related to Cd concentrations of ‘fresh’ soil solutions (r(2) = 0.20).

Keywords: Cadmium, Freundlich, Freundlich Parameters, Heavy-Metals, Isotherms, Retention, Soil, Soils, Sorption, Sorption Isotherms, Surface-Area

? Springob, G. and Bottcher, J. (1998), Parameterization and regionalization of Cd sorption characteristics of sandy soils. II. Regionalization: Freundlich k estimates by pedotransfer functions. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde, 161 (6), 689-696.

Full Text: 1998\Zei Pfl Bod161, 689.pdf

Abstract: The aim waste describe Cd sorption in spatially variable sandy soils of the ‘Fuhrberger Feld’ catchment area as a prerequisite for prognosis of Cd transport in soil and of the threat of groundwater pollution. Thus, the possibility is evaluated to derive a generalized Freundlich equation based on multiple regressions relating the retention parameters k and M (from isotherm data of part I of this study) to basic soil properties (pedotransfer functions). For the parameter M (exponent), the correlation ‘measured vs estimated’ was weak (r(2) <0.5)whereas k was well predictable by pedotransfer functions. The best regression was obtained if organic carbon (OC), clay content and H+ activity were combined as independent variables (r(2) up to 0.96). The obtained k values were much higher than those from comparable literature models, probably due to lower ionic strength and different composition of our background solutions used for the isotherms. As a critical evaluation, the estimates for k were used to derive solute Cd concentrations (C-est) which then were compared to measured data (range 0.1-3 g L-1). The best but still unsatisfactory r(2) was 0.77, obtained if C-est was compared to Cd in 0.01 M-c Ca(NO₃)(2) equilibria (Cd-0). Cd in fresh soil solution (Cd-z) showed no significant correlation with C-est, except for one relationship where OC had been excluded from the preceding multiple regression of k. Generally, the role of the variable OC remained unclear. Direct multiple regressions of measured solute Cd vs soil properties (bypassing k, no sorbed fraction) yielded much closer correlations, with r(2) = 0.9 for Cd-0 vs OC, H+ activity, clay (log data, OC decreases C) and r(2) = 0.7 for Cd-z vs OC, H+ activity, clay (log data, OC enhances C).

Keywords: Cadmium, Freundlich, Isotherms, Multiple Regression, Prognosis, Scale, Soil, Soils, Sorption, Surface-Area