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West Coast Publishing Philosopher Views 1-12 Books Page WEST COAST DEBATE PHILOSOPHER VIEWS Edited by Audrey Mink, Brian Simmonds, JP Lacy, Dan Lair, Matt Taylor and Jim Hanson Researched by: Adam Symonds Lisa Gates Andreas Meyer Audrey Mink Brian Simmonds Brian Ward Chris Gorman Dan Leibson Debra Kodama Diana Martinez Emily Cordo Gavin Humes Geof Brodak Greg Miller James Banks Jeff Shaw Jessica Clarke John Hrabe Katie Bauer Keola Whittaker Kevin Johnson Kieran Ringgenberg Kristine Clancy Matt Johnson Matt Roskoski Matt Stannard Nader Haddad Nicholas Thomas Nina Reich Ryan Hagemann Sarah Stone WEST COAST DEBATE PHILOSOPHER VIEWS COMPILES VOLUME 1 - 12 Edited by Audrey Mink, Brian Simmonds, JP Lacy, Dan Lair, Matt Taylor and Jim Hanson Finding Arguments in this Handbook Use the table of contents on the next pages to find the briefs you need. We have tried to make the table of contents as easy to use as possible. You’ll find each section responding to key value systems easily. Use West Coast Handbooks as a Beginning Do not let our handbook substitute for your own original research. Our handbook should be the beginning of your research process. Use the essays to brainstorm research areas and use the evidence and bibliographies as a starting point for your exploration. If you have any suggestions or comments about our LD or other materials, please contact us at wcdebate@hotmail.com Copying West Coast Evidence Our policy gives you the freedom to use our evidence for educational purposes without violating our hard work. You may print and copy this evidence for those on your team. You may not electronically share nor distribute this evidence with anyone other than those on your team unless you very substantially change each page that of material that you share. For unusual situations, you can e-mail us at wcdebate@hotmail.com and seek our consent. Ordering West Coast Materials Visit the West Coast Web Page at www.wcdebate.com E-mail us at wcdebate@hotmail.com You can also call us at 888-255-9133; fax us at 877-781-5058; or write to West Coast Publishing; 2344 Hawk Drive; Walla Walla WA 99362 Copyright 1994-2006 and 2013. West Coast Publishing. All Rights Reserved. WEST COAST DEBATE 1 PHILOSOPHER VIEWS 1 Edited by Audrey Mink, Brian Simmonds, JP Lacy, Dan Lair, Matt Taylor and Jim Hanson 1 Researched by: 1 WEST COAST DEBATE 2 PHILOSOPHER VIEWS 2 COMPILES VOLUME 1 - 12 2 Finding Arguments in this Handbook 2 Use West Coast Handbooks as a Beginning 2 MUMIA ABU-JAMAL 25 LIFE AND WORK 25 MUMIA’S PHILOSOPHY 25 ON INSTITUTIONAL RACISM 25 ON PRISONS AND THE “JUSTICE SYSTEM” 26 ON TERRORISM 27 ON POLITICAL CHANGE 28 BIBLIOGRAPHY 29 29 THE WAR ON TERRORISM SHIFTS THE FOCUS FROM STATE-SPONSORED TERRORISM 32 RESISTING OPPRESSION BY STATE INTERESTS REQUIRES LOCAL, GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATION 34 THE DEATH PENALTY IS JUSTIFIED 36 WAR ON TERROR IS JUSTIFIED BY THE POST 9/11 ERA; SUPPORTS HUMAN RIGHTS 37
BIBLIOGRAPHY 43 PHILOSOPHICAL "TRUTH'S" DON'T EXIST 45 THE PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE IS A KEY COMPONENT OF PHILOSOPHY 46 IT IS POSSIBLE TO ESTABLISH TRUTH IN VALUE JUDGEMENTS 47 THE SEARCH FOR KNOWLEDGE IS HOPELESS 48 ANTI-FEDERALISTS 49 BIBLIOGRAPHY 55 THE ANTI-FEDERALIST VISION OF SMALLER GOVERNMENT IS SUPERIOR 56 ANTI-FEDERALISM GIVES RIGHTS AND PREVENTS DISCRIMINATION 57 AN ANTI-FEDERALIST GOVERNMENT WOULD BE UNSAFE AND INEFFECTIVE 59 FEDERALIST THEORY PROTECTS INDIVIDUAL AND MINORITY RIGHTS 60 Hannah Arendt 61 Political Philosopher (1906-1975) 61 Bibliography 63 VALUE SYSTEMS REQUIRE MAJORITY SUPPORT 64 MUST EXAMINE ACTIONS TO UNDERSTAND VALUES 64 FREEDOM IS THE CENTRAL VALUE IN SOCIETY 66 Aristippus 67 BIBLIOGRAPHY 73 PLEASURE IS THE HIGHEST VALUE 74 HEDONISM IS NOT AN ETHICAL SYSTEM 75 HEDONISM RESULTS IN GREED 77
Bibliograhy 83 VIRTUE ETHICS ARE NECESSARY 84 VIRTUE ETHICS WORK BEST 85 VIRTUE ETHICS ARE HARMFUL 86 VIRTUE ETHICS ARE PHILOSOPHICALLY FLAWED 88 Molefi Kete Asante 89 Afrocentricity 89 Bibliography 90 AFROCENTRISM LIBERATES THE OPPRESSED 92 LANGUAGE IS KEY TO AFRICAN-AMERICAN LIBERATION 93 CURRENT LANGUAGE STRUCTURES OPPRESS AFRICAN AMERICANS 93 AJ Ayer 95 BIBLIOGRAPHY 99 STATEMENTS OF VALUE ARE IMPOSSIBLE TO PROVE 100 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PROVE WHY THINGS HAPPEN 100 CLAIMS TO UNIVERSAL TRUTH SUSTAIN NEGATIVE POWER RELATIONS 101 CLAIMS TO UNVERSAL KNOWLEDGE CREATE AN EPISTIMOLOGICAL TRAP 102 Kurt Baier 103 BIBLIOGRAPHY 109 REASON IS THE BEST JUSTIFICATION FOR ACTION 110 VALUE JUDGMENTS ARE BENEFICIAL 111 BAIER’S MORALITY UNDERESTIMATES THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC 112 MORAL SYSTEMS FAIL 113 MICHAEL BAKUNIN 114 REVOLUTIONARY SOCIALIST-ANARCHIST (1814- 1876) 114 Bibliography 116 COMMON LIBERTY IS THE KEY VALUE 117 EQUALITY IS A PARAMOUNT CONCERN 118 ROUSSEAU’S PHILOSOPHY IS FLAWED 118 MARXISM IS AUTHORITARIAN AND WRONG 119 THE STATE IS ABSOLUTELY IRREDEEMABLE 120 JAMES BALDWIN 121 SOCIAL COMMENTATOR AND ESSAYIST 1924 - 1987 121 BIBLIOGRAPHY 124 THE DEHUMANIZATION OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS IS PERVASIVE 125 BLACK MALES LOSE SELF-IDENTITY IN SOCIETY 126 BLACK HATRED OF WHITES STEMS FROM RAGE 126 BALDWIN WAS INCONSISTENT IN HIS OPINIONS 127 BALDWIN WAS PAROCHIAL IN HIS VIEWS OF RACE ISSUES 127 MURRAY BOOKCHIN 129 SOCIAL ECOLOGY (b. 1921) 129 Bibliography 132 CRISIS AND THE RESULTING SOCIAL SHIFT IS INEVITABLE 133 CO-OPTATION THROUGH REFORMS IS THE BIGGEST DANGER 134 ECOLOGICAL STRATEGIES MUST BE SOCIAL AND NOT SINGLE-ISSUE 135 DECENTRALIZATION IS NECESSARY TO SOLVE 136 “DEEP” AND MYSTICAL ECOLOGISM HURTS TRUE ENVIRONMENTALISM 136 Answering Bookchin 137 BIBLIOGRAPHY 142 ECOCOMMUNITARIANISM IS BETTER THAN BOOKCHIN'S IDEAS 143 MURRAY BOOKCHIN’S IDEAS ARE MISGUIDED AND DANGEROUS 144 BOOKCHIN’S NOTION OF “LIBERTARIAN MUNICIPALISM” IS FLAWED 145 BOOKCHIN’S VIEWS IGNORE LABOR’S KEY ROLE 146 Kenneth Burke 147 TRAINED INCAPACITY AND COMIC CORRECTIVES 148 BURKEAN COMMUNICATION 148 HIERARCHY, PERFECTION, AND THE NEGATIVE 149 CRITICISMS OF BURKE 149 BURKE IN LD DEBATE 150 ANSWERING BURKE IN THE DEBATE ROUND 151 BIBLIOGRAPHY 153 RHETORIC CREATES MORALITY OUT OF THE NEGATIVE 154 BURKE’S METHODS MAKE THE BEST STRATEGIES FOR ANALYZING RHETORIC 155 BURKE’S PROJECT IS FUNDAMENTALLY FLAWED 157 BURKE’S PROJECT MAKES HARMFUL ASSUMPTIONS 158 Judith Butler 159 BUTLER AND A POLITICS OF PERFORMANCE 161 BUTLER AND FEMINISM 162 CRITICISMS OF BUTLER 163 Bibliography 164 GENDER IS PERFORMANCE 165 BUTLER PROVIDES A BASIS FOR FEMINIST POLITICS 166 BUTLER’S FEMINISM DESTROYS ANY CHANCES FOR REAL CHANGE 167 BUTLER’S FEMINISM IS MORAL QUIETISM 169
(1883-1946) 170 LIFE AND TIMES 170 IDEALISM (ANTI-POSITIVISM) 171 EXISTENCE 172 PERSONALISM AND NATIONAL IDENTITY 172 ETHICS 173 EDUCATION 173 AESTHETICS 174 BIBLIOGRAPHY 176 POSITIVISM IS FALSE 178 INDIVIDUALISM AND COMMUNISM RESULT IN EGOISM 180 PERSONALISM IS A BAD MORAL OBJECTIVE 181 POSITIVISM IS KEY TO SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION 182 NOAM CHOMSKY 184 INTRODUCTION 184 LIFE AND WORK 184 CRITIQUE OF NEOLIBERAL CAPITALISM 184 ANARCHO-SYNDICALISM 186 CRITICISM OF U.S. FOREIGN POLICY 187 IMPLICATIONS FOR DEBATE 188 BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 THE US GOVERNMENT IS CORRUPT 190 CAPITALISM HAS BEEN ESSENTIAL IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 195 WARD CHURCHILL 196 AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES 196 Life and Work 196 Basic Ideas And Philosophy 197 Application To Debate 198 Bibliography 198 UNITED STATES CLAIMS TO NATIVE LANDS ARE SUSPECT 199 GENOCIDE OF NATIVE AMERICANS STILL OCCURS TODAY 200 MUST CHALLENGE STEREOTYPICAL CULTURAL IMAGES 201 LIBERATION OF NATIVE AMERICANS WILL HELP LIBERATE OTHERS 202 Constitutional Originalism Responses 203 Answering Consent 204 Determining "Original Intent" 204 Individual Rights and Equality 205 BIBLIOGRAPHY 209 THE CONSTITUTION’S TEXT REFUTES ORIGINALISM 210 ORIGINALISM DOES NOT PREVENT JUDICIAL ACTIVISM 211 ORIGINALISM IS IMPRACTICAL 212 PROBLEMS OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE MAKE ORIGINALISM IMPOSSIBLE 214
BIOGRAPHIES: MARY DALY 216 SONIA JOHNSON 217 FEMINISM AS A VALUE FRAMEWORK 217 WAR AND VIOLENCE VERSUS PEACE 218 INTERCONNECTEDNESS 219 NON-HIERARCHICAL RELATIONS 219 IMPLICATIONS FOR DEBATE 220 PROBLEMS WITH FEMINISM 220 BIBLIOGRAPHY 222 FEMINISM IS A DESIRABLE VALUE 223 SEXISM IS THE CAUSE AND CONTEXT OF GREATER HUMAN PROBLEMS 224 "FEMINIST VALUES" ARE WRONG 225 FEMINIST VALUES ARE UNNECESSARY 226 ANGELA DAVIS 227 INTRODUCTION 227 LIFE AND WORK 227 CRITIQUE OF INSTITUTIONALIZED RACISM 228 THE GENDERED PENAL SYSTEM 229 IMPLICATIONS FOR DEBATE 232 BIBLIOGRAPHY 233 THE US SUFFERS FROM INSTITUTIONALIZED RACISM 234 THE US JUSTICE SYSTEM IS NOT INFECTED WITH RACIST INTENTIONS 236 A GENDERED RESPONSE TO THE PRISON INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX IS NECESSARY 237 THE US JUSTICE SYSTEM PROMOTES JUST OUTCOMES 239
FRENCH EXISTENTIALIST AND FEMINIST (1908-1987) 240 Life And Work 240 The Impossibility And Necessity Of Ethics 241 The Woman Question 241 Not Enough Of A Feminist? 242 Implications For Debate 243 Bibliography 244 SOCIETY MUST REJECT NIHILISM 245 POLITICS OF SEPARATISM CANNOT LIBERATE WOMEN 246 Jacques Derrida 247 WHAT IS DECONSTRUCTION? 247 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEBATE ROUND 250 Bibliography 253 DECONSTRUCTION IS GOOD 254 DECONSTRUCTION OPENS NEW WAYS OF THINKING 255 DECONSTRUCTION IS NOT PROPERLY POLITICAL 256 DECONSTRUCTION IS ELITIST 257 RENE DESCARTES 258 PHILOSOPHER 1596 - 1650 258 Biographical Background 258 Philosophical and Methodological Summary 258 Divinity of God 259 Contributions to Science 259 Summary of Writings and Publications 260 Criticism and Conclusion 260 BIBLIOGRAPHY 262 DOUBTFUL EVIDENCE MUST BE REJECTED 264 OBJECTIVE REALITY IS USED TO JUDGED IDEAS 264 EVIDENCE BASED ON PERCEPTIONS CANNOT BE TRUSTED 265 JOHN DEWEY 266 Life and Work 266 Dewey’s Philosophy of Pragmatism 267 Dewey’s Views on Education 270 Objections to Dewey 270 Implications for Debate 271 BIBLIOGRAPHY 272 TRUTH IS PROGRESSIVE AND EVOLVING 273 THERE ARE NO TRANSCENDENT MORAL TRUTHS 274 FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY REQUIRE MATERIAL EQUALITY 274 DEWEY’S PHILOSOPHY IS GENERALLY REMOVED FROM REALITY 275 DEWEY’S PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION IS FLAWED 275 DEWEY’S JUSTIFICATIONS FOR DEMOCRACY ARE FLAWED 276 DEWEY’S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY IGNORES HUMAN NATURE AND HISTORY 276 W.E.B. DU BOIS 277 SOCIAL PHILOSOPHER 1868 - 1963 277 Socialism as Black Liberation 277 The Dynamics of Racism 278 Opposition from Black Moderates and Others 278 BIBLIOGRAPHY 279 COMMUNITY IS THE HIGHEST VALUE 281 SOCIALISM IS NECESSARY FOR LIBERATION 282 RACISM IS MORALLY REPUGNANT 283 THEORIES OF RACIAL INFERIORITY ARE WRONG 283 RIANE EISLER 284 FEMINIST 284 Life And Work 284 Basic Ideas And Principles 284 Application To Debate 285 Bibliography 287 ONLY CHALLENGING DOMINATOR STRUCTURES CAN CHANGE SOCIETY 288 DOMINATOR SOCIETIES MISUSE TECHNOLOGY 289 PARTNERSHIP CULTURE IS PRACTICAL AND FEASIBLE 290 DOMINATOR SOCIETIES THREATEN SURVIVAL 291 RALPH WALDO EMERSON 292 Emerson’s Life and Times 292 Emerson’s Ideas 293 Objections to Emerson 295 Implications for Debate 295 BIBLIOGRAPHY 297 BEAUTY IS THE HIGHEST VALUE 298 MORALITY IS INNATE AND TRANSCENDENT 299 EMERSON’S PHILOSOPHY LEGITIMIZES RUTHLESS POWER AND COMPETITION 300 EMERSON’S PHILOSOPHY IS IRRELEVANT TO EVERYDAY AND POLITICAL LIFE 301 302 ETHICS 304 DESIRE 305 JUSTICE 305 THEORY OF MIND AND DEATH 306 EPICURUS IN DEBATE 306 THE PRINCIPLES DOCTRINE 306 BIBLIOGRAPHY 310 HAPPINESS IS THE PARAMOUNT VALUE IN THE WORLD 312 LOGIC IS NECESSARY IN ORDER TO LEAD A MORAL LIFE 314 EPICURUS' PHILOSOPHY DISPLAYS A NEGATIVE VIEW OF DIVINITY 315 DIVINE POWERS HAVE NO CONTROL OVER HUMAN BEINGS 316 Arturo Escobar 317 HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT 317 THE TROUBLE WITH DEVELOPMENT 318 CRITICISMS OF ESCOBAR 319 LD APPLICATIONS 320 ANSWERING DEVELOPMENT CRITIQUES 321 BIBLIOGRAPHY 323 DEVELOPMENT THINKING MANAGES THE OTHER 324 DEVELOPMENT THINKING demeans the other 325 WE SHOULD STILL ACT TO SOLVE WORLD PROBLEMS LIKE POVERTY 326 . 327
WHY FEMINISM? A VERY BRIEF HISTORY 331 ROSIE THE RIVETER 331 THE SIXTIES 332 BASIC FEMINISM 332 VARIETIES OF FEMINISM 333 PROBLEMS WITH FEMINISM 335 BIBLIOGRAPHY 338 FEMINISM FAILS AS A PHILOSOPHY 339 FEMINISM IGNORES LEGITIMATE DIFFERENCES AMONG WOMEN 339 FEMINISM FAILS AS A POLITICAL APPROACH 340 PATRIARCHY INADEQUATELY EXPLAINS INEQUALITY IN SOCIETY 341 MOST WOMEN REJECT FEMINISM 342 FEMINISM IS RACIST 343 FEMINIST EMPHASIS ON MALE VIOLENCE SHOULD BE REJECTED 344 FEMINISM ENTRENCHES DESTRUCTIVE BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM 345 Michel Foucault 346 Post-Structuralist Philosopher (1926-1984) 346 Bibliography 348 POWER IS THE ULTIMATE SOCIAL VALUE 349 POWER IS THE ULTIMATE SOCIAL VALUE Part 2 350 LANGUAGE IS A CENTRAL COMPONENT OF SOCIETY 351 UNDERSTANDING THE PAST DOES NOT PROVIDE OBJECTIVE TRUTH 351
Foucault’s Basics 353 Arguing Against Foucault on a Factual Basis 354 Political Implications: Why Foucault? 355 Feminism and Foucault 355 Butler: Using Freud 357 BIBLIOGRAPHY 359 FOUCAULT PRECLUDES FEMINIST THEORY 360 FOUCAULT VIOLATES HIS OWN CRITIQUE 361 FOUCAULT’S ASSUMPTIONS ARE INCORRECT 362 FOUCAULT’S METHOD OF CRITIQUE IS POWERLESS TO CHANGE ANYTHING 363
A Brief History Of Free Speech In The United States 365 Preparing To Debate Free Speech 367 Absolutism and individualism 367 Racism and hate speech 368 Sexual Harassment 368 Pornography And Other Obscene Speech 369 Debating Free Speech 370 BIBLIOGRAPHY 371 COMMUNITY VALUES TRUMP FREE SPEECH 372 FREE SPEECH HAS NO INTRINSIC WORTH 373 PORNOGRAPHY AND HATE SPEECH JUSTIFY RESTRICTING SPEECH 374 HATE SPEECH DOES NOT DESERVE PROTECTION 375
Feminism 376 Bibliography 378 ALL SOCIAL STRUCTURES ARE OPPRESSIVE TO WOMEN 379 REVOLUTIONARY FEMINIST ACTION IS NECESSARY FOR SOCIAL CHANGE 381 FEMINISM IS DIVIDED BY RACIAL ISSUES 382 BETTY FRIEDAN 383 POLITICAL WRITER 1921 - 383 Life and Work 383 A Practical Philosophy of Women’s Liberation 383 Criticism from Radical Feminism 384 Implications for Debate 385 BIBLIOGRAPHY 386 LIBERATION MUST EMPHASIZE POLITICAL ACTION OVER PHILOSOPHY 387 WE MUST MOVE BEYOND THE POLITICS OF GENDER DIFFERENCE 387 TRADITIONAL FEMINISM IS NO LONGER APPROPRIATE FOR LIBERATION 389 REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS ARE KEY TO WOMEN’S LIBERATION 389 WOMEN’S LIBERATION DOES NOT THREATEN MEN 391 JONATHAN GLOVER 392 BIOGRAPHY OF JONATHAN GLOVER 392 GLOVER ON ETHICS 392 BIBLIOGRAPHY 397 UTILITARIANISM IS A FLAWED MORAL THEORY 398 EXTERNAL, AUTHORITY-BASED ETHICAL SYSTEMS ARE FLAWED 399 DEONTOLOGY PROVIDES NO STABLE BASIS FOR JUDGING ACTIONS 400 THE MORAL RESOURCES PROVIDE A PRACTICAL CRITERIA TO EVALUATE THE MORALITY OF ACTIONS AND ALTERNATIVES 402 THE MORAL RESOURCES OFFER A MORE HUMANIZED ETHICAL THEORY 403 TRADITIONAL ETHICAL THEORIES PROVIDE ADEQUATE RESTRAINTS 404 EMMA GOLDMAN 405 FEMINIST AND ANARCHIST (1869- 1940) 405 Life And Work 405 One Of The Most Dangerous Women In America 406 Goldman In Private And Public 406 Philosophy And Contributions To Anarchist Thought 407 Application To Debate 407 Bibliography 409 INDIVIDUALISM IS BETTER THAN SOCIETY 410 DUALISM MUST BE STOPPED TO LIBERATE WOMEN 411 Paul Goodman 412 THE LIFE AND TIMES OF PAUL GOODMAN 412 PSYCHOLOGY 412 ANARCHISM 413 MILITARISM 415 ECOLOGY AND SCIENCE 416 EDUCATION, CULTURE, AND PRISONS 417 BIBLIOGRAPHY 418 ANARCHISM IS GOOD 419 MUNICIPAL LIBERTARIANISM IS KEY TO COUNTER APATHY 420 LIBERTARIAN MUNICIPALISM REINFORCES THE STATE 421 GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY IS BAD 423 ERNESTO CHE GUEVARA 424 MARXIST REVOLUTIONARY AND ECONOMIST (1928- 1967) 424 Life And Work 424 Building Socialist Consciousness 425 Are Che’s Ideas Feasible? 426 Implications For Debate 427 Bibliography 427 A CONSCIOUSNESS SHIFT TOWARDS SOCIALISM IS NECESSARY 429 CAPITALISM IMPEDES GLOBAL PEACE AND HUMAN PROGRESS 430 CAPITALISM DESTROYS INDIVIDUAL WELL-BEING AND LIBERTY 431 LANI GUINIER 432 GUINIER’S THOUGHT 432 SOME OF GUINIER’S SOLUTIONS 433 GUINIER AND THE TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY 434 BIBLIOGRAPHY 437 GUINIER’S VIEWS AREN’T BAD: THE MEDIA LIES TO US ABOUT THEM 438 LANI GUINIER’S IDEAS ARE GOOD FOR MULTIRACIAL DEMOCRACY 440 GUINIER’S IDEAS WON’T HELP SOLVE RACISM OR PROMOTE DEMOCRACY 441 GUINIER’S IDEAS WILL NOT BE EFFECTIVE 442
LIFE AND WORK 443 Grassroots Post-Modernism 443 The Strength of Thinking and Acting Locally 445 Escaping Parochialism 446 Decentralization vs. Decentralism 446 Application to Debate 447 Bibliography 448 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ARE HARMFUL 449 GLOBAL THINKING IS IMPOSSIBLE 450 THE WISDOM OF THINKING SMALL 451 LOCAL AUTONOMY AND SELF-GOVERNANCE ARE KEY TO SUSTAINABLE QUALITY OF LIFE 453 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ARE EFFECTIVE 454
THE LIFE OF HAMILTON 455 HIS IDEAS 455 HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC IDEAS 456 HAMILTON’S OPPRESSIVE IDEAS 457 DENOUMENT 458 BIBLIOGRAPHY 460 FEDERAL CONSTITUTION AND STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS ARE NEEDED 461 HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC IDEAS WERE GOOD 463 HAMILTON WAS OPPOSED TO DEMOCRACY 464 HAMILTON WAS AN ECONOMIC ELITIST 466
WHO IS VACLAV HAVEL? 467 HAVEL’S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: MELDING THEORY AND PRACTICE 468 THE NATURE OF POLITICAL POWER IN POST-TOTALITARIAN SYSTEMS 468 REFUSING TO PLAY: THE POSSIBILITY OF RESISTANCE 470 CRITICISMS AND RESPONSES 471 MODERN APPLICATIONS AND RELEVANCE TO L.D. DEBATE 471 BIBLIOGRAPHY 473 HAVEL’S LIVING IN TRUTH IS THE ANTIDOTE TO POLITICAL REPRESSION 474 THE VALUE OF SELF-TRANSCENDENCE IS PARAMOUNT 475 HAVEL’S TRANSCENDENT MORALITY FAILS 476 LIVING IN TRUTH IS A BAD PHILOSOPHY 477 TOM HAYDEN 478 TOM HAYDEN’S LIFE 478 IDEAS OF TOM HAYDEN 479 THE CHARGE OF MORAL AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM 480 OTHER CRITICISMS OF HAYDEN 481 BIBLIOGRAPHY 482 THE 1960s ACTIVISM OF SDS AND HAYDEN WAS POSITIVE 483 HAYDEN’S CRITICS ARE WRONG – THE 60s WEREN’T ABOUT MORAL RELATIVISM 485 HAYDEN’S POLITICAL AGENDA WAS SECONDARY: HE JUST WANTED TROUBLE 486 HAYDEN SAID HE WANTED PEACE, BUT HE REALLY WANTED VIOLENCE 487 GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL 488 GERMAN PHILOSOPHER (1770-1831) 488 Life And Work 488 Dialectical Reason: The Struggle And Synthesis Of Opposites 489 History: The Realm Of The Absolute 489 Objections From Left To Right 490 Implications For Debate 491 Bibliography 493 PHILOSOPHICAL TRUTH IS DIALECTICAL 494 THE STATE IS THE HIGHEST POLITICAL VALUE 495 INDIVIDUALISM IS FLAWED 495 A STRONG STATE IS NECESSARY FOR BOTH FREEDOM AND ORDER 496 PATRIARCHY IS NATURAL AND BENEVOLENT 497
INTRODUCTION 498 BASIC HEGEL 499 DIALECTICAL LOGIC 500 THE CASE FOR ALLEGIANCE TO THE STATE 501 POINTS OF ATTACK 501 HEGEL’S IDEALISM 502 THE IRRELEVANCE OF THE DIALECTIC 502 HEGEL’S POLITICAL BIAS CONTRADICTS HIS DIALECTICAL APPROACH 503 USING MARX TO REFUTE HEGEL 504 BIBLIOGRAPHY 506 HEGEL’S WORK IS INAPPROPRIATE FOR PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATE 508 HEGELIANISM IS PHILOSOPHICALLY UNSOUND 508 HEGEL IS ETHICALLY UNSOUND 509 HEGELIANISM IS LITTLE MORE THAN A POLITICAL TOOL 510 HEGELIANISM IS TOTALITARIAN 511 HEGEL’S PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE IS INCORRECT 511
GERMAN PHILOSOPHER (1889-1976) 512 Life And Work 512 Being And The Human Being 513 Against “Isms” And Systems 514 Implications For Debate 515 Bibliography 515 WE MUST QUESTION AND CRITIQUE ALL COMMONLY HELD TRUTHS 517 “VALUE” THINKING MUST BE CRITICALLY REJECTED 518 “-ISMS” (EG, SOCIALISM) MUST BE CRITICALLY REJECTED 519 INDIVIDUALISM IS PHILOSOPHICALLY FLAWED AND SHOULD BE REJECTED 520
Why Saying "Heidegger Was A Nazi" Isn't (Just) An Ad Hominem Attack 522 Attacking The Defenders Of Heidegger 522 Why This Matters So Much 524 Philosophical Problems With Heidegger (Of The Non-Nazi Variety) 524 BIBLIOGRAPHY 526 HEIDEGGER'S PHILOSOPHY WAS INTRINSICALLY A NAZI ONE 527 HEIDEGGER'S PHILOSOPHY ENTRENCHES POWER HIERARCHIES 528 SERIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS EXIST WITH HEIDEGGER 529 MARXIST CRITIQUE OF HEIDEGGER IS SUPERIOR 530 Richard Hildreth 532 BACKGROUND 532 ACTIVISM AND CAREER 532 VIEWS ON SLAVERY 533 THEORY OF MORALS 533 ON RELIGION 534 HISTORY 535 BIBLIOGRAPHY 536 ACTIVISM IS NECESSARY FOR THE SURVIVAL OF HUMANITY 538 CURRENT "OBJECTIVE" HISTORICAL MODELS ARE FLAWED 539 THOMAS HOBBES 540 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHER 1588 - 1679 540 Biographical Background 540 Philosophical Comparisons 540 Hobbes Natural Philosophy Theory 541 Hobbes Moral Philosophy 541 Leviathan and Other Political Writings 542 Criticism of Hobbes Theories 542 BIBLIOGRAPHY 544 NATURAL LAW AND CIVIL LAW ARE LINKED TOGETHER 545 CONFLICT IS INEVITABLE AMONG PEOPLE IN THEIR NATURAL STATE 545 UNCIVIL STATES PRODUCE WAR 547 SELF DEFENSE IS A LAW OF NATURE 547 RIGHT TO SELF DEFENSE VIOLATES THE LAW OF CIVIL SOCIETY 549 STRONG SOVEREIGNTY DESTROYS FREE SOCIETY 549
WRITING STYLE 550 RACISM 551 FEMINISM 552 RACISM DIVIDING FEMINISM 553 hooks in LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE 553 BIBLIOGRAPHY 555 RACISM PERMEATES US CULTURE 556 THE INTERSECTIONAL APPROACH IS BEST 557 HOOKS' CRITICISM IS INEFFECTIVE 558 MULTIDIMENSIONALITY IS SUPERIOR TO INTERSECTIONALITY 559
BIOGRAPHY 560 PHILOSOPHY 560 ILLICH IN DEBATE 563 BIBLIOGRAPHY 565 MORALITY IS DEPENDENT ON INDIVIDUAL CHOICE 567 INSTITUTIONS ARE OPPRESSIVE 568 DESCHOOLING IS PHILOSOPHICALLY BANKRUPT 569 INSTITUTIONS ARE NECESSARY 570
Political Philosopher (1724- 1804) 571 Bibliography 573 MORALITY IS EMBEDDED IN TILE HUMAN MIND 575 VALUES MUST BE RATIONAL AND REASONABLE 576 ACTION MUST BE REGULATED BY THE GOOD 577 MORALITY IS/SHOULD BE UNIVERSAL 578
HISTORICAL CONTEXT, LIFE, AND WORK 579 RACIAL EQUALITY 580 THE DEVELOPMENT OF KINGS PHILOSOPHY OF NONVIOLENCE 580 RECONCILIATION 580 PREREQUISITES OF A NONVIOLENT CAMPAIGN 581 THE PURPOSE OF NONVIOLENCE 581 JUSTIFICATIONS FOR NONVIOLENCE 581 JUSTICE 582 CRITIQUES OF KING'S METHOD 582 Bibliography 584 NONVIOLENCE IS A SUPERIOR TACTIC FOR SOCIAL CHANGE 585 WE MUST TAKE DIRECT ACTION TO CONFRONT INJUSTICE 586 KING’S DISCOURSE ONLY RE-ENTRENCHES OPPRESSION 587 KING’S FOCUS ON BLACK/WHITE RACISM IS INSUFFICIENT 588
How King’s Philosophy Is (Mis) Used 589 Additional Important Things King Said: Economics 590 King And Pacifism 591 Answering King's Nonviolence Views 591 Some Logical Problems With Pacifism 592 BIBLIOGRAPHY 594 KING’S LEGACY IS PERVERTED TO ATTACK AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 595 KING'S NONVIOLENCE FAILS IN ISOLATION 596 PACIFISM GENERALLY FAILS 597 MARTIN LUTHER KING AND MALCOLM X WERE NOT OPPOSITES 598
Russian Socialist (1873-1952) 599 Feminism 599 Bibliography 601 SOCIALISM IS GOOD FOR WOMEN 602 THERE IS A LACK OF UNITY WITHIN THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT 603 INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPATION IS LIMITED IN BUREAUCRACIES 604 GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUPPORT WORKING MOTHERS 604 Cberis Kramarae 606 Feminism 606 Bibliography 608 TECHNOLOGY IS A MALE-DOMINATED PROCESS 609 TECHNOLOGY DOES NOT IMPROVE WOMEN’S QUALITY OF LIFE 610 MEN’S WORDS AND DICTIONARIES EXCLUDE THE FEMALE VOICE 611 PETER KROPOTKIN 613 ANARCHIST (1842-192 1) 613 Life And Work 613 The Struggle Between Anarchism And Socialism 613 “The Noblest Man” And His Basic Philosophy 614 Critical Of Socialism And Other Schools Of Anarchism 616 Application To Debate 616 Bibliography 617 MORAL OBLIGATION NOTIONS ARE HARMFUL 618 MUTUAL AID IS THE BASIS FOR ALL LIFE 619 THE STATE TRIES TO CRUSH THE HUMAN SPIRIT 620 HUMANS SEEK PLEASURE AND TRY TO AVOID PAIN 621 Legal Neutrality Responses 622 Legal ‘neutrality’ and White privilege 622 Interest-Convergence Theory: Blacks progress only when Whites benefit 624 Victim-based perspectives as correctives 625 Answering Legal Neutrality with Critical Race Theory 626 BIBLIOGRAPHY 626 THE LAW IS INHERENTLY RACIST 628 RACISM IS USUALLY UNINTENTIONAL 629 LAW PRESERVES THE PRIVILEGES CURRENTLY ENJOYED BY WHITES 631 WHITES WILL NOT END THEIR OWN LEGAL PRIVILEGE 632 Emmanuel Levinas 633 BIOGRAPHY 633 LEVINAS'S PHILOSOPHY: THE OTHER AS PRIOR TO THE SELF 634 INCOMMENSURABILITY 635 THE FUTILITY OF SYSTEMIC ETHICS 636 AGAINST INDIVIDUALISM 636 PROBLEMS WITH LEVINAS 637 Bibliography 639 WE SHOULD REJECT SYSTEMIC VIEWS OF PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS 640 LEVINASIAN PHILOSOPHY IS GOOD FOR SOCIETY 641 LEVINAS'S LACK OF CLARITY DOOMS HIS PHILOSOPHY 642 LEVINAS'S PHILOSOPHY CANNOT SOLVE FOR THE INJUSTICE HE DESCRIBES 642 LEVINAS IS UNREASONABLE AND ABSOLUTIST 643 UNIVERSAL VALUES EXIST: THE INCOMMENSURABILITY THESIS IS WRONG 643 Robert Jay Lifton 644 ROOTS OF THE THEORY 644 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF GENOCIDE 645 NAZI HOLOCAUST AND NUCLEAR THREAT 646 DEBATE APPLICATION OF THESE THEORIES 646 HOW TO GET AROUND THE GENOCIDAL MENTALITY 647 BIBLIOGRAPHY 649 NUCLEARIST PSYCHOLOGY LEADS US TO THE NUCLEAR PRECIPICE 650 NUCLEARISM, the LANGUAGE OF NUKES, HAS TERRIBLE CONSEQUENCES 651 NUCLEAR WEAPONS ARE ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY 652 LIFTON'S VIEWS ARE WRONG 653
British Philosopher (1632-1704) 654 Bibliography 656 LAWS OF NATURE REGULATE HUMAN VALUING 657 MORALITY AND VALUES ARE NOT UNIVERSAL 657 VALUE OF LIBERTY DEMANDS FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND WILL 659 Jean-François Lyotard 661 Post-Modern Philosopher 661 Bibliography 663 HUMAN VALUING DOES NOT FOLLOW OBJECTIVE/LINEAR PROGRESSION 664 MUST UNDERSTAND LANGUAGE TO UNDERSTAND VALUES 666 OBJECTIVE TRUTHS DO NOT EXIST 667 NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI 668 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHER 1469 - 1577 668 Biographical Background 668 Contributions to Political Science 668 Themes in Machiavelli s Philosophy 669 Criticism and analysis 669 BIBLIOGRAPHY 671 LACK OF FREEDOM CREATES MISERIES FOR A CITY 673 A REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT IS A PREFERABLE FORM OF GOVERNMENT 673 RELIGION IS NECESSARY FOR A STRONG SOCIETY 675 IT IS BETTER TO TEMPORIZE AN EVIL FORCE THAN TO OPPOSE IT 675
Moral Philosopher 677 Bibliography 679 UNIVERSAL MORAL PRINCIPLES DO NOT EXIST 680 PHILOSOPHY CAN CHANGE THE HUMAN COND1T ION 682 UNDERSTANDING HISTORY IS CRITICAL FOR INTERPRETING OUR VALUES 683 CATHARINE A. MacKINNON 684 LEGAL THEORIST 1946 - 684 Biographical Background 684 Male-Female Relations 685 Criticism and Critique 686 BIBLIOGRAPHY 687 PORNOGRAPHY IS ABUSE AGAINST WOMEN 688 GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND LAWS ARE MALE-ORIENTED 688 ABORTION LAWS MAINTAIN MAN’S CONTROL OVER WOMEN 690 FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT HAS BEEN SACRIFICED TO FIRST AMENDMENT 690 MACKINNON’S CENSORSHIP WILL NOT IMPROVE WOMEN’S LIVES 692 PORNOGRAPHY DOES NOT LEAD TO VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 692 MACKINNON’S APPROACH TO PORNOGRAPHY IS FLAWED 694
THE LIFE OF MADISON 695 MADISON ON THE POLITICAL SYSTEM 696 MADISON ON THE TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY 696 MADISON ON RELIGION 697 CRITICS OF MADISON 698 BIBLIOGRAPHY 700 MADISON’S IDEA OF A FEDERAL REPUBLIC MAKES FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE 701 FEDERALISM IS KEY TO STABLE AND PROSPEROUS GOVERNMENT 703 MADISONIAN FEDERALISM IS JUST AN EXCUSE TO CURB REAL DEMOCRACY 704 MADISON WAS AN ELITIST WHOSE THEORIES FAVORED ONLY RICH LANDOWNERS 706
MALCOLM X IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 707 WHY MALCOLM REJECTS CIVIL RIGHTS AS A VALUE/CRITERIA 707 MALCOLM X ON REVOLUTION (CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE) 708 MALCOLM X AND THE QUESTION OF VIOLENCE 709 HOW TO EMPLOY MALCOLM X’S VALUES OF CIVIL RIGHTS AND IN L-D DEBATE 710 HOW TO REFUTE THE USE OF MALCOLM X’S PHILOSOPHIES IN L-D DEBATE 711 MALCOLM X IN RELATION TO SEVERAL COMMON VALUES AND/OR CRITERIA 711 BIBLIOGRAPHY 713 CIVIL RIGHTS ARE A POOR VALUE 714 HUMAN RIGHTS OUTWEIGH CIVIL RIGHTS 716 CIVIL/HUMAN RIGHTS DISTINCTIONS IS FLAWED; CIVIL RIGHTS ARE HUMAN RIGHTS 717 HUMAN RIGHTS ARE NOT PARAMOUNT 719
Chinese-Political Philosopher (1893-1976) 721 Bibliography 722 DEMOCRATIC VALUES AND STRONG ECONOMY ARE INTERDEPENDENT 724 VALUE SYSTEM MUST SOLVE OPPRESSION 724 MAJORITARIANISM SHOULD BE THE CORE GUIDE FOR SOCIAL ACTION 725 Herbert Marcuse 727 Social Philosopher 727 Bibliography 729 VALUES ARE INSEPARABLE FROM ACTION 730 VALUE OF FREEDOM IS IMPORTANT TO AN ADVANCED SOCIETY 732
Communist-Political Philosopher (1818-1883) 734 Bibliography 736 MUST EMBRACE A COMMUNIST VISION OF VALUES 737 MUST REJECT VALUES THAT ARE BASED IN CAPITALIST ECONOMIES 738 CAPITALISM AND MARKET FORCES PERPETUATE ALIENATION 739 WORK IS THE CORE HUMAN INSTINCT OR VALUE 740
Human Motivation (1908-1970) 741 Bibliography 743 BASIC HUMAN NEEDS ARE HIERARCHICAL 744 NEEDS ARE CONSISTENT ACROSS CULTURES 744 UNMET NEEDS NEGATIVELY IMPACT PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH 746 John Stuart Mill 747 British-Political Philosopher (1806-1873) 747 Bibliography 749 CANNOT SILENCE INDIVIDUAL VOICES 750 JUSTICE IS THE HIGHEST VALUE 751 JUST SOCIETIES CAN REGULATE BEHAVIOR 751 RALPH NADER 753 Nader’s Life and Work 753 The Philosophical Basis of Nader’s Politics 754 Nader’s Political Principles 755 Objections to Nader 756 Implications for Debate 757 BIBLIOGRAPHY 759 EGALITARIAN CRITERIA OF JUSTICE IS BEST 760 CORPORATE POWER THREATENS THE PUBLIC GOOD 760 GLOBAL FREE TRADE HAS HORRIBLE IMPACTS 761 NADER’S PHILOSOPHY HURTS DEMOCRACY 762 NADER IS ELITIST AND TOTALITARIAN 762 NADER’S ANTI-CORPORATE AGENDA IS UNDESIRABLE 763 NADER PRACTICES A RHETORIC OF FEAR AND OVERSIMPLIFICATION 763 Arne Naess 764 WHO IS ARNE NAESS? 764 WHAT IS DEEP ECOLOGY? 764 ANTHROPOCENTRISM, BIOCENTRISM, ECOCENTRISM 765 GESTALT ONTOLOGY 766 THE PROBLEMS WITH TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH 766 TO REFORM OR NOT TO REFORM? 767 MAINSTREAM CRITICISMS 767 CRITICISMS FROM SOCIAL ECOLOGISTS 767 CRITICISMS FROM ECOFEMINISTS 768 NAESS IN LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE 768 Bibliography 770 DEEP ECOLOGY IS THE BEST FORM OF ENVIRONMENTALISM 771 OBJECTIONS TO DEEP ECOLOGY ARE MISTAKEN 773 DEEP ECOLOGY IS NOT THE BEST WAY TO PRESERVE THE ENVIRONMENT 774 DEEP ECOLOGY OPPRESSES HUMANS 775 FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 776 PHILOSOPHER (1844-1900) 776 Life And Work 776 The Attack On Values 777 Critical History Of Values 777 The Transvaluation Of Values 778 How Accurate Is Nietzsche’s Assessment? 778 Critiquing Values: Implications For Debate 779 Bibliography 781 THERE IS NO NATURAL BASIS FOR MORALITY 782 UNIVERSAL MORAL SYSTEMS SHOULD BE REJECTED 783 MORAL SYSTEMS ARE BAD FOR HUMANITY 784 UTILITARIANISM SHOULD BE REJECTED 785 SUFFERING IS GOOD AND WE SHOULDN’T TRY TO ELIMINATE IT 785 Friedrich Nietzsche 786 THE "OLD" NIETZSCHE 786 THE “NEW” NIETZSCHE 787 AUTHENTICITY 787 FEMINISM 788 CRITICISM OF NIETZSCHE 789 IMPLICATIONS FOR DEBATE 790 Bibliography 792 NIETZSCHE'S PHILOSOPHY IS RELEVANT TO CURRENT VALUE QUESTIONS 793 NIETZSCHE'S PHILOSOPHY FOSTERS FEMINIST VALUES 794 NIETZSCHE'S PHILOSOPHY IS SEXIST 795 NIETZSCHE'S PHILOSOPHY IS ELITIST 795 NIETZSCHE'S VIEW OF RELIGION IS FLAWED 796
LIBERTARIAN PHILOSOPHER (b. 1938) 797 Life And Work 797 Moral Libertarianism 798 Some Objections 798 Implications For Debate 799 Bibliography 799 INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM IS THE BEST POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC OPTION 801 SOCIAL CONCERNS SHOULD NOT TAKE PRIORITY OVER INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS 801 MINIMAL STATES BEST GUARANTEE FREEDOM FOR EVERYONE 802 CAPITALISM IS A JUST AND FAIR SYSTEM 802 RAWLSIAN JUSTICE SHOULD BE REJECTED 803 ECONOMIC REDISTRIBUTION IS IMMORAL AND INFEASIBLE 804
THE LIFE OF JOSEPH NYE, JR. 805 NYE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 806 NYE ON GLOBALIZATION 807 CRITICS OF NYE 807 BIBLIOGRAPHY 809 SOFT POWER AND DEMOCRACY PROMOTION ARE INCREASINGLY KEY 810 ISOLATION AND CONTAINMENT DON’T WORK IN POLICY-MAKING 811 NYE’S NOTION OF SOFT POWER IS WRONG 812 NYE’S FOREIGN POLICY THINKING IS FLAWED 813 THOMAS PAINE 814 POLITICAL PROPAGANDIST 1737 - 1809 814 Biographical Background 814 Political and Social Philosophy 814 Religious Beliefs 815 Summary of Writings and Publications 815 BIBLIOGRAPHY 817 GOVERNMENT EXISTS TO SERVE SOCIETY 818 PURPOSE OF SOCIETY IS TO SECURE RIGHTS OF PEOPLE 818 PRESENT LAWS CANNOT CONTROL FUTURE GENERATIONS 819 RIGHTS OF MAN EXISTED AT TIME OF CREATION 819
BACKGROUND 820 PRICHARD AND PUBLISHING 820 THEORY 820 DOES MORAL PHILOSOPHY REST ON A MISTAKE? 821 MOTIVE AND PURPOSE DISTINCTION 821 TYPES OF INTUITIONISM 821 NORMATIVE INTUITIONISM 822 NO STANDARD SUBCONCIOUS CRITERION 823 MORAL REALISM 823 MORAL APPLICATION TO EVALUATION 824 LINCOLN DOUGLAS DEBATE APPLICATIONS 824 BIBLIOGRAPHY 826 ESTABLISHMENT OF ETHICAL OR MORAL TRUTHS IS IMPOSSIBLE 827 GOOD MOTIVE DOESN’T IMPLY GOOD MORALITY 828 MORALITY IS NECESSARY 829 EXCLUDING MORALS FROM LEGITIMATE TRUTHS JUSTIFIES WAR 830
LIBERTARIAN PHILOSOPHER 1905 - 1982 831 Life and Work 831 Objectivism 831 Problems of Radical Individualism 832 BIBLIOGRAPHY 833 MORAL ABSOLUTES EXIST 834 HUMAN NEEDS ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN ECOLOGY 834 INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS TAKE PRECEDENCE OVER COLLECTIVE NEEDS 835 CAPITALISM IS SUPERIOR TO SOCIALISM 836 Answering Objectivism 837 Introduction 837 Political And Ethical Implications 837 Attacking Objectivism 838 Rand's Fiction 839 Rationality 839 Perspectives Critiquing Rand 840 BIBLIOGRAPHY 843 OBJECTIVIST REASON IS FLAWED AND DANGEROUS 844 OBJECTIVISM CANNOT LEGITIMIZE POLITICAL ACTIONS 845 OBJECTIVISM IS OPPRESSIVE 847 OBJECTIVISM IS HOMOPHOBIC AND SEXIST 848 John Rawls 849 Political Philosopher 849 Bibliography 851 DEMOCRACY IS A DESIRABLE VALUE 852 VALUES ARE DEFINED BY SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND ACTIONS 852 VALUES SHOULD BE ASSESSED BY “JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS” 854 VALUES SHOULD BE ASSESSED BY “JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS” Part 2 855
Rawls’ Theory of Justice 856 Rawls’ Political Liberalism 857 The Problem of Material Distribution 858 The Problem of the Public Forum 859 BIBLIOGRAPHY 862 RAWLSIAN JUSTICE IS IMMORAL 863 RAWLSIAN JUSTICE DOES NOT EMANCIPATE THE POOR AND DISADVANTAGED 864 POLITICAL LIBERALISM IS FLAWED 866 RAWLSIAN LIBERALISM IS BAD FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 867 Realism Responses 868 Realism in international relations 868 The alleged epistemology of realism 869 Selectivity of data 869 The problem of elites 870 The problem of patriarchy 871 Ignoring the history of cooperation 871 Bibliography 873 REALISM CAUSES WAR 874 NATIONS CAN AND SHOULD ABANDON REALISM IN FAVOR OF COOPERATION 875 REALISM IS PHILOSOPHICALLY UNSOUND 876 REALISM DESTROYS THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 877 REALISM HURTS WOMEN 877
Types of relativism 878 Problems with relativism 879 The inevitability of judgment 880 The inevitability of universals 880 The problem of manipulation 881 BIBLIOGRAPHY 883 RELATIVISM IS EPISTEMOLOGICALLY FLAWED 884 UNIVERSAL VALUES EXIST 885 RELATIVISM IS UNNECESSARY FOR TOLERANCE 886 RELATIVISM HURTS WOMEN’S RIGHTS 887
ROOSEVELT’S IMPORTANCE 889 ROOSEVELT’S IDEAS 890 ECONOMIC POLICY: THE DEFENDERS 890 ECONOMIC POLICY: THE CRITICS 891 WAR POLICY 892 BIBLIOGRAPHY 894 FDR’S ECONOMIC LEGACY IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT 895 FDR’S OVERSEAS POLICY WAS EXCELLENT 896 THE NEW DEAL WAS BAD FOR THE ECONOMY, PROLONGING THE DEPRESSION 897 FDR’S ECONOMIC POLICIES WERE NOT TRULY EFFECTIVE 899
Linguistic-Epistemological Philosopher 900 Bibliography 902 VALUES AND CRITERIA DEFY PRECISE OBJECTIVE MEASURES 904 MUST REJECT CURRENT PHILOSOPHY 906 MUST REJECT CURRENT PHILOSOPHY Part 2 907 Answering Rorty 908 Rorty’s Pragmatism 909 The Problem of Public and Private Spheres 909 How Rorty Kills the Possibility of Change 911 How Rorty Becomes an Apologist for Inequality 911 BIBLIOGRAPHY 914 RORTY’S PRAGMATISM UNDERMINES POSITIVE SOCIAL CHANGE 915 RORTY EMBRACES A DESTRUCTIVE PRIVATE-PUBLIC DICHOTOMY 916 RORTY’S DISMISSAL OF “TRUTH” IS UNTENABLE AND HYPOCRITICAL 917 RORTY’S DEFENSE OF CAPITALISM PREVENTS LIBERATION 918 JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU 919 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHER 1712 - 1778 919 The Social Contract 921 Theories on Education 922 BIBLIOGRAPHY 924 SOCIAL CONTRACT PROVIDES PROTECTION OF THE COMMON GOOD 926 SEPARATION OF LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE BRANCHES MUST EXIST 926 USE OF STRENGTH DOES NOT PRODUCE CIVIL SOCIETY 927 SOVEREIGNTY IS A FALLIBLE FORM OF GOVERNMENT 927 ROUSSEAU S CONCEPT OF THE GENERAL WILL IS FLAWED 928 RULE BY GENERAL WILL IS TOTALITARIAN 928
BRIEF BIOGRAPHY 929 RUSSELL ON LOGIC AND ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY 929 RUSSELL ON KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXTERNAL WORLD 930 RUSSELL ON MORALITY 930 RUSSELL ON EDUCATION 931 RUSSELL ON METAPHYSICS 931 RUSSELL ON THE THEORY OF INCOMPLETE SYMBOLS 931 RUSSELL ON PACIFISM 932 RUSSELL ON DIVERSITY 932 RUSSELL ON FREEDOM 933 USING BERTRAND RUSSELL IN LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE 933 BIBLIOGRAPHY 935 RUSSELL'S PHILOSOPHY IS KEY TO INCREASED HUMAN FREEDOM 936 SKEPTICISM IS THE BEST WAY TO AVOID PROBLEMS OF "TRUTH'S" 937 THE IDEA OF A WORLD GOVERNMENT IS FLAWED 938 PASSIVE RESISTANCE DOES NOT WORK 939
ORIENTALISM 941 SOLUTIONS? 942 APPLICATIONS OF ORIENTALISM TO DEBATE 942 ANSWERING SAID 944 BIBLIOGRAPHY 946 ORIENTALISM OPPRESSES AND CONTROLS THE "ORIENT" 947 ORIENTALISM IS WIDESPREAD 948 STUDYING OTHERS IS OPPRESSIVE 948 NOTIONS OF IDENTITY AND ORIENT ARE CONSTRUCTIONS 949 SAID 'S PHILOSOPHY DOES NOT SUGGEST SOLUTIONS 950
BIO-REGIONALIST AND LUDDITE 951 Life And Work 951 Basic Ideas And Issues 951 Application To Debate 952 Bibliography 954 HIGH TECHNOLOGY IS IMMORAL AND WRONG 955 PEOPLE INHERENTLY WILL TRY TO DECENTRALIZE 956 MUST HAVE BIOREGIONS TO SAVE HUMAN CULTURE 956 CENTRALIZED, LARGE SYSTEMS ARE BAD: DECENTRALIZATION IS BETTER 957 HUMAN-SCALE BIOREGIONS ARE NOT UTOPIAN SOLUTIONS 958
WRITER 1804 - 1876 959 Liberation of the Spirit 959 A Feminist Critic of Feminism 960 Implications for Debate 960 BIBLIOGRAPHY 961 LIBERATION IS THE HIGHEST VALUE 962 LIBERATION OF HUMANITY IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN FEMINIST CAUSES 963 THE LIBERATION OF WORKING PEOPLE IS VITAL 963
PHILOSOPHER 1905 - 1980 965 Existentialism and the Priority of the Individual 965 The Shift to Collective Responsibility 966 Implications for Debate 966 BIBLIOGRAPHY 967 INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM IS ABSOLUTE 968 INDIVIDUAL CHOICE OF VALUES IS CRITICAL FOR EVERYONE 969 INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY ARE WHOLISTICALLY CONNECTED 969 RESPONSIBILITY TO OTHERS IS IMPORTANT 971 Answering Schlag 972 Explanation Of Schlag's Arguments 972 Some Initial Problems With Schlag 972 Ways To Answer Schlag, Starting With Contradictions 973 Social Implications Of Schlag 975 And, Finally, A Reference To Wiffle Ball Bats 976 BIBLIOGRAPHY 977 SCHLAG'S PHILOSOPHY IS FLAWED 978 NORMATIVE DISCOURSE IS GOOD 979 SCHLAG'S ADVOCACY STEP IS WRONG 980 LAW IS NOT THE PROBLEM: LANGUAGE IS, WHICH SCHLAG MISUNDERSTANDS 981
LIFE AND WORKS 982 EGOISM 982 INTUITIONISM 983 UTILITARIANISM 983 SIDGWICK’S THREE PRINCIPLES 984 SIDGWICK ON KANT 985 DUALISM 986 SIDGWICK IN DEBATE 987 BIBLIOGRAPHY 988 PROVISONS AND REGULATIONS ARE NECESSARY FOR A BENIFICIAL SOCIETY. 989 WE CAN DISCUSS THE TRUTH OF VALUES OUTSIDE OF LOGIC 990 UNIVERSAL CLAIMS TO MORALS AND ETHICS ARE INVALID 991 REGULATIONS DECREASE INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY 992 PETER SINGER 993 SINGER AND HISTORICAL OPPRESSION 993 THE DEFINITION OF EQUALITY 994 CRITERIA FOR EXTENSION OF EQUALITY 994 INTERPRETATIONS OF SINGER’S CRITERIA 995 SINGER AND BIOCENTRISM 995 “THE GOOD OF THE ANIMAL” 996 PRACTICAL ETHICS 996 SINGER IN DEBATE 997 BIBLIOGRAPHY 998 SPECIESISM IS THE NEW RACISM 999 REJECTING THE CRITERIA OF RATIONALITY IS BENEFICIAL 1000 RATIONALITY IS BEST STANDARD 1001 THE INCLUSION OF ANIMALS AS WORTHY OF EQUALITY IS BAD 1002 B.F. Skinner 1003 BIOGRAPHY OF BURHUS FREDERIC SKINNER 1003 SKINNER AND THE SCIENCE OF BEHAVIOR 1003 OPERANT CONDITIONING 1003 SKINNER AND ANIMALS 1004 SKINNER, FREEDOM AND DIGNITY 1004 SKINNER'S UTOPIC SOCIETY 1005 CRITICISMS OF SKINNER'S UTOPIA 1005 SKINNER'S ETHICAL SKEPTICISM 1005 SKINNER AND "MENTALISITIC" CONSTRUCTS 1006 SKINNER AND CONTROL 1006 SKINNER'S THEORIES ON EDUCATION 1006 SKINNER IN LD DEBATE 1007 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1008 CONTROLS ARE INEVITABLE 1009 VALUES CAN'T SOLVE CONTROL 1010 BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION IS A REGIME OF DISCIPLANRY POWER 1011 INDIVIDUAL AGENCY IS KEY 1012 THEDA SKOCPOL 1013 EXPLAINING SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS 1013 MATERNALIST SOCIAL POLICY FRAMEWORK 1014 THE MISSING MIDDLE 1015 LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE APPLICATIONS 1017 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1018 SKOCPOL’S THEORY OF THE STATE IS GOOD 1019 SKOCPOL'S UNDERSTANDING OF MATERNALISM SHOULD BE ADOPTED 1021 SKOCPOL’S THEORY CANNOT CREATE CHANGE 1022 MATERNALISM IS BAD FOR WOMEN 1023 ADAM SMITH 1024 PHILOSOPHER/ECONOMIST 1723 - 1790 1024 Life and Work 1024 Capitalism 1024 An Imperfect System 1025 Implications for Debate 1025 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1026 CONTEXT IS KEY TO HUMAN MORALS 1027 UNRESTRAINED LIBERTY IS THE HIGHEST SOCIAL GOOD 1027 CAPITALISM IS THE MOST JUST ECONOMIC SYSTEM 1029 Answering Smith 1030 Who Was Adam Smith, Anyway? 1030 Answering Adam Smith 1030 Myths About Adam Smith 1031 Argument The First: "The Market Should Have No Government Constraints" 1032 Argument The Second: "Markets Produce Equality" 1033 Argument The Third: "The Invisible Hand" 1034 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1035 ADAM SMITH DID NOT DEFEND OR FOUND CAPITALISM 1036 ADAM SMITH HAD MANY CONDITIONS FOR JUST MARKETS 1037 SMITH’S FACTS WEREN’T RIGHT AND HIS THEORY WAS WRONG 1039 ADAM SMITH’S NOTIONS OF JUSTICE AREN’T HYPER-INDIVIDUALIST 1040 1040 AMERICAN PHILOSOPHER AND CRITIC (b. 1933) 1041 Life And Work 1041 Criticism, Education And Democracy 1042 The Danger Of Elitism 1043 Ideas For Debate 1043 Bibliography 1045 OPEN AND CRITICAL DISCOURSE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT SOCIAL VALUE 1046 ISSUES WHICH SEEM THREATENING MAY ACTUALLY BE HARMLESS 1046 “APOCALYPTIC SCENARIO” DISCOURSE SHOULD BE REJECTED 1048 “ORDER” AS A POLITICAL VALUE SHOULD BE REJECTED 1049
ETHICS 1050 PROOF OF GOD 1051 NATURE 1052 KNOWLEDGE 1053 SPINOZA IN DEBATE 1054 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1055 HUMAN BEINGS ARE DISTRACTED BY SHORT TERM DESIRES 1057 THE TRUE GOOD IS BASED ON THE END, NOT THE MEANS OF HUMAN ACTION 1058 SPINOZA'S NATURALIZED EPISTIMOLOGY DENIES METAPHYSICAL FREE WILL. 1060 NATURALIZED EPISTIMOLOGY SELECTIVLEY IGNORES VALUES 1062
POLITICIAL ACTIVIST 1815 - 1902 1063 Life and Work 1063 Women’s Liberation as a Basic American Value 1063 But Was She a Feminist? 1064 Implications for Debate 1064 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1065 WOMEN MUST BE SELF-SUFFICIENT TO BE LIBERATED 1066 ALL POLITICAL STRUGGLES ARE INTERCONNECTED 1067 NATURAL LAW IS TILE BEST PHILOSOPHY FOR WOMEN 1068 LEO STRAUSS 1069 GERMAN PHILOSOPHER (1899- 1973) 1069 Life And Work 1069 The Philosophy Of Natural Right 1069 The Good With A Capital G 1070 Some Objections 1071 Ideas For Debate 1071 Bibliography 1073 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY SHOULD SEEK TRANSCENDENT MORAL PRINCIPLES 1074 NATURAL RIGHT IS THE BEST POLITICAL AND MORAL PHILOSOPHY 1076 OBJECTIONS TO NATURAL RIGHT ARE INCORRECT 1077
Chinese Philosophy 1079 Bibliography 1081 OUR VALUES ARE TIED TO INNER STRENGTH 1082 OUR VALUES ARE TIED TO INNER STRENGTH Part 2 1083 VALUES CANNOT BE VIEWED AS OBJECTIVE TRUTHS 1084 Henry David Thoreau 1086 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1091 HIGHER INDIVIDUAL CONSCIENCE IS MOST IMPORTANT 1092 INTUITION AND NATURE SHOULD DETERMINE INDIVIDUAL CONSCIENCE 1093 THOREAU’S WORK IS INCONSISTENT AND PARADOXICAL 1094 THOREAU IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH MODERN POLICY CONCERNS 1095 Utilitarianism Responses 1096 The philosophy of utility 1096 The problem of unpredictability of consequences 1097 The problem of measuring 1098 The example of animal welfare 1099 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1101 UTILITARIANISM IS AN INADEQUATE VALUE THEORY 1102 UTILITARIANISM IS TOTALITARIAN 1103 UTILITARIANISM FAILS TO RECOGNIZE DIFFERENCES 1104 UTILITARIANISM JUSTIFIES CRUELTY TO ANIMALS 1105 1105 Political Philosopher (1864-1920) 1106 Bibliography 1108 CANNOT SEPARATE MEANINGS AND ACTION 1109 ALL MODERN STATES REQUIRE POWER FOR EXISTENCE 1111
Afro-American Critical Thought 1113 Bibliography 1115 BLACK NIHILISM IS BAD FOR AFRICAN-AMERICANS 1116 NO ABSOLUTE SET OF VALUES IS POSSIBLE 1116 VALUES MUST BE ASSESSED ACCORDING TO THE SITUATION 1118 Bernard Williams 1120 BIOGRAPHY 1120 CAN LUCK MAKE A MORAL DIFFERENCE? 1120 WILLIAMS ON RATIONALITY AND MORALITY 1120 CRITIQUE OF WILLIAMS 1121 THE PROBLEM OF MORAL LUCK 1122 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1124 UTILITARIANISM IS A BANKRUPT MORAL FRAMEWORK 1125 WILLIAMS ETHICAL PHILOSOPHY IS FLAWED 1126
THE LIFE OF WOODROW WILSON 1127 THE WAR YEARS 1128 THE IDEAS OF WOODROW WILSON 1129 FOURTEEN POINTS 1129 DEBATE APPLICATION 1131 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1132 WILSON PROMOTED PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL AGENDAS 1133 WILSONIAN THOUGHT HELPED CREATE INTERNATIONAL PEACE 1134 WILSON SUPPORTED AMERICAN COLONIALISM AND IMPERIALISM 1136 WILSON’S SOCIAL IDEAS WEREN’T NOT PROGRESSIVE, BUT REPRESSIVE 1137
CRITIQUES OF HISTORIOGRAPHY 1138 CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE, NONVIOLENCE, AND DEMOCRACY: NINE FALLACIES 1139 PATRIOTISM AND OPTIMISM 1141 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1143 CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE IS JUSTIFIED 1144 DEMOCRACY DOESN’T DELEGITIMIZE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE 1145 CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE IS UNJUSTIFIED 1146 NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE FAILS 1148
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