NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE FAILS

NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE FAILS

1. NONVIOLENT STRATEGIES ARE UNABLE TO EFFECTUATE CHANGE

Ward Churchill, Professor of Ethnic Studies and Coordinator of American Indian Studies at University of Colorado, 2001, PACIFISM AS PATHOLOGY, p. 44

Absurdity clearly abounds when suggesting that the state will refrain from using all necessary physical force to protect against undesired forms of change and threats to its safety. Nonviolent tacticians imply (perhaps unwittingly) that the “immoral state” which they seek to transform will somehow exhibit exactly the same sort of superior morality they claim for themselves (i.e., at least a relative degree of nonviolence). The fallacy of such a proposition is best demonstrated by the nazi state’s removal of its “Jewish threat. “ Violent intervention by others divides itself natu­rally into the two parts represented by Gandhi’s unsolicited “windfall” of massive violence directed against his opponents and King’s rather more conscious and deliberate utilization of incipient antistate violence as a means of advancing his own pacifist agenda. History is replete with variations on these two subthemes, but variations do little to alter the crux of the situation: there simply has never been a revolution, or even a substantial social reorganization, brought into being on the basis of the principles of pacifism. In every instance, violence has been an integral requirement of the process of transforming the state. Pacifist praxis (or, more appropriately, pseudo-praxis), if followed to its logical conclusions, leaves its adherents with but two possible outcomes to their line of action: To render themselves perpetually ineffectual (and consequently unthreatening) in the face of state power, in which case they will likely be largely ignored by the status quo and self-eliminating in terms of revolutionary potential; or, To make themselves a clear and apparent danger to the state, in which case they are subject to physical liquidation by the status quo and are self-eliminating in terms of revolutionary potential. In either event — mere ineffectuality or suicide — the objective conditions leading to the necessity for social revolution remain unlikely to be altered by purely pacifist strategies. As these conditions typically include war, the induced starvation of whole populations and the like, pacifism and its attendant sacrifice of life cannot even be rightly said to have substantially impacted the level of evident societal violence. The mass suffering that revolution is intended to alleviate will continue as the revolution strangles itself on the altar of “nonviolence.”

2. NONVIOLENCE DO NOT CREATE SUSTAINABLE VICTORIES

Brian Martin, Associate Professor in Science, Technology & Society at the University of Wollongong, Australia, NONVIOLENCE VERSUS CAPITALISM, 2001, Accessed May 17, 2002, p. np, http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/01nvc/nvcall.html

It is important to note that not all uses of nonviolent action lead to long-lasting, worthwhile change. Nonviolent action is not guaranteed to succeed either in the short term or long term. The 1989 prodemocracy movement in China, after a short flowering, was crushed in the Beijing massacre. Perhaps more worrying are the dispiriting aftermaths following some short-term successes of nonviolent action. In El Salvador in 1944, the successful nonviolent insurrection against the Martínez dictatorship did not lead to long term improvement for the El Salvadorean people. There was a military coup later in 1944, and continued repression in following decades. The aftermath of the Iranian revolution was equally disastrous. The new Islamic regime led by Ayatollah Khomeini was just as ruthless as its predecessor in stamping out dissent.
3. NONVIOLENCE FAILS IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN CONFLICTS

Brian Martin, Associate Professor in Science, Technology & Society at the University of Wollongong, Australia, NONVIOLENCE VERSUS CAPITALISM, 2001, Accessed May 17, 2002, p. np, http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/01nvc/nvcall.html

The consent theory of power Gandhi approached nonviolent action as a moral issue and, in practical terms, as a means for persuading opponents to change their minds as a result of their witnessing the commitment and willing sacrifice of nonviolent activists. While this approach explains some aspects of the power of nonviolent action, it is inadequate on its own. Moral persuasion sometimes works in face-to-face encounters, but has little chance when cause and effect are separated. Bomber pilots show little remorse for the agony caused by their weapons detonating far below, while managers of large international banks have little inkling of the suffering caused by their lending policies in foreign countries.

1^ Frederick Copleston, S.J. A History of Philosophy, Volume 1, Chpt. 27.

2^ Frederick Copleston, S.J. A History of Philosophy, Volume 1, Chpt. 27

3^ Frederick Copleston, S.J. A History of Philosophy, Volume 1, Chpt. 31

4^ Frederick Copleston, S.J. A History of Philosophy, Volume 1, Chpt. 31

5^ Frederick Copleston, S.J. A History of Philosophy, Volume 1, Chpt. 31

6^ Nicomachean Ethics, 1150a 20.

7^ Nicomachean Ethics, 1151a 12.

8^ Frederick Copleston, S.J. A History of Philosophy, Volume 1, Chpt. 31

9^ Frederick Copleston, S.J. A History of Philosophy, Volume 1, Chpt. 32

10^ Frederick Copleston, S.J. A History of Philosophy, Volume 1, Chpt. 32

11^ Fred L. Standley and Louis H. Pratt, Conversations with James Baldwin. (Jackson, Mississippi:University Press of Mississippi, 1989), p. vii.

12^ lbid., p. vii.

13^ lbid., p. vii.

14^ James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son. (New York: The Dial Press, 1963), p. 7.

5⁵ Lee A. Daniels, “James Baldwin, Eloquent Writer In Behalf of Civil Rights, Is Dead,” The New York Times December 2, 1987, p. 1

6⁶ lbid., p. 1.

7⁷ lbid., p. 1.

8⁸ ltabari Njeri, “Crouch to the Contrary; Books: In “Notes of a Hanging Judge,” Stanley Crouch Lambastes Black Intellectuals for Separatists Attitudes That He Says Betray The Civil Rights Movement,” Los Angeles Times. May 21, 1990, p. 1.

9⁹ lbid., p. 1.

10¹⁰ Daniels, “James Baldwin, Eloquent Writer In Behalf of Civil Rights, Is Dead,” p.1.

11¹¹ Randall Kenan, “James Baldwin: A Biography. Book reviews,” The Nation. .May 2, 1994, p. 596.

15^ Nussbaum, Martha. “The Professor of Parody--The hip defeatism of Judith Butler.” The New Republic. Feb 22, 1999. p. 37.

16^ Butler, Judith. "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory." THEATRE JOURNAL. 1988. Volume 40. p. 519.

17^ Butler. "Performative Acts…" p. 521.

18^ Butler. "Performative Acts…" p. 523.

19^ Butler. "Performative Acts…" p. 526.

20^ Butler. "Performative Acts…" p. 522.

21^ Nussbaum. p. 37.

22^ Butler. "Performative Acts…" p. 526.

23^ Nussbaum. p. 37.

24^ Butler. "Performative Acts…" p. 525.

25^ Butler. "Performative Acts…" p. 527.

26^ Butler. "Performative Acts…" p. 530.

27^ Butler, Judith. . GENDER TROUBLE: FEMINISM AND THE SUBVERSION OF IDENTITY. (New York: Routledge, 1990). p. 141.

28^ Butler. "Performative Acts…" p. 523.

29^ Bordo, Susan. UNBEARABLE WEIGHT. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993). p. 292-293

30^ Bordo. p. 293.

31^ Bordo. p. 294.

32^ Bordo. p. 293.

33^ David O’Brien, Constitutional Law and Politics: Volume Two, Fourth Edition,

34^ Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 176-77 (1803).

35^ Amendment XXVII to the U.S. Constitution, online, accessed May 21, 2001, http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.amendmentxxvii.html.

36^ Full ratification information is available at http://www.law.emory.edu/FEDERAL/usconst/amend.html .

37^ Trop v. Dulles, Secretary of State, et al., 356 U.S. 86 (1958).

38^ Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1968).

39^ Griswold, at 485.

40^ Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

41^ Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).

42^ Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996).

43^ Brown, at 490.

44^ Brown, at 492-93.

45^ Brown, at 494.

46^ Romer, at 636.

47^ Romer, at 636-53.

48^ Roe, at 117. Internal citations omitted.

49^ Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438 (1928), dissenting opinion by Justice Brandeis at 478.

50^ Under the only amendment process that has been employed, Constitutional changes require a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress and the ratification of three-fourths of the state legislatures (i.e., 38 states).

51^ Powell, Jim. DERRIDA FOR BEGINNERS. (New York: Writers and Readers Publishing, Inc., 1997). p. 6

52^ Derrida, Jacques. “Letter to a Japanese Friend.” WRITING AND READING DIFFERENTLY. Ed. Atkins, G. Douglas and Michael L. Johnson. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1985). p. 3

53^ Derrida, Jacques. DISSEMINATION. Trans. Barbara Johnson. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1981). p. 71

54^ Derrida, DISSEMINATION. p. 72

55^ Derrida, “Letter to a Japanese Friend.” p. 3

56^ Derrida, DISSEMINATION. p. 63

57^ Derrida, “Letter to a Japanese Friend.” p. 4

58^ Derrida, “Letter to a Japanese Friend.” p. 5

59^ Caputo, John D. DECONSTRUCTION IN A NUTSHELL. (New York, Fordham University Press, 1997). p. 31

60^ Johnson, Barbara. “Teaching Deconstructively.” WRITING AND READING DIFFERENTLY. Ed. Atkins, G. Douglas and Michael L. Johnson. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1985). p. 140

61^ Johnson, p. 148

62^ Caputo, p. 9

63^ Johnson, p. 148

64^ Powell, p. 29

65^ Derrida, Jacques. MARGINS OF PHILOSOPHY. Trans. Alan Bass. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1982). p. 6

66^ Derrida, DISSEMINATION. p. 128.

67^ Derrida, DISSEMINATION. p. 130

68^ Derrida, DISSEMINATION. p. 131

69^ Derrida, DISSEMINATION. p. 133

70^ Derrida, DISSEMINATION. p. 131

71^ Derrida, DISSEMINATION. p. 133

72^ Derrida, DISSEMINATION. p. 132

73^ Derrida, DISSEMINATION. p. 130

74^ Martin, Bill. HUMANISM AND ITS AFTERMATH. (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1995). p. xi

1¹ C.G. Prado, Descartes and Foucault. (Canada: University of Ottawa Press, 1992), p. 6.

2² lbid., Descartes and Foucault p. 40.

3³ Georges Dicker, Descartes An Analytical and Historical Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 88.

4⁴ lbid., p. 37.

5⁵ lbid., Descartes and Foucault p. 97.

6⁶ John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch, Descartes Selected Philosophical Writings (Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1988), p. vii.

75^ David M. O’Brien, Constitutional Law and Politics: Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, Fourth Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, 376.

76^ O’Brien, 423.

77^ Richard Tuck. Hobbes (Oxford: Oxford Press, 1989), p. vii.

78^ Ibid., p. 2

79^ Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan, edited by Richard Tuck (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. xii-xiii.

80^ J.W. N. Watkins. Hobbes’ System of Ideas. (London: Hutchinson, 1965), p. 1.

5⁵ Tuck. Hobbes, p. 42.

6⁶ Watkins. Hobbes’ System of Ideas, p. 2.

7⁷ lbid., p. 119-20.

8⁸ lbid., p. 125.

9⁹ lbid., p. 128.

10¹⁰ W.H. Greenleaf, “Hobbes: The Problem of Interpretation,” Hobbes and Rousseau: A Collection of Critical Essays, 1972, p. 10.

1¹ Lawrence F. Hundersmarck. Great Thinkers of the Western World. (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 1992), p. 133.

2² Bruce Penman, Translator. The Prince and Other Political Writings. (London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd.,1981), p. 4.

3³ Hundersmarck, Great Thinkers of the Western World. p. 135.

4⁴ Penman, The Prince and Other Political Writings, p. 7.

5⁵ Hundersmarck, Great Thinkers of the Western World p. 133.

6⁶ Ibid., p. 137.

7⁷ Dorothy Erskine Sheepshanks Muir. ‘Machiavelli and His Times. (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co,Inc., 1936), p. 258.

8⁸ .lbid., p. 12.

9⁹ lbid., p. 253.

10¹⁰ Muir, Machiavelli and His Times p. 1.

11¹¹ Penman, The Prince and Other Political Writings p. 16.

1¹ Catharine A. MacKinnon, Only Words, 1993, p. 22.

2² Janny Scott, “Los Angeles Times Interview; Catharine MacKinnon; Pursuing a Different Approach to Sexual Inequality,” Las Angeles Times October 24, 1993, part M, cal. 1, p. 3.

3³ Charlotte Allen, “Penthouse Pest; Why Porn Crusader MacKinnon Is Right,” The Washington Post. November 28, 1993, sec. Outlook, p. C1.

4⁴ Judith Graham, ed. Current Biography Yearbook 1994. (New York: The H.W. Wilson Company,1994), p. 364.

5⁵ Fred Strebeigh, “The Words They Can’t Say,” The New York Times Magazine October 6, 1991, p.31.

6⁶ Ibid., p. 52.

7⁷ Pete Hammill, “Woman on the Verge of a Legal Breakdown Feminist Catharine MacKinnon,”Playboy. (January, 1993) 40, p. 138.

8⁸ Scott, “Los Angeles Times Interview; Catharine MacKinnon; Pursuing a Different Approach to Sexual Inequality,” p.3.

9⁹ Nadine Strosser, “In Defense of Pornography,” USA Today., January 12, 1995, sec. News, p. 9A.

10¹⁰ Allen, “Penthouse Pest; Why Porn Crusader MacKinnon Is Right,” p. C 1.

11¹¹ Strebeigh, “The Words They Can’t Say,” p. 56.

12¹² Ibid., p. 56.

81^ Sessions, George. Deep ecology for the twenty-first century. (Boston: Shambhala, 1995). p. xii.

82^ Sessions. p. 187.

83^ Naess, Arne. “The Deep Ecological Movement.” Deep ecology for the twenty-first century. Ed. George Sessions. (Boston: Shambhala, 1995). p. 67.

84^ Naess. “The Deep Ecological Movement.” Deep ecology for the twenty-first century. Ed. George Sessions. (Boston: Shambhala, 1995).p. 68

85^ Shepard, Paul. “Ecology and Man.” Deep ecology for the twenty-first century. Ed. George Sessions. (Boston: Shambhala, 1995). p. 140.

86^ Naess. “Ecosophy and Gestalt Ontology.” p. 245.

87^ Naess. p. 241.

1¹ Gregory Claeys Thomas Paine Social and Political Thought. (Boston: Unwin Hyman. 19891. n. xv.

2² Ibid., p.2.

3³ Marjean D. Puriton. Great Thinkers of the Western World. edited by Ian P. McGreal (New York:HarperCollins Publishers. Inc.. 19921. p. 286.

4⁴ Jerome D. Wilson and William F Ricketson Thomas Paine. (Boston: Twayne Publishers. 19891. p.12

5⁵ Claeys. Thomas Paine Social and Political Thought. n. 1-2

6⁶ Wilson and Ricketson. Thomas Paine. n. viii.

7⁷ Ibid., p. 102.

8⁸ Ibid., p. 130.

9⁹ Puriton. Great Thinkers of the Western World. p 286.

10¹⁰ Ibid., p. 288.

11¹¹ Ibid., p.291.

12¹² Wilson and Ricketson. Thomas Paine. n. vii.

1¹ Matthew Josephson, The Essential Rousseau, trans. Lowell Bair (New York: The New American Library, Inc., 1974), pp. vii-x.

2² N.J.H. Dent, A Rousseau Dictionary (Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers, 1992), p. 21.

3³ Ibid.

4⁴ Ibid., p. 22.

5⁵ Ibid., p.22.

6⁶ Ibid., p. 23.

7⁷ Ibid., p. 23.

8⁸ J.H. Huizinga, Rousseau the Self-Made Saint, (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1976), p. 230.

9⁹ Ibid., p. 234.

10¹⁰ Ibid., p. 230.

11¹¹ Ibid., p. 234.

12¹² Dent, A Rousseau Dictionary, p. 107.

13¹³ John Charvet, The Social Problem in the Philosophy of Rousseau, (Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press, 1974), p. 146.

14¹⁴ Dent, A Rousseau Dictionary, p. 101.

15¹⁵ Ibid., p. 102.

16¹⁶ Huizinga, Rousseau the Self-Made Saint. p. 229.

17¹⁷ Dent, A Rousseau Dictionary, p. 23.

88^ Interview of Howard Zinn by Robert Birnbaum, “Zinn and the Art of History,” HOWARD ZINN ONLINE, no date, accessed May 12, 2002, http://howardzinn.org/index23.htm

89^ Howard Zinn, THE ZINN READER: WRITINGS ON DISOBEDIENCE AND DEMOCRACY, 1997, p. 503-506

90^ Zinn, THE ZINN READER, p. 506

91^ Zinn, THE ZINN READER, p. 507

92^ Zack Stenz, “Howard Zinn brings his passion for history to Sonoma County” in The Sonoma Independent, April 18-24 1996, p. np, accessed May 11, 2002, http://www.metroactive.com/papers/sonoma/04.18.96/books-9616.html

93^ Stenz, p. np.

94^ Stenz, p. np.

95^ Howard Zinn, “Gray Matters Interviews Howard Zinn,” HOWARD ZINN ONLINE, December 3, 1998, accessed May 12, 2002, http://howardzinn.org/index23.htm

96^ Howard Zinn, DISOBEDIENCE AND DEMOCRACY, 1968, p. 29

97^ Howard Zinn, DISOBEDIENCE AND DEMOCRACY, 1968, p. 45

98^ Howard Zinn, DISOBEDIENCE AND DEMOCRACY, 1968, p. 48

99^ Zinn, THE ZINN READER, p. 370-371

100^ Zinn, THE ZINN READER, p. 371

101^ Zinn, THE ZINN READER, p. 370-371

102^ Zack Stenz, “Howard Zinn brings his passion for history to Sonoma County” in The Sonoma Independent, April 18-24 1996, accessed May 11, 2002, http://www.metroactive.com/papers/sonoma/04.18.96/books-9616.html

103^ Howard Zinn, “Artists of Resistency,” THE PROGRESSIVE, July 2001, accessed May 11, 2002, http://www.progressive.org/zinn0701.html

104^ Howard Zinn, “Artists of Resistency,” THE PROGRESSIVE, July 2001, accessed May 11, 2002, http://www.progressive.org/zinn0701.html

105^ Zack Stenz, “Howard Zinn brings his passion for history to Sonoma County” in The Sonoma Independent, April 18-24 1996, accessed May 11, 2002, http://www.metroactive.com/papers/sonoma/04.18.96/books-9616.html

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