Rd October 2010 [a] Contents


** Compensatory mechanisms



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** Compensatory mechanisms: i.e. support to communities in and around protected areas to address problems of benefits foregone and in some cases to counter additional problems created by the protection (e.g. crop raiding). These include: various management responses to reduce negative impacts; support for education and capacity-building; providing alternative livelihoods and homelands; and sometimes direct compensation or insurance schemes in cases of human wildlife conflict. They are largely independent of the particular mixture of species and ecosystems in the protected area except in the case of mitigation against problem animals. A range of examples of compensatory mechanisms is outlined in table 6 below (Dudley et al, 2008).
Table 6: Some of the potential compensatory mechanisms used in protected areas

Compensatory mechanisms

Examples

Mitigating human-wildlife conflict

Protecting against elephant damage to farms: as in warning systems developed along the Kinabatangan River in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Insuring against human-wildlife conflict

Providing a flock of communally-owned sheep to replace those lost to particular families as a result of predation from animals in protected areas in Pakistan

Modifying land management inside the protected area

Providing funds to compensate farmers for sympathetic management for wildlife: grants have helped to modify use of Alpine meadows in Hohe Tauen National Park, Austria

Modifying land management outside the protected area

Helping to develop sustainable agriculture near a protected area to compensate for loss of resources: as in Dja National Park, Cameroon

Supporting increased educational capacity

Providing funds for school buildings: tourists have funded schools around Bwindi Impenetrable Forest Reserve in Uganda

Supporting increased health care

Contributing to providing medical facilities: as in Djouj National Park in Senegal where a medical centre is included in the park headquarters

Building capacity for alternative livelihoods

Training local people as guides as in Keoladeo National Park, India or in making local crafts to sell as around the Dana Reserve, Jordan

Providing alternative homeland

Resettlement of communities to other land: communities are being supported in moving from Cat Tien National Park in southern Vietnam.


** Direct benefits: i.e. potential or actual benefits from the protected area. These draw directly on the fact that the protected area is maintaining a natural or semi-natural ecosystem and can include: sustainability of resources; various forms of environmental benefits; a wider range of social and cultural attributes (see chapter 9) and political considerations. These benefits are generally linked to the existence of a functioning ecosystem. Each of these can relate to poverty reduction in a number of different ways. In economic terms they can provide income for poor communities through direct sales or jobs and in some cases through newer mechanisms such as payments for environmental services (PES) schemes, whereby communities manage the ecosystem in a certain way that provides benefits (such as clean water or mitigating the impacts of climate change) to others who are willing to pay for this benefit.
If we take the broader definition of poverty to include the five elements described above, a matrix can identify the full range of possible direct benefits from protected areas (see table 7).
Table 7: Potential values from protected areas

Values


Dimensions of poverty


Subsistence

Economic

Cultural / spiritual

Environment services

Political

Food and drink

Wild game

1

1

1

3

3

Wild food plants

1

1

2

3

3

Fisheries and spawning areas

1

1

2

2

3

Traditional agriculture

1

1

2

3

3

Livestock grazing and fodder

1

1

3

3

3

Non-commercial water use

1

3

3

2

3

Commercial water use

3

1

3

2

2

Cultural and spiritual values

Cultural & historical values

2

1

1

3

2

Sacred natural sites/landscapes

2

1

1

3

2

Pilgrimage routes

3

1

1

3

2

Health and recreation

Medicinal herbs for local use

1

2

2

3

3

Pharmaceuticals

3

1

3

3

3

Recreation and tourism

3

1

1

3

2

Knowledge

Research, traditional knowledge

2

1

1

3

2

Education

3

1

1

3

2

Genetic material

2

1

3

3

3

Environmental benefits

Climate change mitigation

3

1

3

1

2

Soil stabilisation

2

1

3

1

2

Coastal protection

2

1

3

1

2

Flood prevention

2

1

3

1

2

Water quality / quantity control

2

1

3

1

2

Materials

Non-wood products

1

1

3

3

3

Management / removal of timber

1

1

3

3

3

Homeland, security of land tenure

Home for local communities

1

2

2

3

1

Home for indigenous people

1

2

2

3

1

Peace Parks

2

2

2

3

1


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