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Page | 25/36 | Date | 02.06.2017 | Size | 5.14 Mb. | | #19909 |
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TONGUE POSITION
F R O N T
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C E N T R A L
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B A C K
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iː
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ɪ
|
ʊ
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uː
|
e
|
ə
|
ɜː
|
ɔː
|
æ
|
ʌ
|
ɑː
|
ɒ
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HIGH PHONEMES
|
iː
|
ɪ
|
ʊ
|
uː
|
MID PHONEMES
|
e
|
ə
|
ɜː
|
ɔː
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LOW PHONEMES
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æ
|
ʌ
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ɑː
|
ɒ
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LIPS POSITION
SPREAD
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N E U T R A L
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ROUNDED
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iː
|
ɪ
|
ʊ
|
uː
|
e
|
ə
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ɜː
|
ɔː
|
æ
|
ʌ
|
ɑː
|
ɒ
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JAW POSITION
JAW CLOSED
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iː
|
ɪ
|
ʊ
|
uː
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JAW NEUTRAL
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e
|
ə
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ɜː
|
ɔː
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JAW OPEN
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æ
|
ʌ
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ɑː
|
ɒ
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NOTE:
JAW = THE LOWER JAW = THE BOTTOM JAW
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LESSON VII
BRITISH ACCENT
VERSUS
AMERICAN ACCENT
BRITISH PRONUNCIATION (RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION)
SHORT VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)
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FRONT
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BACK
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CLOSE
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/ɪ/
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/ʊ/
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MID
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/e/
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/ʌ/
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OPEN
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/æ/
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/ɒ/
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LONG VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)
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FRONT
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CENTRAL
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BACK
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CLOSE
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/iː/
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/uː/
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MID
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/ɜː/
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/ɔː/
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OPEN
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/ɑː/
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UNSTRESSED VOWELS (REDUCED VOWELS)
BRITISH DIPH-THONGS
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CLOSING
/ɪ/ /ʊ/
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CENTRING
/ə/
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STARTING CLOSE
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|
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/ɪə/ /ʊə/
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STARTING MID
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/eɪ/ /ɔɪ/
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/əʊ/
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/eə/
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STARTING OPEN
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/aɪ/
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/aʊ/
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AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION
SHORT VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)
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FRONT
|
CENTRAL
|
BACK
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CLOSE
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/ɪ/
|
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/ʊ/
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CLOSE-MID
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|
|
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OPEN-MID
|
/ɛ/
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/ʌ/
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OPEN
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/æ/
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LONG VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)
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FRONT
|
CENTRAL
|
BACK
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CLOSE
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/i/
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/u/
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CLOSE-MID
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/e/
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/o/
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OPEN-MID
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/ɝ/
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/ɔ/
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OPEN
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|
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/ɑ/
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UNSTRESSED VOWELS (REDUCED VOWELS)
AMERICAN DIPH-THONGS
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CLOSING
/ɪ/ /ʊ/
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RETROFLEX
/r/
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STARTING CLOSE
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|
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/ɪr/ /ʊr/
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STARTING MID
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/eɪ/ /ɔɪ/
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/oʊ/
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/ɛr/ /ɔr/
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STARTING OPEN
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/aɪ/
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/aʊ/
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/ɑr/
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MANNER OF ARTICULATION
STOP
|
p
|
b
|
t
|
d
|
k
|
g
|
|
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AFFRICATE
|
tʃ
|
dʒ
|
|
|
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|
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FRICATIVE
|
f
|
v
|
θ
|
ð
|
s
|
z
|
ʃ
|
ʒ
|
h
|
NASAL
|
m
|
n
|
ŋ
|
|
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APPROXIMANT
(CENTRAL)
|
w
|
r
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j
|
|
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APPROXIMANT
(LATERAL)
|
l
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PLACE OF ARTICULATION
BILABIAL
|
p
|
b
|
m
|
w
|
|
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LABIO-DENTAL
|
f
|
v
|
|
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LABIO-VELAR
|
w (ʍ)
|
|
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DENTAL
|
θ
|
ð
|
|
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ALVEOLAR
|
t
|
d
|
s
|
z
|
n
|
l
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POST-ALVEOLAR
|
tʃ
|
dʒ
|
ʃ
|
ʒ
|
r
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PALATAL
|
j
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|
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VELAR
|
k
|
g
|
ŋ
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GLOTTAL
|
h
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THE DESCRIPTION OF ENGLISH CONSONANTS
STOPS
|
p
|
b
|
t
|
d
|
k
|
g
|
|
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FRICATIVES
|
f
|
v
|
θ
|
ð
|
s
|
z
|
ʃ
|
ʒ
|
h
|
AFFRICATES
|
tʃ
|
dʒ
|
|
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APPROXIMANTS
|
l
|
r
|
w
|
y
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THE SOUNDS OF STANDARD AMERICAN ENGLISH
FRONT
|
i
|
e
|
ɪ
|
ɛ
|
æ
|
a
|
CENTRAL
|
ʌ
|
ə
|
ɚ
|
ɝ
|
|
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BACK
|
u
|
o
|
ʊ
|
ɔ
|
ɑ
|
|
FRONT VOWELS
/i/
|
high
|
close
|
tense
|
unrounded
|
stressed
|
/ɪ/
|
high
|
open
|
lax
|
unrounded
|
stressed
|
/e/
|
mid
|
close
|
tense
|
unrounded
|
stressed
|
/ɛ/
|
mid
|
open
|
lax
|
unrounded
|
stressed
|
/æ/
|
low
|
open
|
lax
|
unrounded
|
stressed
|
/a/
|
low
|
close
|
tense
|
unrounded
|
stressed
|
CENTRAL VOWELS
/ɚ/
|
mid
|
close
|
lax
|
rounded
|
unstressed
|
/ɜ/
|
mid
|
open
|
tense
|
rounded
|
stressed
|
/ʌ/
|
mid
|
close
|
tense
|
unrounded
|
stressed
|
/ə/
|
mid
|
open
|
lax
|
unrounded
|
unstressed
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