partment of Commerce. Environmental Data Service. Weather modifica-

644

U.S. Department of Commerce. Environmental Data Service. Weather modifica-

1977. (NOAA-S/T 77-2759) , 159 p.

. Environmental Research Laboratories. Weather Modification Program

Office. Collected reprints: 1975-1976. Boulder, Colorado, May 1977. 667 p.

(This is a volume of collected reprints published by NOAA's Weather Modifi-

cation Program Office, including reports of research directed and supported

by WMPO that appeared in 1975 and 1976 as journal articles or in conference

proceedings as well as some unpublished documentation otherwise difficult to

obtain; abstracts are included of papers published in the NOAA Technical

Report and Technical Memorandum series.)

U.S. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Reclamation. Division of Atmospheric

Water Resources Management. Project Skywater : 1973-74 biennial report.

Denver, December 1976. (REC-ERC-76-21.)

. Precipitation, man, and the environment ; an overview of Skywater IX

Conference, Vail, Colorado, second week of November 1976. Denver, September

1977. 223 p. (This is the latest published proceedings of a series of Skywater

Conferences, the first of which was held in Denver in July 1967 : the most

recent Skywater X Conference was held in June 1978 at Lake Tahoe,

California.

. Final environmental statement for Project Skywater ; a program of re-

search in precipitation management. Division of Atmospheric Water Resources

Management. (INT FES 77-39.) Denver, October 25, 1977. In three volumes.

376 + 316 + 266 p.

U.S. Domestic Council. Environmental Resources Committee. Subcommittee on

Climate Change. The Federal role in weather modification. Washington, 1975.

39 p.

Committee on Atmosphere and Oceans. A United States climate program plan.

Washington, 1977. 81 p. (ICAS 20b-FY 77)

U.S. Federal Council for Science and Technology. Interdepartmental Committee

for Atmospheric Sciences. A national program for accelerating progress in

weather modification. (ICAS report no. 15a.) Washington, June 1971. 50 p.

U.S. Federal Council for Science and Technology and Council on Environmental

Quality. Fluorocarbons and the environment. Report of the Federal Task Force

on Inadvertent Modification of the Stratosphere (IMOS). Washington, U.S.

Govt. Print. Off., 1975. 109 p.

U.S. Library of Congress. Legislative Reference Service. Weather modification

and control ; a report prepared by Lawton M. Hartman for the use of the Com-

mittee on Commerce, U.S. Senate. (89th Congress, 2d session, Senate. Report

no. 1139.) Washington. U.S. Govt. Print. Off.. 1966. 181 p.

U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. A primer on climatic

variation and change. Prepared for the Subcommittee on the Environment and

the Atmosphere of the Committee on Science and Technology. U.S. House of

Representatives. 94th Congress, 2d session. September 1976. Washington. U.S.

Govt. Print. Off.. 1976. 403 p.

Weisbecker, Leo W. (compiler). The impacts of snow enhancement: technology

assessment of winter orographic snowpack augmentation in the upper Colo-

rado River basin. Norman, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, 1974.

624 p.

White. Fred D. Highlights of solicited opinions on weather modification (a sum-

fication Advisory "Board: summarized from background papers on various

aspects of weather modification, solicited from 17 experts in various phases of

weather modification.) U.S. Department of Commerce. National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration. Rockville. Maryland, March 1977. 39 p.

Wtt on, Carroll L.. editor. Man's impact on the global environment. Report of the

Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP). Cambridge, MIT Press,

1070. 319 p.

Wilson, C. L. and W. H. Matthews, editors. Inadvertent climate modification. Re-

port of the Study of Man's Impact on Climate (SMIC). Cambridge. MIT Press,

1071. 308 p.

Woodley, William L. and Robert T. Sax. The Florida Area Cumulus Experiment-

rationale, design, procedures, results, and future course. U.S. Department of

Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Environmental

Research Laboratories. (NOAA technical report ERL 354-WMPO 6.) Boulder,

Colorado, January 1076. 204 p.

645

World Meteorological Organization. Proceedings of the WMO/IAMAP Scientific

Geneva, 1974. (WMO No. 399.) 566 p.

. Papers presented at the Second WMO Scientific Conference on Weather

Modification, August 2-6, 1976, Boulder, Colorado. Geneva, 1976. (WMO No.

443.) 597 p.

. Weather Modification Programme. Plan for the Precipitation Enhance-

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. Register of national weather modification projects : 1976. Geneva, 1977.

28 p.

Appendix I

August 13. 1953 Public Law 256 — Chapter 426

IS. 285]

AN ACT To create a committee to study and evaluate public and private

experiments in weather modification.

Weather modi- Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the

FvaVnation United States of America in Congress assembled,

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND POLICY

Research and experimentation in the field of weather modifica-

tion and control have attained the stage at which the applica-

tion of scientific advances in this field appears to be practical.

The effect of the use of measures for the control of weather phe-

nomena upon the social, economic, and political structures of

today, and upon national security, cannot now be determined. It is

a field in which unknown factors are involved. It is reasonable

to anticipate, however, that modification and control of weather,

if effective on a large scale, would cause profound changes in our

present way of life and would result in vast and far-reaching

benefits to agriculture, industry, commerce, and the general wel-

fare and common defense.

While the ultimate extent to which weather modification and

control may be utilized is speculative, the application of such

measures without proper safeguards, sufficient data and accurate

information may result in inadequate or excessive precipitation ;

may cause catastrophic droughts, storms, floods, and other

phenomena with consequent loss of life and property, injury to

navigable streams and other channels of interstate and foreign

commerce, injury to water supplies for municipal, irrigation, and

industrial, purposes, and injury to sources of hydroelectric power :

may otherwise impede the production and transportation of goods

and services for domestic consumption and export and for the

national defense; and may otherwise adversely affect the gen-

eral welfare and common defense.

Thorough experimentation and full-scale operations in weather

modification and control will of necessity affect areas extending

across State and possibly across national boundaries. The Con-

gress, therefore, recognizes that experimentation and applica-

tion of such measures are matters of national and international

concern.

Accordingly, it is hereby declared to be the policy of the Con-

press, in order to effect the maximum benefit which may result

from experiments and operations designed to modify and control

went her. to correlate and evaluate the information derived from

such activity and to cooperate with the several States and the

duly authorized officials thereof with respect to such activity, all

to the end of encouraging the intelligent experimentation and the

beneficial development of weather modification and control, pre-

venting its harmful and indiscriminate exercise, and fostering

sound economic conditions in the public interest.

CREATION OF ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON WEATHER CONTROL

Sec. 2. There is hereby established a national committee to he

known as the Advisory Committee on Weather Control (herein-

after called the "Committee").

(G46)

Sec. 3. The Committee shall make a complete study and evalua-

tion of public and private experiments in weather control for the

purpose of determining the extent to which the United States

should experiment with, engage in, or regulate activities designed

to control weather conditions.

Sec. 4. The Committee shall be composed of the Secretary of

Defense or his designee, the Secretary of Agriculture or his

designee, the Secretary of Commerce or his designee, the Secre-

tary of the Interior or his designee, the Director of the National

Science Foundation or his designee, the Secretary of Health,

Education, and Welfare or his designee, and five members ap-

pointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of

the Senate, from among persons in private life of outstanding

ability in the fields of science, agriculture, and business. A

vacancy in the Committee shall not affect its powers but shall be

tilled in the same manner that the original appointment was made.

Sec. 5. The President shall appoint the Chairman and Vice

Chairman of the Committee. The Chairman shall be appointed

from among those persons appointed to the Committee from

private life.

Sec 6. The Committee shall hold at least two meetings a year,

approximately six months apart, and. on due notice, shall meet at

such other times as the Committee may determine. Six members

of the Committee shall constitute a quorum.

Sec. 7. The members of the Committee who are in the executive

branch of the Government shall receive no additional compensa-

tion for their services on the Committee. The members from

private life shall each receive $50 per diem when engaged in the

performance of duties vested in the Committee. All members of

the Committee sball be reimbursed in accordance with the Travel

Expense Act of 1949, as amended, for travel, subsistence, and

other necessary expenses incurred by them in the performance of

duties vested in the Committee.

Sec. S. The Committee shall have power to appoint and fix the

compensation of such officers and employees as may be necessary

to carry out the functions of the Committee, including one execu-

tive secretary at a salary not exceeding $12,000 per annum.

Officers and employees other than the executive secretary shall be

appointed in accordance with the Classification Act of 1949, as

amended, except that to the extent the Committee deems such

action necessary to. the discharge of its responsibilities, personnel

for positions requiring scientific or special qualifications may be

employed and their compensation fixed without regard to such

laws. The Committee shall make adqeuate provision for adminis-

trative review of any determination to dismiss any employee.

Sec. 9. (a) The Committee, or any member thereof, may. for the

purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act. hold such

hearings and sit and act at such times and places, and take such

testimony as the Committee shall deem advisable. Any member

of the Committee may administer oaths or affirmations to wit-

nesses appearing before the Committee or before such member.

(b) The Committee is authorized to secure directly from any

executive department, bureau, agency, board, commission, office,

independent establishment, or instrumentality information, sug-

gestions, estimates, and statistics for the purpose of this Act ; and

each such department, bureau, agency, board, commission, office,

establishment, or instrumentality is authorized and directed to

furnish such information, suggestions, estimates, and statistics

directly to the Committee, upon request made by the Chairman

or Vice Chairman.

(c) The Committee may, with the consent of the agency con-

cerned, accept and utilize, on a reimbursable basis, the personnel

of any other agency of the Federal Government.

(d) (1) The Committee shall be entitled by regulation, subpena,

or otherwise, to obtain such information from, require such reports

and the keeping of such records by, and make such inspection of

Members.

Meetings.

Compensation.

63 Stat. 160.

5 USC S35 note.

Officers and

employees.

63 Stat. 954.

5 USC 1071

note.

Hearings.

etc., from

agencies.

Personnel of

other agencien.

Information

from persons.

648

Penalty.

Confidential

information.

Use of mails.

Report.

date.

the books, records, and other writings, premises or property of,

any person as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the

provisions of this Act, but this authority shall not be exercised if

adequate and authoritative data are available from any Federal

agency. In case of contumacy by, or refusal to obey a subpena

served upon, any person referred to in this subsection, the district

court of the United States for any district in which such person

is found or resides or transacts business, upon application by the

Committee, shall have jurisdiction to issue an order requiring such

person to appear and give testimony or to appear and produce doc-

uments, or both : and any failure to obey such order of the court

may be punished by such court as a contempt thereof.

(2) The production of a person's books, records, or other docu-

mentary evidence shall not be required at any place other than

the place where such person usually keeps them, if, prior to the

return date specified in the regulations, subpena, or other docu-

ment issued with respect thereto, such person furnishes the Com-

mittee with a true copy of such books, records, or other documen-

tary evidence (certified by such person under oath to be a true

and correct copy) or enters into a stipulation with the Committee

as to the information contained in such books, records, or other

documentary evidence. Witnesses shall be paid the same fees and

mileage that are paid witnesses in the courts of the United States.

(3) Any person who willfully performs any act prohibited or

willfully fails to perform any act required by the above provisions

of this subsection, or any rule, regulation, or order thereunder,

shall upon conviction be fined not more than $500 for each offense.

(4) Information obtained under this Act which the Committee

deems confidential for purposes of national security or other

reasons or with reference to which a request for confidential treat-

ment is made by the person or agency furnishing such information,

shall not be published or disclosed unless the Committee deter-

mines that the withholding thereof is contrary to the purposes of

this Act, and any member or employee of the Committee willfully

violating this provision shall, upon conviction, be fined not more

than $5,000.

( e) The Committee shall be entitled to the free use of the United

Stales mails in the same manner as the other executive agencies

of the Government.

Sec. 10. (a) The Committee shall from time to time submit a

report on its findings and recommendations to the President for

submission to the Congress. At the earliest possible moment, the

Committee shall submit a report to the President for submission to

the Congress on the advisability of the Federal Government regu-

lating, by means of licenses or otherwise, those who attempt to

engage in activities designed to modify or control the weather.

The Committee shall submit a final report to the President for

submission to the Congress not. later than June 30, 1056.

(b) Thirty days after the Committee has submitted such final

report to the President, the Committee shall cease to exist.

Sec 11. There are authorized to be appropriated, from any

funds in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, such sums as

the Congress may from time to time deem necessary to carry out

the provisions of this Act.

Approved August 13, 1953.

July o. inse

[8. 29131

15 USC 811

note.

AN ACT To oxtend for two years the Advisory Committee on Weather

Control.

Be it enacted hi/ the Senate and House of Representatives of

the United States of America in Congress assembled. That section

10 1 a I of the Act entitled "An Act to create a committee to study

and evaluate public and private experiments in weather modifica-

tion", approved August 13. 1953 (67 Stat. 551). 561). is anieuded

by striking out ''.June 30, 1056" and inserting in lieu thereof "June

30, 1058".

Approved July 9, 1956.

649

AX ACT To amend the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, to pro- fH 1 ^,*}' 195S

vide for a program of study, research, and evaluation in the field of kE: bb i

weather modification.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of

the United States of America in Congress assembled, That sub-

section (a) of section 3 of the National Science Foundation Act of

1950. as amended, is amended by striking out "and" at the end of

paragraph (7), by striking out the period at the end of paragraph

(8) and inserting in lieu thereof a semicolon, and by adding after

paragraph (8) the following new paragraph:

"(9) to initiate and support a program of study, research,

and evaluation in the held of weather modification, giving

particular attention to areas that have experienced floods,

drought, hail, lightning, fog, tornadoes, hurricanes, or other

weather phenomena, and to report annually to the President

and the Congress thereon."

Sec. 2. The National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as

amended, is amended by changing the designations of sections 14,

15, and 16 (and all reference to such sections in any provision of

law) to 15, 16, and 17, respectively, and by inserting after section

13 the following section :

"weather modification

"Sec. 14. (a) In carrying out the provisions of paragraph (9)

of section 3 (a), the Foundation shall consult with meteorologists

and scientists in private life and with agencies of Government

interested in, or affected by, experimental research in the field

of weather control.

"(b) Research programs to carry out the purposes of such

paragraph (9), whether conducted by the Foundation or by other

Government agencies or departments, may be accomplished

through contracts with, or grants to, private or public institutions

or agencies, including but not limited to cooperative programs

with any State through such instrumentalities as may be desig-

nated by the governor of such State.

"(c) For the purposes of such paragraph (9), the Foundation

is authorized to accept as a gift, money, material, or services :

Provided, That notwithstanding section 11(f), use of any such

gift, if the donor so specifies, may be restricted or limited to cer-

tain projects or areas.

"(d) For the purposes of such paragraph (9), other agencies of

the Government are authorized to loan to the Foundation without

reimbursement, and the Foundation is authorized to accept and

make use of, such property and personnel as may be deemed

useful, with the approval of the Director of the Bureau of the

Budget.

Foundation designated by him, may for the purpose of carrying

out the provisions of such paragraph (9) hold such hearings and

sit and act at such times and places and take such testimony

as he shall deem advisable. The Director or any employee of the

Foundation designated by him may administer oaths or affirma-

tions to witnesses appearing before the Director or such employee.

"(f) (1) The Director of the Foundation may obtain by regula-

tion, subpena, or otherwise such information in the form of

testimony, books, records, or other writings, may require the

keeping of and furnishing such reports and records, and may

make such inspections of the books, records, and other writings

and premises or property of any person or persons as may be

deemed necessary or appropriate by him to carry out the provi-

sions of such paragraph (9), but this authority shall not be

exercised if adequate and authoritative data are available from

any Federal agency. In case of contumacy by, or refusal to obey

a subpena served upon, any person referred to in this subsection,

National

Science

Weather

Research.

64 Stat. 149.

42 USC 1862.

Reports.

64 Stat. 134.

42 USC

1S73-75.

contracts.

Gifts.

42 USC 1S70.

property, etc.

Hearings.

Documentary

evidence.

650

and penalty.

G2 Stat. 791.

Weather

reporting.

85 STAT. 735

85 STAT. 736

Report

requirement.

such person is found or resides or transacts business, upon appli-

cation by the Director, shall have jurisdiction to issue an order

requiring such person to appear and give testimony or to appear

and produce documents, or both ; and any failure to obey such

order of the court may be punished by such court as a contempt

thereof.

"(2) The production of a person's books, records, or other

documentary evidence shall not be required at any place other

than the place where such person usually keeps them, if, prior to