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Answers To: Industrial Base Advantage
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- Answers To: Industrial Base Advantage
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Answers To: Industrial Base Advantage[____] [____] The aerospace industry will fare poorly even with the plan because of foreign competition and an aging workforce. Robert Walker, Chair of the Commission on the Future of the U.S. Aerospace Industry, November 2002, “Final Report”, http://www.trade.gov/td/aerospace/aerospacecommission/AeroCommissionFinalReport.pdf The U.S. aerospace sector, most notably the commercial air sector, is seen increasingly as a mature industry lacking in capital investment, innovation, and capacity for growth. Aerospace sector market capitalization, research and development investments and return on investments/assets are down and consolidations are up. The U.S. is losing global market share and its positive balance of trade in aerospace manufacturing is eroding. Jobs are going overseas. The U.S. economic downturn, coupled with the additional security costs resulting from the September 11 terrorist attacks, is crippling the airlines and causing massive layoffs. Meanwhile, today’s air transportation system—based on 1960s technology and operational concepts—is reaching capacity, resulting in increasing delays and costs for both passengers and shippers. At the same time, government investments in longterm civil aerospace research are static, if not declining in real terms. The lack of sustained, long-term investment is stifling innovation and preventing the establishment of new economic growth curves for air transportation and space. While the military has recently received significant increases, both in research and development and in procurement accounts, those increases focus on near-term counter-terrorism and homeland security problems and may be short-lived. The aerospace workforce and infrastructure are aging, and there is a lack of compelling vision or robust financial outlook to draw our youth into this important business sector. Answers To: Industrial Base Advantage[____] [____] Air power fails to deter conflict in practice. Conrad Crane, Director of the U. S. Army Military History Institute at Carlisle Barracks, and fellow at the Strategic Studies Institute , Fall 2001, “Sky High: Illusions of Air Power.” The National Interest, Unfortunately, practice has let theory down. Though technology has continued to advance, public expectations and U.S. Air Force o promises about airpower's decisiveness and accuracy have advanced faster. As a result, key decisions about the application of military force in most American wars in the air age have been shaped by an overestimation of airpower's effectiveness against military and industrial targets, and disappointing results have led repeatedly to the escalation of aerial operations against civilians --confirming Douhet's theories and confounding America's precision bombing enthusiasts. Such escalations have long-lasting implications. It may be, for example, that current North Korean programs to develop ballistic missiles are motivated by memories of the destruction of most of their cities and towns by American bombing between 1950 and 1953.(n4) Recent air operations over Yugoslavia repeated the pattern of the Korean War: anticipatory claims of decisiveness, followed by disappointment, followed by escalation against civilian targets. Frustrated by seemingly interminable peace talks and the failure of aerial interdiction, American airmen adopted a strategy they called "Air Pressure": coercion through the destruction of key dual-use civilian-military targets. These targets eventually included hydroelectric power facilities, almost every city and town in North Korea, and irrigation dams for rice fields. Again in Kosovo there were high expectations for what airpower, along with the newest precision-guided munitions and information warfare, could accomplish. While airpower was in the end the primary offensive arm that produced a settlement without risking U.S. and allied ground casualties, the results were not at all those envisioned when the campaign started. When the bombing commenced, Pentagon planners and State Department spokesmen admitted that they did not expect airpower alone to force President Slobodan Milosevic to surrender Kosovo. Consequently, President Clinton announced that the operation had three primary objectives: to stop the ethnic cleansing in Kosovo, to prevent an even bloodier Serb offensive against civilians there; and to "seriously damage" the Serb military capacity to do such harm.(n5) Bombing did not achieve any of those goals; indeed, it exacerbated the assault against Albanian Kosovar civilians as Serb ground forces responded to the high-tech aerial assault with a low-tech ravaging of the province. As to seriously damaging the Serb military capacity, NATO peacekeepers subsequently discovered that initial estimates of the degradation of Serbian forces from air attacks were vastly exaggerated, primarily due to extensive Serbian use of decoys and deception. NATO officials quickly reduced initial claims of tanks destroyed from 122 to 93, and were then forced to admit uncovering only 26 "kills" when all was said and done. Yugoslav vehicle commanders, it seems, proved quite adept at hiding in villages, using the surrounding community and inhabitants as human shields.(n6) Answers To: Space Exploration Advantage[____] [____] Space exploration would take thousands of years to reach tangible benefits.Donald F. Robertson, freelance space journalist, 3/6/2006, “Space Exploration,” Space News, http://www.space.com/spacenews/archive06/RobertsonOpEd_030606.html Dangerous it will be. Detailed exploration, let alone settlement, of nearby worlds will be the single most difficult task humanity has ever tackled. Most likely, it will take many hundreds, or even thousands, of years. Our first attempts to establish a base on Earth's Moon or Mars may well fail. As on the oceans, many people will die: we cannot insist on levels of safety that make the exercise technically impractical or unaffordable. [____] Space makes us more vulnerable to diseases by impairing the immune system. Dolores Beasley and William Jeffs, Director, Strategic Communications and Education at NASA Ames Research Center; NASA spokesman, 9/29/2004 “Study Suggests Spaceflight May Decrease Human Immunity” A NASA-funded study has found the human body's ability to fight off disease may be decreased by spaceflight. The effect may even linger after an astronaut's return to Earth following long flights. In addition to the conditions experienced by astronauts in flight, the stresses experienced before launch and after landing also may contribute to a decrease in immunity. Results of the study were recently published in "Brain, Behavior, and Immunity." The results may help researchers better understand the affects of spaceflight on the human immune response. They may also provide new insights to ensure the health, safety and performance of International Space Station crewmembers and future spacefarers on extended missions. "Astronauts live and work in a relatively crowded and stressful environment," said Duane Pierson, the study's principal investigator and NASA Senior Microbiologist at Johnson Space Center, Houston. "Stresses integral to spaceflight can adversely affect astronaut health by impairing the human immune response. Our study suggests these effects may increase as mission duration and mission activity demands increase," he added. 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