Chapter 15: Forging the national Economy (1790-1860)

I. The Westward Movement

1. 
   USn marched quickly toward west( very hard w/ disease & loneliness)
   
2. 
   Frontier people were individualistic, superstitious & ill-informed
   

1. 
   westward movement molded environment
   

2. 
   ecological imperialism
   

3. 
   spirit of nationalism led to appreciation of American wilderness
   

III. The March of the Millions

1. 
   mid-1800s, pop cont’d to double every 25 years
   
2. 
   1860-orginial 13 states now has 33 states; pop 4^th in the world(Russ, Fra, Austria)
   
3. 
   urban growth cont’d explosively
   

-brought bad sanitation  sewage system & pipe-in water

4. 
   high birthrate had accounted for pop growth, but near 1850s, millions of Irish, German came
   

-appealing of US(land, freedom from church, aristocracy, 3 meat meals a day)

-intro of transoceanic steamship(reduce traveling to 12 days, death rate high not as bad)

IV. The Emerald Isle Moves West(1830s-1960s-2 million)

1. 
   Irish potato famine in mid-1840s led to death of 2million & many flee to US
   

-illiterate, discriminated by Old USn, received lowest of job(railroad building)

-hated by Protestants bec. catholic

-USn hated Irish(NINA); Irish hated competition w/ blacks for job

-Ancient Order of Hibernians(serve to aid Irish)

-gradual property owning (grand success), children edu. Cut short to buy land

-attracted to politics, filled police dept.

-politician tried to appeal to Irish by yelling at London

V. The German Forty-Eighters

a. 1 million poured in bet 1830s-1860s bec. crop failures & loose of rev of 1848 toward liberalism

-liberals such as Carl Schurz contributed to elevation of US politic

-had more $ than Irish so bought land in west esp. in Wisconsin

-votes crucial so wooed by US politicians but not as potent bec. spread out

-contributed to US culture (Christmas tree); isolationism

-urged public education & freedom(enemies of slavery)

-resentment from Old bec. group & aloof; brought beers to US

VI. Flare-ups of Antiforeignism

1. 
   “nativists” prejudiced newcomers in jobs, poli, religion
   
2. 
   catholic became major relig group bec. immigration of 1840s, 50s & set out to build catholic school
   
3. 
   nativist feared that Catholicism build on Protestantism (popish idols) so formed “Order of star-spangled Banner”
   

-fought for restriction on immigration, naturalization & deportation of alien paupers

-wrote fiction books about corruption of churches

-mass violence, ex. Philadelphia 1844-burned churches, schools, people killed

-made America pluralistic society w/ diversity

-no longer hated bec. crucial to eco expansion & more availability of jobs

VII. The March of Mechanization

1. 
   Industrial revolution spread to US & US destined to be an industrial giant bec.
   

-lacked consumer for factory-scale manufacturing

-British long-estab. factory was competition

-kept textile to own monopoly(forbade travel of crafts men & export of machine)

2. 
   US remained very rural to farming
   

1. 
   Samuel Slater – “Father of the Factory System”
   

2. 
   Eli Whitney build a cotton gin (50 times more effective than hand picking cotton)
   

-south flourished & expanded cotton kingdom toward west

-north factories manufactured, esp. New England (w/ poor soil, dense labor, access to sea, river for water power)

IX. Marvels in Manufacturing

1. 
   embargo of war of 1812 encouraged home manufacture
   
2. 
   w/ peace of Ghent, British poured in surplus in cheap $, forcing close of American factory
   
3. 
   congress passed Tariff of 1816 to protect US eco
   
4. 
   Eli Whitney introduce machine made replaceable parts (on muskets)-1850
   

5. 
   Elias Howe & Issac Singer (1846) made sewing machine(foundation of clothing industry)
   
6. 
   Decades of 1860 had 28,000 patents while 1800 only had 306
   
7. 
   Principle of limited liability(can’t loose more than invested) stimulate eco
   
8. 
   Laws of “free incorporation” (1848)-no need to apply for charter from legislature to start corp.
   
9. 
   Samuel Morse’s telegraph connected business world-“What hath god wrought?”
   

1. 
   factory system led to impersonal relations
   
2. 
   benefit went to factory owner, labors were long, wages low, meals bad, no union
   
3. 
   child labor heavy; ½ of force child labors
   
4. 
   adult working condition improved in 1820s & 30s w/ mass vote to workers
   

-1840s presi. Buren estab. 10 hour day

-many stroked but lost bec. employers import more workers (so hated immigrants)

5. 
   union formed in 1830s but hit by panic of 1837
   

-legalized union on peaceful & honorable protest

XI. Women and the Economy

1. 
   women were toiled in factory under bad conditions(scare of pop)
   
2. 
   opportunities rare & women mainly in nursing, domestic service, teaching
   
3. 
   women usu worked before marriage, after marry-house wives (made more decisions in family)
   
4. 
   arrange marriage died down; marriage w/ love tied family closer
   
5. 
   family grew smaller(ave. 6); fertility rate dropped sharply (“domestic feminism”
   
6. 
   child-centered w/ less children & discipline not physically
   
7. 
   charc of family: small, affectionate, child-centered, small arena for talented women
   

1. 
   trans-Allegheny region (Ohio-Indiana-Illinois)became nation’s breadbasket
   

2. 
   inventions that boomed agriculture
   

-Cyrus McCormick-mechanical mower-reaper

3. 
   led to large-scale production & cash crops
   
4. 
   produced more than south; product flow N to S in rivers, not E & W-need transportation rev,
   

1. 
   improvements in transportation needed for raw material transport
   
2. 
   Lancaster turnpike-hard road from Philadelphia & Lancaster; brought eco expansion to west
   
3. 
   Federal gov. construct Cumberland Road(Maryland -Illinois)(1811-1852 )w/ state & federal $
   
4. 
   Robert Fulton invents steam engine(Steam boats)-1807
   

-contributed to dev. of S & W eco

XIV. “Clinton’s Big Ditch” in New York

1. 
   Clinton’s Big Ditch-Erie Canal bet. Great Lake & Hudson River(1817-1825)
   

-farmers unable to compete in east went to west; changes in food

XV. Pioneer Railroad Promoters

1. 
   1^st railroad in US(1828); by 1860-30,000 mi. railroad tracks in US(3/4 at north)
   
2. 
   railroad 1^st opposed bec. financier afraid to loose $ from Erie canal & also cause fire to houses
   
3. 
   trains were badly constructed (brakes bad) & gauge of traveling varied
   

1. 
   steamboat allowed reverse transport of S to E to bind them together
   
2. 
   more canals led to more trade w/ East than South by the west
   
3. 
   New York became the Queen port of the country goods distributed
   
4. 
   Principle of divided labor-each region specialize in own eco activity
   

5. 
   S thought missi linked them to other states; but overlooked 2 N states are eco-interconnected
   
6. 
   Transformed home-once center of eco but now refugee of home
   

1. 
   widen the gap bet. Rich & poor
   
2. 
   city w/ greatest extreme
   

-social mobility existed but not in proportion, rags-to-rich were rare

3. 
   standard of living did raise, wage rose too (helped diffuse potential class conflict)
   

1. 
   foreign export
   

-after repeal of Corn Law of 1846, wheat became imp role in trade w/ Eng.

2. 
   American imported more than exported (substantial debt to foreign creditors)
   
3. 
   1858-Cyrus Field laid Cable bet. US & Euro(but died in 3 weeks); better one in 1866
   
4. 
   American vessels laid by embargoes, panics; naval made little progress
   

-tea trade w/ British & carried many to CA

-crushed by British’s iron tramp steamers

5. 
   speedy communication-roads from Missouri to CA, Pony Express
   

I. Reviving Religion

1. 
   Church attendance were regular in 1850(3/4 pop)
   
2. 
   Many relied on Deism (reason rather revelation); rejected original sin, denied Christ’s divinity but believed in supreme being that created universe
   
3. 
   Puritans of the past now-Unitarian faith(New Eng.)
   

-belief n free will & salvation through good work; pictured God as loving father

-appealed to intellectuals w/ rationalism & optimism

4. 
   liberalism in relig started in 1800
   

-spread to mass through huge “camp meetings”

-E went to W to Christianize Indians

-Methodists & Baptist stressed personal conversion, demo in church affairs, emotionalism

-Peter Cartwright-best known of “circuit riders”

-Charles Grandison Finney were greatest of revival preachers

-led massive revivals in Rochester & New York

II. Denominational Diversity

1. 
   revival furthered fragmentation of religious faith
   

-Millerites(Adventists)-Christ return to earth on Oct 22,1844 (didn’t come)

2. 
   widen lines bet. classes & region(like 1^st)
   

-less learned of S & E-Methodists, Baptists

3. 
   Religious further split w/ issue on slavery (Methodist, Presbyterians split)
   

1. 
   Joseph Smith(1830) came up(NY) w. Mormon & Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
   

-Smith died but succeeded by Brigham Young who led followers to Utah

-grew quickly by 1850s by birth & immigration from Euro

-federal gov. marched to Utah when Young became govnr. But no bloodshed

-polygamy prevented Utah entrance to US till 1896

IV. Free School for a Free People

1. 
   Tax-supported primary school was opposed bec, relate to pauperism & used by poor
   
2. 
   Gradually support bec. “brats” might grow up to be rabbles w. voting rights
   
3. 
   Free pub edu, triumphed in 1825 w/ vote power in Jackson elect
   

-Horace Mann fought for better school

-too expensive for many community; blacks exempt from edu.

4. 
   imp people-Noah Webster(dictionary); (Ohioan William H. McGuffey-Mcguffey’s readers)
   

1. 
   2^nd great awakening led to building of small schools in S & W (mainly for pride)
   

2. 
   1^st state supported uni. in N. Carolina by Jefferson (dedication freedom from relig., poli)
   
3. 
   women thought to be bad if too educated
   
4. 
   Emma Willard-estab Tory Female Seminary (1821) &(Mount holyoke Seminary (1837)
   
5. 
   Libraries, public lectures, magazines flourished
   

1. 
   reformers vs. tobacco, alcohol, profanity, transit of mail on Sabbath, women’s rights, polygamy, medicines
   
2. 
   optimistic for a perfect society (women imp. in reforms)
   

-fought for no imprison for debt (poor lock in jail for less than $1)-gradually abolished

-criminal codes soften & reformatories added

-mentally insane treated badly (ex. Dorothea Dix fought-classic petition of 1843)

-agitation for peace(American Peace Society-1828)-William Ladd (had some impact till civil & Crimean war)

VII. Demon Rum-The “Old Deluder”

1. 
   drunkenness were widely spread
   
2. 
   American Temperance Society formed at Boston (1826)-“Cold Water Army”(children), sign pledges, pamphlets (anti-alcohol tract-10 nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There-Arthur)
   
3. 
   Vs. Demon Drink adopt 2 major line attack
   

-legislature-removed temptation-Neal S Dow “Father of Prohibition”

-sponsored Maine Law of 1851-prohibited make, sale liquor(follow by others)

VIII. Women in Revolt

1. 
   women stayed home, w/o voting rights, (19^th century)-better than Euro
   
2. 
   many women avoided marriage all together
   
3. 
   gender diff sharply w/ raising eco role
   

-men strong but crude if not guided by women

4. 
   home center of women(even in reformer Catharine Beecher) but many felt not enough
   
5. 
   joined abolishing of slavery, touched by reform
   
6. 
   women’s movement led by Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony(Suzy Bs), Elizabeth Candy Staton, Elizabeth Blackwell (1^st female medical graduate), Margaret Fuller, Grimke sisters (anti-slavery), Amelia bloomer (semi-short skirts)
   
7. 
   Women’s Rights Convention (1848)-Seneca Falls-NY
   

-demanded ballot for women

-launched modern women’s rights movement

8. 
   temperately eclipsed by slavery but conditions improved
   

1. 
   Robert Owen founded New Harmony (1825) confusion
   
2. 
   Brook Farm-Massa(1841)-20 intellectuals committed to Transcendentalism (lasted till 46)
   
3. 
   Oneida Community-practiced free love, birth control, eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring
   
4. 
   Shakers-communistic community (led by Mother Ann Lee)-1770 (can’t marry so extinct)
   

1. 
   early American interested in practical science than pure
   

-Nathaniel bowditch-practical navigation & oceanographer

-Matthew maury-ocean winds, currents

2. 
   writers concerned basic science
   
3. 
   most influential US scientists
   

-Louis Agassiz(1807-1873)-served at Harvard, insist on original research

-Asa Gray (1810-1888)Harvard-Columbus of botany

-John Audubon(1785-1851)painted birds

4. 
   medicine in US primitive, bleeding used for cure; smallpox, yellow fever kill many
   
5. 
   life expectancy low
   
6. 
   self-prescribed patent medicine common (often harmful)
   
7. 
   surgery tied people down
   

1. 
   Us imitated Euro on styles
   
2. 
   1820-50 was Greek revival (inde from turk) later gothic forms
   
3. 
   Thomas Jefferson most ablest architect of generation (Montecello & Uni of Virginia)
   
4. 
   Artists view bec. no leisure time; suffered from Puritan prejudice of art as sinful waste
   
5. 
   Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828)-painted Washington & competed w/ Eng artists
   

John Trumbull(1756-1843)-captured rev. war in paint

6. 
   During nationalism upsurge after war of 1812-US painters portrayed human landscapes & romanticism
   
7. 
   Music shaking off bec. puritans frowned on non-relig singing
   

XII. The Blossoming of a National Literature

1. 
   reading plagiarized from Eng
   
2. 
   poured literature to practical outlet (ex. Federalist, Common Sense(Paine),Ben Franklin’s autobiography)
   
3. 
   literature revived after war of inde & esp after war of 1812
   
4. 
   Knickerbocker group in NY
   

-James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851)-1^st USn novelist-leatherstocking tales(pop in Euro)

-William Cullen Bryant(1794-1878)-Thanatopsis(1^st highly quality poems in US)

XIII. Trumpeters of Transcendentalism

1. 
   literature dawn in 2^nd quarter of 19^th century w/ transcendentalist movement (1830)
   

-individualism, black or white

-Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)-popular bec. ideal reflected US

-lectured Phi Beta Kappa Address “The American Scholar”

-urged US writers throw off Euro tradition

-most influential as practical philosopher (stressed self-gov, reliance, etc.)

-Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)-condemned slavery : Wladen: Or life in the Woods

-On the Duty of Civil Disobedience-further idealistic thought

-walth Whitman(1819-1892)-Leaves of Grass(poems) “Poet Laureate of Demo”

XIV. Glowing Literary Lights(not associated w/ transcendentalism)

1. 
   Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(1807-1882)-wrote poems popular in Euro “Evangeline”
   
2. 
   John Greenleaf Whittier(1807-1892)-poem cried vs. injustice, intolerance, inhumanity (social influence
   
3. 
   James Russell Lowell (1819-1891)-political satirist-Biglow Papers
   
4. 
   Oliver Wendell Holmes(1809-1894)-The last Leaf
   
5. 
   Women writers
   

-Emily Dickinson-theme of nature in poems

6. 
   Southern literary figure-William Gillmore Simms (1806-1870)-“the cooper of the south”(many books-life in frontier, south in rev war)
   

a. Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)-“The Raven”

-invented modern detective novel

-fascinated by ghosts-reflect morbid sensibility (more prized by Euro)

2. 
   reflection Calvinist obsession on original sin & struggle bet. good & evil
   

-Herman Melvile (1819-1891)-Moby Dick-bet. good & evil told in whale captain

XVI. Portrayers of the Past(historians)

1. 
   George Bancroft(1800-1891)-found naval academy-published US history book
   

• 
  “Father of American History”
  

2. 
   Wiliam H. Prescott-pub conquest of Mexico, Peru
   
3. 
   Francis Parkman-pub struggle bet. France & Eng in colonial of N. America
   
4. 
   Historians All from New Eng bec. had most books (anti-south bias; antipathy w. slavery)
   

Chapter 17: “The South and the Slavery Controversy”

1. 
   “Cotton’s Is King!”
   
   1. 
      Before the 1793 invention of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, slavery was a dying business, since the South was burdened with depressed prices, unmarketable goods, and over-cropped lands.
      
      1. 
         After the gin was invented, growing cotton became wildly profitable and easier, and more slaves were needed.
         
   2. 
      The North also transported the cotton to England and the rest of Europe, so they were in part responsible for the slave trade as well.
      
   3. 
      The South produced more than half the world’s supply of cotton, and held and advantage over countries like England, an industrial giant, which needed cotton to make cloth, etc…
      
   4. 
      The South believed that since England was so dependent on them that, if civil war was to ever break out, England would support the South that it so heavily depended on.
      
2. 
   The Planter “Aristocracy”
   
   1. 
      In 1850, only 1733 families owned more tan 100 slaves each, and they were the wealthy aristocracy of the South, with big houses and huge plantations.
      
   2. 
      The Southern aristocrats widened the gap between the rich and the poor and hampered public-funded education by sending their children to private schools.
      
      1. 
         Also, a favorite author among them was Sir Walter Scott, author of Ivan Hoe, who helped them idealize a feudal society with them as the kings and queens and the slaves as their subjects.
         
   3. 
      The plantation system shaped the lives of southern women.
      
      1. 
         Mistresses of the house commanded a sizable household of mostly female slaves who cooked, sewed, cared for the children, and washed things.
         
      2. 
         Mistresses could be kind or cruel, but all of them did at one point or another abuse their slaves to some degree; there was no “perfect mistress.”
         
3. 
   Slaves of the Slave System
   
   1. 
      Cotton production spoiled the earth, and even though profits were quick and high, land was ruined, and cotton producers were always in need of new land.
      
   2. 
      The economic structure of the South became increasingly monopolistic because as land ran out, smaller farmers sold their land to the large estate owners.
      
   3. 
      Also, the temptation to overspeculate in land and in slaves caused many planters to plunge deep into debt.
      
      1. 
         Slaves were valuable, but they were also a gamble, since they might run away or be killed by disease.
         
   4. 
      The dominance of King Cotton likewise led to a one-crop economy whose price level was at the mercy of world conditions.
      
   5. 
      Southerners resented the Northerners growing fat (getting rich) at their expense while they were dependent on the North for clothing, other food, and manufactured goods.
      
   6. 
      The South repelled immigrants from Europe, who went to the North, making it richer.
      
4. 
   The White Majority
   
   1. 
      Beneath the aristocracy were the whites that owned one or two or a small family of slaves; they worked hard on the riled with their slaves and the only difference between them and their northern neighbors was that there were slaves living with them.
      
   2. 
      Beneath these people were the slaveless whites that raised corn and hogs, sneered at the rich cotton “snobocracy” and lived simply and poorly.
      
      1. 
         Some of the poorest were known as “poor white trash” and “hillbillies” and were described as listless, shiftless, and misshapen.
         
      2. 
         It is now known that these people weren’t lazy, just sick, suffering from malnutrition and parasites like hookworm.
         
   3. 
      Even the slaveless whites defended the slavery system because they all hoped to own a slave or two some day, and they could take perverse pleasure in knowing that, no matter how bad they were, they always “outranked” Blacks.
      
   4. 
      Mountain whites, those who lived isolated in the wilderness under Spartan frontier conditions, hated white aristocrats and Blacks, and they were key in crippling the Southern secessionists during the Civil War.
      
5. 
   Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters
   
   1. 
      By 1860, free Blacks in the South numbered about 250,000.
      
   2. 
      In the upper South, these Blacks were descended from those freed by the idealism of the Revolutionary War (“all men were created equal”).
      
   3. 
      In the deep South, they were usually mulattoes (Black mother, White father who was usually a master) freed when their masters died.
      
   4. 
      Many owned property; a few owned slaves themselves.
      
   5. 
      Free Blacks were prohibited from working in certain occupations and forbidden from testifying against whites in court; and as examples of what slaves could be, Whites resented them.
      
   6. 
      In the North, free Blacks were also unpopular, as several states denied their entrance, most denied them the right to vote and most barred them from public schools.
      
   7. 
      Northern Blacks were especially hated by the Irish, with whom they competed for jobs.
      
   8. 
      Antiblack feeling was stronger in the North, where people liked the race but not the individual, than in the South, were people liked the individual but not the race.
      
6. 
   Plantation Slavery
   
   1. 
      Although slave importation was banned in 1808, smuggling of them continued due to their high demand and despite death sentences to smugglers
      
   2. 
      However, the slave increase (4 million by 1860) was mostly due to their natural reproduction.
      
   3. 
      Slaves were an investment, and thus were treated better and more kindly and were spared the most dangerous jobs, like putting a roof on a house, draining a swamp, or blasting caves.
      
      1. 
         Usually, Irishmen were used to do that sort of work.
         
   4. 
      Slavery also created majorities or near-ones in the Deep South, and the states of South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana accounted for half of all slaves in the South.
      
   5. 
      Breeding slaves was not encouraged, but thousands of slaves were “sold down the river” to toil as field-gang workers, and women who gave birth to many children were prized.
      
      1. 
         Some were promised freedom after ten children born.
         
   6. 
      Slave auctions were brutal, with slaves being inspected like animals and families often mercilessly separated; Harriet Beecher Stowe seized the emotional power of his scene in her Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
      
7. 
   Life Under the Lash
   
   1. 
      Slave life varied from place to place, but for slaves everywhere, life meant hard work, no civil or political rights, and whipping if orders weren’t followed.
      
   2. 
      Laws that tried to protect slaves were difficult to enforce.
      
   3. 
      Lash beatings weren’t that common, since a master could lower the value of his slave if he whipped him too much.
      
   4. 
      Forced separation of spouses, parents and children seem to have been more common in the upper South, among smaller plantations.
      
   5. 
      Still, most slaves were raised in stable two-parent households and continuity of family identity across generations was evidenced in the widespread practice of naming children for grandparents or adopting the surname of a forebear’s master.
      
   6. 
      In contrast to the White planters, Africans avoided marriage of first cousins.
      
   7. 
      African also mixed Christian religion with their own native religion, and often, they sang Christian hymns as signals and codes for news of possible freedom; many of them sang songs that emphasize bondage (“Let my people go.”)
      
8. 
   The Burdens of Bondage
   
   1. 
      Slaves had no dignity, were illiterate, and had no chance of achieving the “American dream.”
      
   2. 
      They also devised countless ways to make trouble without getting punished to badly.
      
      1. 
         They worked as slowly as they could without getting lashed.
         
      2. 
         They stole food and sabotaged expensive equipment.
         
      3. 
         Occasionally, they poisoned their masters’ food.
         
   3. 
      Rebellions, such as the 1800 insurrection by a slave named Gabriel in Richmond, Virginia, and the 1822 Charleston rebellion led by Denmark Vesey, and the 1831 revolt semiliterate preacher Nat Turner, were never successful.
      
   4. 
      Whites became paranoid of Black revolts, and they had to degrade themselves, along with their victims, as noted by distinguished Black leader Booker T. Washington.
      
9. 
   Early Abolitionism
   
   1. 
      In 1817, the American Colonization Society was founded for the purpose of transporting Blacks back to Africa, and in 1822, the Republic of Liberia was founded for Blacks to live.
      
   2. 
      Most Blacks had no wish to be transplanted into a strange civilization after having been partially Americanized.
      
   3. 
      By 1860, virtually all slaves were not Africans, but native-born African-Americans.
      
   4. 
      In the 1830s, abolitionism really took off, with the Second Great Awakening and other things providing support.
      
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