Sra: Imagine It!, Themes, Risks and Consequences, Nature's Delicate Balance, a changing America, Science Fair, America on the Move, Dollars and Sense, Level 4 [Grade 4]
Meet the Authors Meet the Authors
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Meet the Authors Meet the Authors Barbara Aiello After going to college, Aiello taught special education in elementary schools. Then she started a company that did puppet shows to teach children about disabilities. In 1991, Aiello went back to school to become a rabbi. Jeffrey Shulman Shulman teaches research and writing skills at the Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C. He has been writing children's books since 1986. Business Is Looking Up is his first and favorite book.
Gideon Kendall When Kendall was a baby, his mother put pens in his crib. He covered his sheets with drawings of cars. His parents are artists too. His high school art teacher encouraged him to go to art school in New York City and pursue his dreams.
Within the Selection 1. Why is marketing research important before you start a new business? 2. What business advice does Renaldo's mom give Jinx and Renaldo? Across Selections 3. Compare and contrast Renaldo with the milkmaid from "The Milkmaid and Her Pail." 4. Renaldo comes up with a business plan to help him buy a calculator. Who else from another selection makes plans to buy something? Beyond the Selection 5. If you started your own business, what would it be? 6. Renaldo says, "Making people happy is a good way to make a living." What careers can you think of that make people happy? Write about it Tell about a business idea you have. Remember to check the to see whether someone has been able to answer a question you posted.
Genre
Functional Text teaches you how to do something. It contains information that can be used in real life. Feature
Headings tell people what a section of text is going to be about. Making a budget can help you manage money in a smart way. A budget is a plan for spending and saving your money. Do you think that sounds corny? You might not think so if you could save enough money to buy a big item on your wish list. Setting Goals Make a list of things you would like to have. Put them in order of when you would like to buy them. Set goals such as "I would like to save enough money to buy a computer in eighteen months." Earning Money Figure out how much money you can earn in the coming months. What ways do you have to get money? Do you get birthday gifts or an allowance? Can you start a paper route? Planning Your Spending Budget a certain amount of money for different things each month. If you earn thirty dollars a month, you might choose to spend five dollars on snacks, save five dollars toward a video game, and save twenty dollars toward a computer. Helpful Tips Do not carry your money with you everywhere you go. You will be tempted to spend money on things that are not in your budget. Think about how good it will feel to buy the big-ticket product on your wish list. 657
Choose two paragraphs with headings from the article. Write one sentence of your own to add to each paragraph. Make sure your sentences fit under the paragraph headings. What is the definition of a budget? What are three ways that managing your money wisely now will help you when you are an adult? Try It! As you work on your investigation, think about how you can use headings to organize your ideas. 658 Cost-of-Living Mother Goose by Dow Richardson illustrated by Mike Tofanelli Focus Question What is the difference between the things you want and the things you need? To market, to market, To look for a roast, Home again, home again, Tuna on toast. 659 Focus Question Who decides how much things are worth? Wormy apples at the grocery, Used to make consumers panic, Now they sell at twice the price, 'Cause wormy apples are organic. 660
The Richest Poor man in the Valley by Lindsay MacRae illustrated by Mike Wohnoutka Focus Question Are some things worth more than money? On the outside he seemed older than he was. His face was like a weather map full of bad weather while inside his heart was fat with sun. With his two dogs he cleared a thin silver path across the Black Mountain. And when winter kicked in they brought his sheep down from the top like sulky clouds. Harry didn't care for things that other people prize like money, houses, bank accounts and lies. He was living in a caravan until the day he died. But at his funeral his friends' tears fell like a thousand diamonds. 661 Writer's Notebook by Ralph Fletcher illustrated by David Gordon Focus Question How much is an idea worth? My brother Tom says he's a hundredaire with two hundred fifty dollars in his bank account. Dad's a thousandaire. I gave baby Julia two pennies so now she's a pennyaire. When I look at Julia her little bald head reminds me of the planet Earth. I put that in my writer's notebook to maybe write a poem later on; it feels like money in the bank. 662
Test-Taking Strategy: Taking the Best Guess When Unsure of the Answer Sometimes you will not know which answer is correct. When this happens, take your best guess.
Many times you will know the answers on a test. If the question is about a story you read, you can return to the story to find the answer. Sometimes you might not be able to decide which answer is correct. When this happens, take your best guess. When you guess, you will be right some of the time. Try not to guess too often. It is always better to think about the question, look at the answer choices, and choose the one you think is correct. Read the sentences. Look at the answers. What does the word vacant mean? The trail was vacant . All the other hikers had gone home. A beautiful B narrow C empty
D blocked Think about the second sentence. If everyone went home, the trail would be empty . This sentence helps you figure out that C is the correct answer. If you still could not figure it out, you should guess. When you guess, you will be right some of the time. If you do not choose an answer, you will always be wrong. 663
Test-Taking Practice Read the story "A Difficult Choice." Then answer Numbers 1 through 4. Mr. Barnes held up a paper while the family sat around the dinner table. "A building company wants to buy our farm. They have offered me a lot of money." Grandma Barnes protested, "But the land has been in our family for four generations." Mr. Barnes looked sad. "I know, Mother, but we are having trouble paying the bills. And keeping the farm going is a lot of work." The twins nodded. They woke up early every morning to do chores before school. They had to do hours of work after school too. Their parents worked long hours every day. Still, the family never had enough money. Mr. Barnes held out the paper, and his wife gasped. "They offered us more than we would make from the farm in twenty years," she said. Jen and Aleta were excited. If their parents took the offer, they could move to town and be closer to their friends. Dad would not have to fix the roof. 664 Aleta asked, "Could we get a new car?" Her father laughed and said, "Sorry to disappoint you, girls, but we would need to save most of it." He forced a smile. "It would be hard to give up the house I grew up in. I hate to think of that company tearing down your tree house and grandpa's barn to put up a shopping center." Grandma Barnes had tears in her eyes. "Soon all this farmland will be part of the city." Mrs. Barnes said, "I read that in the next fifteen years, cities will take up three million acres of farmland. Our farmland is one of the few places with a year-round growing season. Maybe it would be better for us to join an agricultural preserve. We would not get as much money, but we could keep the farm." "What is that?" asked Jen. "The government pays farmers money to keep their land as farmland," Mr. Barnes answered. "That is a great idea. What do the rest of you think?" When everyone nodded, Mr. Barnes said, "I will decline the company's offer. I guess we will keep the family farm after all." 665 Use the information you learned from the story "A Difficult Choice" to answer questions 1 through 4. Write your answers on a piece of paper. When Mr. Barnes said he would decline the company's offer , he meant that he would-- A ask for more money. B sell a few acres. C think about it. D turn it down. What does the company plan to do with the farm? A Start a larger farm and grow more crops B Build a shopping center C Turn the farm into an agricultural preserve D Build houses and apartments How would an agricultural preserve help the family? A The government would give them money to keep farming their land. B The family would be closer to the city. C Their farmland would become a historical area. D Half of the farm could be used for building. All of these reasons for keeping the farm are mentioned in the story except -- A The family can join an agricultural preserve. B Mr. Barnes did not want to give up the house he grew up in. C Everyone would miss getting up early to do chores. D The family has owned the land for a long time. Test Tips * Read each question carefully. * Check your answers against the story. * Choose your first answer unless another one is better. 666
Pronunciation Key a as in a t as in l a te â as in c a re ä as in f a ther e as in s e t as in m e i as in i t as in k i te o as in o x as in r o se ô as in b ou ght and r a w oi as in c oi n as in b oo k as in t oo
as in u se ûr as in t ur n, g er m, l ear n, f ir m, w or k as in a bout, chick e n, penc i l, cann o n, circ u s ch as in ch air hw as in wh ich ng as in ri ng sh as in sh op th as in th in th as in th ere zh as in trea s ure The mark ( ' ) is placed after a syllable with a heavy accent, as in chicken ( chik' n). The mark (') after a syllable shows a lighter accent, as in disappear ( di p ). 667
Glossary A abundance ( bun ' dunts) n . A large amount. accountant ( koun ' t nt) n . A person who keeps a business's money records. acres
( ' kûrz) n. Plural of acre: An area of 43,560 square feet. There are 640 acres in a square mile. adobe ( d ' b ) adj . Made of clay and baked in the sun. advertise (ad ' vûr t z') v . To promote a product or service in print or in a broadcast. alarmingly ( lä ' ming l ) adv . In a frightening way. almanac (ä ' m nak') n . A book that contains facts and figures on many different subjects. amendment ( mend ' m nt) n . A change to the Constitution. ammunition (am ' y ni' sh n) n . Gun shells and bombs. ancestor (an ' ses' tûr) n . Someone from long ago in a direct relation to you, for example a great-great-grandparent. Antarctica (ant' ärk ' ti k ) n . The continent around Earth's South Pole. Word History The Greek word arktikós comes from the Greek word for bear, árktos, because the constellation of the Great Bear, Ursa Major, is in the North. It passed into Latin as arcticus. The addition of the prefix anti-, meaning opposite, gives us the Latin word for South, antarcticus, which passed through Old French into English as antarctic. The continent located there is known as Antarctica in English. anxious (angk ' sh s) adj . Eager. apparatus (ap' rat ' s) n . Equipment used in an experiment. article (är ' ti k l) n . A story in a magazine or newspaper. ashamed ( sh md ' ) adj . Feeling shame; being upset or feeling guilty because you have done something wrong. assignment ( s m nt) n . A task given to someone by someone else. assistance ( sis ' t nts) n . Help. associations ( s ' s ' sh nz) n. Plural of association: A friendship or a connection. 668
astonishment cables
Pronunciation Key: a t; l te; c â re; f ä ther; s e t; m; i t; k te; o x; r se; ô in b ou ght; c oi n; b k; t; f or m; ou t; u p; se; t û rn; sound in a bout, chick e n, penc i l, cann o n, circ u s; ch air; hw in wh ich; ri ng ; sh op; th in; th ere; zh in trea s ure. astonishment ( sto ' nish m nt) n . A sudden wonder. astronomy ( str ó n m ) n . The science of studying the universe outside of Earth's atmosphere. attempted ( temp ' t d) v. Past tense of attempt: To try. attract ( trakt ' ) v . To cause something to come closer. awkward (ô ' kwûrd) adj . Clumsy.
barely (bâr ' l ) adv . Scarcely; hardly. beds (bedz) n. Plural of bed: A place where plants grow together. binoculars (b no ' ky lûrz) pl. n. A tool for seeing far away, made of two telescopes joined together to allow the viewer to use both eyes. bitterly (bi ' tûr l ) adv . Harshly; extremely. border (bor ' dûr) n . A line where one country or state ends and another begins. bore (bor) v . To drill a hole. bow (bou) n . The front part of a ship. branch (branch) v . To divide and subdivide. brilliant (bril ' y nt) adj . Bright. brink (bringk) n . The edge. brittle (bri ' t l) adj . Easily broken. broad (brôd) adj . Wide. brunt (brunt) adj . The main part; the burden. bulged
(buljd) v. Past tense of bulge: To swell out. burrow (bûr ' ) n . A hole in the ground to live in. buzzing
(bu ' zing) v. Form of buzz: To be very active. C cables
(k ' b lz) n. Plural of cable: A thick, strong rope of wire. 669
canopy coils
The upper part of the rain forest. capacity (k pa ' s t ) n . Ability. capital (ka ' p t l) adj . Where the government is located. cascaded
(kas' k ' d d) v. Past tense of cascade: To pour like a waterfall. Word History The word cascade comes from the Italian word for "waterfall," cascata, and from the Italian verb cascare, "to fall." century (sent ' sh r ) n . A period of 100 years. ceremony (sâr ' m n ) n . A formal event, usually with speech-making. certain (sûr ' t n) adj . Sure. chafing
(ch ' fing) v. Form of chafe: To rub in a painful way. charge (chärj) n . A load of electricity. charted
(chär ' t d) v. Past tense of chart: To make a map. charts
(chärts) n. Plural of chart: A sheet showing information in the form of a list, graph, or table. circulate (sûr ' ky l t) v . To flow freely. circumstances (sû ' k m stants' z) n. Plural of circumstance: The way things are at the moment. Word History The word circumstance comes from a form of the Latin verb circumstare, "to stand around," which is formed from the prefix circum-, "around" and the verb stare, "to stand." civil war (siv' l wôr) n . A war between groups of citizens from the same country. claim (kl m) v . To gain ownership by announcing ownership. clinging
(kling ' ing) v. Form of cling: To hold tightly. cloak (kl k) n . A loose-fitting coat. clues
(kl z) n. Plural of clue: A hint to solving a problem. clutched
(klucht) v. Past tense of clutch: To hold tightly. coal (k l) n . A black mineral burned to make heat. coils
(koilz) v. Plural of coil: A loop of wire wound around and around. 670
colonies confident Pronunciation Key: a t; l te; c â re; f ä ther; s e t; m; i t; k te; o x; r se; ô in b ou ght; c oi n; b k; t; f or m; ou t; u p; se; t û rn; sound in a bout, chick e n, penc i l, cann o n, circ u s; ch air; hw in wh ich; ri ng ; sh op; th in; th ere; zh in trea s ure. colonies
(ko ' l n z) n. Plural of colony: A settlement formed by people who have come to a new land. Word Derivations Below are some words derived from the word colony. colonial
colonially colonialism colonies colonist
colonization colonize
colonized colonizing comfortable (kumpf ' tûr b l) adj . Cozy.
common (ko ' m n) adj . Happening often; familiar. companion (k m pan ' y n) n . A person who is traveling with someone else. compare (k m pâr ' ) v . To look at two or more things to see what is the same and what is different. Word History The Latin prefix com-, meaning "with," combined with the Latin root par, meaning "equal," make the Latin verb comparare, which passed into Old French as comparer and then into English as compare. compass (kum ' p s) n . A tool for showing direction. competitor (k m pe ' t tûr) n . Someone selling goods or services in the same market as another person. concealed (k n s ld ' ) v. Past tense of conceal: To hide. concerned (k n sûrnd ' ) adj . Showing worry. conclusion (k n kl ' zh n) n . A decision you make after examining the evidence. confident (kon ' f d nt) adj . Sure of oneself. 671 connection dared connection (k nek ' sh n) adj . Joining together. conscience (kon ' sh ns) n . A sense of right and wrong. consider (k n sid ' r) v . To think carefully about something before deciding. consoled
(k n s ld ' ) v. Past tense of console: To try to make someone feel better. constitution (kon' sti tü ' sh n) n. The basic principles used to govern a country. contains
(k n t nz ' ) v. Present tense of contain: To hold. contradicted (kon' tr dikt ' d) v. Past tense of contradict: To say the opposite. contribute (k n tri ' by t) v . To give money or time. core (kor) n . The inner part of something. cork (kork) n . A light kind of oak tree bark that floats, often used to make bottle stoppers and bulletin boards. corny (kor ' n ) adj . Old-fashioned; square. cover (ku ' vûr) v . To travel over. n . Something that would be good to hide behind. crabbier
(kra ' b ûr) adj. Form of crabby: Cross; in a bad mood. creates
(kr ts ' ) v. Present tense of create: To make. Word Derivations Below are some words derived from the word create. creative
creativity uncreated creation creator
creature recreation recreational recreate
crimson (krim ' z n) adj . Bright red. crowed (kr d) v. Past tense of crow: To brag loudly. current (kûr ' nt) n . Flow of electricity. D dabbed
(dabd) v. Past tense of dab: To gently apply a small amount of liquid. dangle (dang ' g l) v . To hang; to swing loosely. dappled (da ' p ld) adj . Having spots. dared
(dârd) v. Past tense of dare: To have the courage to do something. 672
daubed discarded Pronunciation Key: a t; l te; c â re; f ä ther; s e t; m; i t; k te; o x; r se; ô in b ou ght; c oi n; b k; t; f or m; ou t; u p; se; t û rn; sound in a bout, chick e n, penc i l, cann o n, circ u s; ch air; hw in wh ich; ri ng ; sh op; th in; th ere; zh in trea s ure. daubed
(dôbd) v. Past tense of daub: To smear. dawn (dôn) n . The time when the sun comes up. daydream (d ' dr m) v . To let the mind wander; to think about things that might not happen. debates
(di b ts ' ) n. Plural of debate: A public discussion of issues by people who disagree. decays
(di k z ' ) v. Present tense of decay: To slowly break down. decent (d ' s nt) adj . Good enough to make someone comfortable. declared
(di klârd ' ) v. Past tense of declare: To announce. delectable (di lek ' t b l) adj . Very pleasing to the taste. delivered (di li ' vûrd) v. Past tense of deliver: To save from danger. demand (di mand ' ) n . The desire for a product or service. demanded
(di mand ' d d) v. Past tense of demand: To ask firmly. depend (di pend ' ) v . To need; to rely. depression (di presh ' n) n . Economic collapse. deserted (di zûr ' t d) v. Past tense of desert: To leave; to abandon. adj . Having no people. despairing (di spâr ' ing) adj . Without hope. desperate (des ' p r t) adj . Ready to take large risks with little hope of success. detained
(di t nd ' ) v. Past tense of detain: To keep back; to delay. detective (di tek ' tiv) n . A person who tries to solve mysteries. Word History The Latin word detegere, "to uncover or disclose," is formed from the prefix de-, "un-, off," and the verb tegere, "to cover." A form of this verb, detectus, passed into English as detect. Addition of the suffix -ive, "pertaining to," led to the usage detective police, Which was shortened to the noun usage detective. determined (di tûr ' m nd) adj . Firm in a decision. diagrams
(di ' gramz') n. Plural of diagram: A plan or sketch that shows how things go together. dilemma
(d l m ' ) n. A situation in which each choice looks equally bad. discarded (dis kär ' d d) adj .Thrown away. 673
distract era
distract (di strakt ' ) v . To draw attention away from what someone is doing. ditches (di ' ch z) n. Plural of ditch: A long, narrow pathway cut in the soil to drain water. dozed (d zd) v. Past tense of doze: To sleep lightly. dreaded (dre ' d d) v. Past tense of dread: To fear. drill (drill) n . A tool for making holes in hard materials. drizzly (driz ' l ) adj . Slightly rainy. droop (dr p) v. To sink; to hang down. drought (drout) n . A long period when rain does not fall. E earnestly (ûr ' n st l ) adj . Seriously; with importance. earthly use (ûrth ' l s ' ) idiom Value; worth. eclipse (i klips ' ) n . A darkening or hiding of the sun by the moon, or of the moon by Earth's shadow. ecosystem ( ko sis ' t m) n . All living and nonliving things in a certain area that are linked together. efficient (i fi ' sh nt) adj. Able to get results easily and cheaply. Word Derivations Below are some words derived from the word efficient. efficiency fuel-efficient efficiency expert inefficient inefficiency coefficient electricians (i lek' tri ' sh nz) n. Plural of electrician: Someone who works with electricity. elegant (e ' li g nt) adj . Rich and fine in quality. embarrassed (im bâr ' st) adj . Uncomfortable; ashamed. embarrassment (im bâr ' sm nt) n . A feeling of shyness or of being ashamed. embroidery (im broi ' d r ) n . Designs sewn on cloth with thread. enclosed
(in kl zd ' ) v. Past tense of enclose: To set inside. energy
(e ' nûr j ) n. The power to do work. engaged (in g ' jd) adj . Busy; occupied. enormous (i nor ' m s) adj . Very big. entire
(in t ' ûr) adj. Whole; complete. environment (in v ' r n m nt) n . Surroundings. era
(âr ' ) n. A period of history, usually several years long. 674
Pronunciation Key: a t; l te; c â re; f ä ther; s e t; m; i t; k te; o x; r se; ô in b ou ght; c oi n; b k; t; f or m; ou t; u p; se; t û rn; sound in a bout, chick e n, penc i l, cann o n, circ u s; ch air; hw in wh ich; ri ng ; sh op; th in; th ere; zh in trea s ure. escorted fine escorted
(is kor ' t d) v. Past tense of escort: To go along with; to accompany. evaporated (i va ' p r ' t d) v. Past tense of evaporate: To change from liquid to gas. Word History The Latin evaporare, "to disperse in steam," is formed from the prefix ex-, "from" and the root vapor, "steam." This came into English as evaporate. eventually (i vent ' sh w l ) adv. Sooner or later. examine
(ig za ' m n) v. To look closely. excess
(ek ' ses) n. An amount greater than what is needed. excited
(ik s ' t d) v. Past tense of excite: To stir up. expansion (ek span ' sh n) n. Rapid growth. experiment (ik spâr ' m nt) n . A test that is used to discover or prove something.
fabric
(fa ' brik) n. Structure; foundation. faint (f nt) adj . Weak; very low. faucet
(fô ' s t) n. A device for turning water on and off into a pipe. ferried
(fâr ' d) v. Past tense of ferry: To bring across on a boat. fertile
(fûr ' t l) adj. Able to support growth well. fiber
(f ' bûr) n. A piece of cloth. Word Derivations Below are some words derived from the word fiber. fiberboard fiberfill fibered
fiberglass fiberize
fiber-optic fiber optics fibers fiberscope fierce (f rs) adj . Dangerous; violent. figure (fi ' gyûr) n. Shape. filters (fil ' tûrz) n. Plural of filter: A device with tiny holes, designed to strain out dirt as a liquid or gas goes through. findings (fin ' dingz) n. Plural of finding: The results of an investigation. fine (f n) adj. Very nice. 675 flickering glacier flickering (fli ' kûr ing) adj. Becoming brighter and then darker. flowed
(fl d) v. Past tense of flow: To move as water does. food chain (f d ' ch n) n. A series of living things, in which the first is eaten by the second, the second is eaten by the third, and so on. food web (f d ' web) n . A complex system of food chains. force (fors) n. The push or pull of something. forecasts (for ' casts) n. Plural of forecast: A prediction about what will happen based on evidence. fortune (for ' ch n) n. Luck. fossil fuel (fä ' s l f ' l) n. A fuel formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. foul (foul) adj. Dirty and unpleasant. fragrant (fr ' gr nt) adj. Sweet smelling. friction (frik ' sh n) n . The rubbing of one thing against another. fuels (f ' lz) n. Plural of fuel: something that gives out energy as it is burned. furiously (fy r ' s l ) adv. With great energy. G gasping
(gas ' ping) adj. Sounding like short, sudden breaths. gaze
(g z) n. Attention. gazing
(g ' zing) v. Form of gaze: To look. generations (je n r ' sh nz) n. Plural of generation: A group of people born around the same time. generous
(jen ' r s) adj. Kind and unselfish. genuine
(jen ' y w n) adj. Real; true. girders
(gûr ' dûrz) n. Plural of girder: A large, heavy beam used to support a structure. glacier
(gl ' shûr) n. A huge mass of ice formed from unmelted snow, usually found in the polar regions or in high mountains. 676
gleefully imagining Pronunciation Key: a t; l te; c â re; f ä ther; s e t; m; i t; k te; o x; r se; ô in b ou ght; c oi n; b k; t; f or m; ou t; u p; se; t û rn; sound in a bout, chick e n, penc i l, cann o n, circ u s; ch air; hw in wh ich; ri ng ; sh op; th in; th ere; zh in trea s ure. gleefully (gl ' f l ) adv. With great happiness. glides (gl dz) v. Present tense of glide: to move easily across. gloating
(gl ' ting) v. Form of gloat: To be happy about a triumph, especially because you feel better than someone else. gloomy
(gl ' m ) adj. Dark and sad. glumly
(glum ' l ) adv. Sadly and quietly. gnawing
(nô ' ing) v. Form of gnaw: To chew. gold rush (g ld rush) n. A rush to newly discovered gold fields in an attempt to get rich. grazing
(gr ' zing) n. Opportunities for cattle to find grass to eat. H harsh
(härsh) adj. Rough; cruel. hastened
(h ' s nd) v. Past tense of hasten: To hurry. hastily
(h ' st l ) adv. In a hurry. hesitated (he ' z t ' t d) v. Past tense of hesitate: To pause; to stop for a moment. hollow
(ho ' l ) n. A low spot. hot-air balloons (hot ' âr ' b l nz ' ) n. Plural of hot-air balloon: A large bag that rises due to the heated air inside it. huddled
(hu ' d ld) v. Past tense of huddle: To wrap oneself tightly. humbly
(hum ' bl ) adv. Not proudly. Word History The word humble traces back to the Latin word humus, "earth, soil." Humbly is formed by adding the suffix -ly, "in a certain way." hurtled
(hûr ' t ld) v. Past tense of hurtle: To fall wildly. hypothesis (h ' pôth ' sis) n. A guess, based on observations, which will be tested in an experiment.
ideals
( d ' lz) n. Plural of ideal: The highest idea or goal. identity
( den ' t t ) n. Who or what a person or thing is. idly
( d ' l ) adv. Not doing anything. imagining (i ma ' j ning) v. Form of imagine: To picture in the mind 677
impressed lavishly impressed (im prest ' ) v. Past tense of impress: To have a strong effect on someone's feelings. independence (in' d pen ' d nts) n. Freedom from the control of another country. individuals (in' d vij ' w lz) n. Plural of individual: A single person. ineffectively (i' n fek ' tiv l ) adv. Without result. informed (in formd ' ) v. Past tense of inform: To tell. ingredients (in gr ' d nts) n. Plural of ingredient: An item in a recipe. initially (i ni ' sh l ) adv. At first. insisted (in sis ' t d) v. Past tense of insist: To demand. inspection (in spek ' sh n) n. A check of physical and mental fitness. intelligence (in te ' l j nts) n. The ability to think, learn, and understand. inventions (in vent ' sh nz) n. Plural of invention: A thing that is made or thought of for the first time. investment (in vest ' m nt) n. Money someone puts into a business to make more money. irrigation ( r' g ' sh n) adj. Supplying farmland with water. Word History The verb irrigate traces back to the Latin prefix in-, "into" and the verb rigare, "to make something wet." A later addition of the suffix -tion, which turns actions into nouns, produces the noun irrigation. J jagged
(ja ' g d) adj. Having sharp points. jerked
(jûrkt) v. Past tense of jerk: To move suddenly. jolting
(j l ' ting) n. A bumping or shaking. judgment
(juj ' m nt) n. An opinion or conclusion reached through reasoning. K kernel
(kûr ' n l) n. A seed or grain. L laborers
(l ' bûr ûrz) n. Plural of laborer: A worker. lacking
(la ' king) v. Form of lack: To be without. lavishly
(la ' vish l ) adv. Expensively, in luxury. 678
legend memorable Pronunciation Key: a t; l te; c â re; f ä ther; s e t; m; i t; k te; o x; r se; ô in b ou ght; c oi n; b k; t; f or m; ou t; u p; se; t û rn; sound in a bout, chick e n, penc i l, cann o n, circ u s; ch air; hw in wh ich; ri ng ; sh op; th in; th ere; zh in trea s ure. legend
(le ' j nd) n. A story passed down through the years that is not entirely true. legislator (le ' j s l ' tor') n. A member of the part of government that makes laws. Word History The noun legislator comes from the Latin phrase legis lator, "proposer of a law." Legis comes from a form of lex, "law," and lator comes from a form of latio, "to bring or carry." liberty
(li ' bûr t ) n. Freedom to act, think, or speak as one pleases. limits
(li ' m ts) v. Present tense of limit: To set a maximum time period. line up (l n ' up ' ) v. To cause something to get into a line. linked
(linkt) v. Past tense of link: To connect. livestock (l v ' stok) n. Farm animals. loans
(l nz) n. Plural of loan: Money that can be borrowed and paid back later, usually with interest. local
(l ' k l) adj. Nearby. locals
(l ' k lz) n. Plural of local: A person who has been living in a place for a long time, unlike newly arrived people. locomotives (l ' k m ' tivz) n. Plural of locomotive: A train engine. longed
(longd) v. Past tense of long: To want very much. luxurious (lug' zh r ' s) adj. Rich and comfortable.
mainland
(m n ' land') n. The main part of a country, as opposed to an island. major
(m ' jûr) adj. Important. marketing (mär ' k ting) adj. Selling something. mast
(mast) n. A pole that holds sails. mechanization (m ' k n z ' sh n) n. A change from having people do things to having machines do things. medallion (m dal ' y n) n. A metal disk given as an honor. memorable (mem ' r b l) adj. Easily remembered. 679
merriment odometer merriment (mâr ' i m nt) n. Fun. microscope (m ' kr sk p') n. A tool for looking at very small things. might (m t) n. Power. migration (m gr ' sh n) n. A large movement of people or animals from one place to another. miser (m ' zûr) n. Someone who loves money more than anything else. miserable (mi ' zûr b l) adj. Very unhappy. misfortune (mis' for ' ch n) n. Bad luck. mold (m ld) n. A fuzzy-looking fungus that grows on damp surfaces. muscular (mus ' ky lûr) adj. Having well-developed muscles. N national
(nash ' n l) adj. Where land is united under one government. natural gas (na ' ch r l gas ' ) n. A gas found beneath Earth's surface that burns easily and steadily. nervously (nûr ' v s l ) adv. Uneasily. newfangled (n ' fang ' g ld) adj. New and different. Word History The adjective newfangled comes from the combination of the English word new with a form of the Old English root f n, "to sieze, to grasp," which also produces the English word fang. nudged
(nujd) v. Past tense of nudge: To push slightly. O observations (ob' sûr v ' sh nz) n. Plural of observation: An act of noticing something. obviously (ob ' v s l ) adv. In a way that is easy to see. odometer
( do ' m tûr) n. A tool for measuring distance traveled. 680
officials photosynthesis Pronunciation Key: a t; l te; c â re; f ä ther; s e t; m; i t; k te; o x; r se; ô in b ou ght; c oi n; b k; t; f or m; ou t; u p; se; t û rn; sound in a bout, chick e n, penc i l, cann o n, circ u s; ch air; hw in wh ich; ri ng ; sh op; th in; th ere; zh in trea s ure. Word History Thomas Jefferson took the French word odomètre and made it the English word odometer. The French word comes from the Greek hodós, "way" and métron, "to measure." officials ( fi ' sh lz) n. Plural of official: A person who holds an office. oil
(oil) n. A black liquid found beneath Earth's surface that is used to make gasoline and many other products; also called petroleum. opinion
( pin ' y n) n. What someone thinks. opportunities (o' pûr t ' n t z) n. Plural of opportunity: A chance to succeed in life. opposing
( p ' zing) adj. On different sides. original
( rij ' n l) adj. First. originally ( ri ' j n l ) adv. At the beginning. overlapping ( ' vûr la ' ping) n. The way something extends over something else. overwhelm ( ' vûr hwelm ' ) v. To overpower; to make helpless. oxygen
(ok ' si j n) n. A gas that makes up about one-fifth of Earth's atmosphere and that animals must breathe to live. P pace
(p s) n. Rate; speed. paces
(p ' s z) v. Present tense of pace: To walk back and forth. particles (pär ' ti k lz) n. Plural of Directory: books -> 0-00-NIMAC books -> Active Vocabulary books -> Books we finished XIV books -> The theology of the balaam oracles: a pagan diviner and the word of god books -> The rhetoric of the father 0-00-NIMAC -> Sra: Imagine It!, Themes, Taking a Stand, Ancient Civilizations Ecology, Great Expectations, Earth in Action, Art and Impact, Level 6 books -> You Can If You Try Unit 7 Nonfiction books -> How to Get the Most Out of books -> The tregenza family Download 1.43 Mb. Share with your friends:
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