Subdisciplines of Earth Science Geology; study of the earth

CHAPTER 5

1. 
   Hydrologic Cycle
   
   1. 
      Re-circulation of water
      
      1. 
         97.2%
         
      2. 
         2.15%
         
      3. 
         0.65%
         
      4. 
         Processes
         
         1. 
            Evaporation
            
         2. 
            Precipitation
            
         3. 
            Infiltration
            
         4. 
            Transpiration
            
         5. 
            Runoff
            
      5. 
         Balance of cycle
         

2. 
   Running Water
   
   1. 
      Drainage basins
      
   2. 
      Divide
      
   3. 
      River system
      

3. 
   Stream Flow
   
   1. 
      Streams always flow downhill because of gravity; how fast the flow depends on steepness
      

1. 
   Controls on velocity
   
   1. 
      Gradient
      
   2. 
      Shape
      
   3. 
      Discharge
      

3. 
   Profile
   
   1. 
      Head or headwaters
      
   2. 
      Mouth
      

6. 
   Work of Running Water
   
   1. 
      Erosion; as a stream flows it erodes by the action of water and sediment carried
      
   2. 
      Transportation; competence is the maximum size of particle a stream can carry
      
      1. 
         High competence at flood stage
         
      2. 
         Capacity is the maximum load a stream can carry
         
      3. 
         Loads
         
         1. 
            Dissolved load; material carried in solution; very fine particles; clay and silt; comes from ground water and dissolution of rocks along the river's course
            
         2. 
            Suspended load; particles carried in suspension; sand-sized; most of load is suspended load
            
         3. 
            Bedload; large particles that roll along bottom; flood stage
            
   3. 
      Deposition
      
      1. 
         Sorting
         
      2. 
         Alluvium
         
      3. 
         Artificial levees
         

7. 
   Steam Channels
   
   1. 
      Bedrock channels
      
   2. 
      Alluvial channels
      
      1. 
         Meandering streams
         
      2. 
         Oxbow lakes
         
      3. 
         Cutoff
         
      4. 
         Braided stream
         

8. 
   Base Level
   
   1. 
      Sea level
      
   2. 
      Temporary base levels
      

9. 
   Shaping Stream Valleys
   
   1. 
      Valley deepening
      
   2. 
      Valley widening
      
   3. 
      Incised meanders; rejuvenation
      

10. 
    Depositional Landforms
    
    1. 
       Delta
       
       1. 
          Distributaries
          
       2. 
          Mississippi River delta; birdfoot delta
          
    2. 
       Natural levee
       
    3. 
       Alluvial fan
       

11. 
    Drainage Patterns
    
    1. 
       Dendritic
       
    2. 
       Rectangular
       
    3. 
       Radial
       
    4. 
       Trellis
       

12. 
    Floods and Flood Control
    
    1. 
       Causes of floods
       
    2. 
       Controls
       
       1. 
          Dams
          
       2. 
          Channelization
          
       3. 
          Nonstructural approach
          

13. 
    Groundwater
    
    1. 
       Importance
       
    2. 
       Water dowsing
       
    3. 
       Geologic role
       

14. 
    Distribution and Movement of Groundwater
    
    1. 
       Distribution
       
    2. 
       Zone of saturation
       
    3. 
       Zone of aeration
       
    4. 
       Aquifer
       
    5. 
       Aquiclude
       
    6. 
       Factors influencing storage and movement
       
       1. 
          Permeability
          
       2. 
          Porosity
          
    7. 
       Groundwater movement
       
    8. 
       Spring
       
       1. 
          Natural flow of groundwater
          
    9. 
       Hot springs and geysers
       

15. 
    Wells
    
    1. 
       Drawdown effect
       
    2. 
       Cone of depression
       
    3. 
       Artesian wells
       

16. 
    Environmental Problems
    
    1. 
       Treating as renewable
       
    2. 
       Land subsidence
       
    3. 
       Contamination
       

17. 
    Geologic work of Groundwater
    
    1. 
       Limestone
       
    2. 
       Karst topography
       
       1. 
          Caves and caverns
          
       2. 
          Sinks/sinkholes
          
       3. 
          Disappearing streams
          

1. 
   Earthquakes
   
   1. 
      Definition; vibration of earth produced by a rapid release of energy
      
   2. 
      Faults
      
      1. 
         Cracks in crust along which movement has taken place
         
      2. 
         Earthquake occurrence
         
      3. 
         Epicenter
         
      4. 
         Focus
         
   3. 
      Causes
      
      1. 
         Elastic rebound
         
      2. 
         Buildup of stress
         
   4. 
      Foreshocks; smaller earthquakes before the “big one”
      
   5. 
      Aftershocks; smaller earthquakes after the “big one”
      

2. 
   San Andreas Fault
   
   1. 
      Location
      
   2. 
      Movement
      
      1. 
         Fault creep
         
      2. 
         Stick-slip
         

3. 
   Eastern US Earthquakes
   
   1. 
      New Madrid Fault
      
   2. 
      Charleston, SC 1886
      

4. 
   Seismology
   
   1. 
      Definition; study of seismic waves
      
   2. 
      Seismograph; instrument to measure earthquake waves
      
   3. 
      Types of waves
      
      1. 
         Surface
         
      2. 
         Body
         
         1. 
            p waves
            
         2. 
            s waves
            
         3. 
            Differences in propagation
            

5. 
   Locating an Earthquake
   
   1. 
      Epicenters
      
   2. 
      Three stations
      
   3. 
      Circum-Pacific belt
      

6. 
   Measuring the Size of Earthquakes
   
   1. 
      Intensity
      
      1. 
         Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
         
      2. 
         Damage
         
   2. 
      Magnitude
      
      1. 
         Richter
         
         1. 
            Amplitude of the largest seismic wave
            
         2. 
            Took into account decrease in amplitude with distance
            
         3. 
            Logarithmic scale
            
         4. 
            Increase of 32X
            
         5. 
            Doesn’t work well for very strong earthquakes
            
   3. 
      Moment Magnitude
      

7. 
   Destruction from Earthquakes
   
   1. 
      Buildings, rocks, etc falling
      
   2. 
      Liquefaction
      
   3. 
      Tsunami; seismic sea wave
      
      1. 
         2004 Indonesian earthquake
         
      2. 
         Moment magnitude 9.0
         
      3. 
         Tsunami warning system
         
   4. 
      Landslides and ground subsidence
      
   5. 
      Fire
      

8. 
   Famous Earthquakes
   
   1. 
      New Madrid, MO 1811-12
      
   2. 
      Charleston, SC 1886
      
   3. 
      San Francisco 1906; fires
      
   4. 
      Alaska 1964; landslides
      
   5. 
      China 1975-76
      
   6. 
      Mexico City 1985; liquefaction
      
   7. 
      Loma Prieta, CA 1989
      
   8. 
      Indonesia 2004
      

9. 
   Earthquake Prediction
   
   1. 
      Short-range predictions
      
      1. 
         Precursors; precede earthquake
         
         1. 
            Water levels
            
         2. 
            Subsidence
            
         3. 
            Strain
            
         4. 
            Radon
            
         5. 
            China 1975; possibly predicted from foreshocks
            
   2. 
      Long-range forecasts
      
      1. 
         Earthquake probabilities on San Andreas
         

10. 
    Earth’s Layered Structure
    
    1. 
       Layers defined by composition
       
       1. 
          Crust
          
       2. 
          Mantle
          
       3. 
          Core
          
    2. 
       Layers defined by physical properties
       
       1. 
          Lithosphere
          
       2. 
          Asthenosphere
          
       3. 
          Lower Mantle
          
       4. 
          Outer core
          
       5. 
          Inner core
          
    3. 
       Discovery of major layers
       
    4. 
       Discovery of internal composition