Table of Contents Executive Summary 2

Research 2.1 Baseball

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2.0 Research

2.1 Baseball

2.1.1 Rule Differences between Little and Major League Baseball

Little league baseball typically follows all of the rules of the official MLB rules, with a few major exceptions. One of the most immediately apparent differences between Little League and Major League baseball is the actual length of the game. A Major League game consists of 9 innings, whereas a Little League game consists of only 6 (although Junior, Senior and Big League games, ages 13-18, consists of seven innings). If the game is called prior to the completion of all 6 of the regulation innings, it is still considered an official game if at least 4 innings were played to completion (3½ is the home team is leading). If a game is called without the completion of the aforementioned 4 innings, it is considered a suspended game.
Little league games also institute a mandatory play policy in which every player on the team roster of the Little League team must have at least one at bat and play three consecutive outs on defense in each game. This rule is not extended to Senior and Big League divisions and is also waived in the case that a game is called before the regulation 6 innings are completed. Similarly to the mandatory play policy is the pitching policy in which Little League pitchers are only allowed to throw a certain amount of throws in addition to instituting a mandatory rest period between outings, both of which vary by age. Additionally, recent rule changes require a pitcher to throw all four balls (which count towards their pitch count for the game) when intentionally walking a batter, whereas they could previously announce the intentional walk and only throw one pitch.
Another difference between the Major and Little Leagues is the playing field. In a Little League playing field, the distance between bases is 60 feet and the distance between the pitcher’s mound and home plate is 46 feet. Additionally, the outfield fences must be at least 165 feet from home base, although they are typically at least 200 feet from home base. In addition to the specific length rules, the actual bases and pitching rubber are slightly smaller than those of the Major League. Little League rules also restrict certain base running practices that are commonplace in the Major League. For example, base-runners may not leave their bases from the time of pitch until the ball reaches the batter. Another base running rule states that if a fielder is waiting at a base holding the ball, a runner must attempt to make contact with the fielder. Additionally, a runner may not slide head first into a base unless he is retreating to a previously held base.
When at bat, the upper limit of the strike zone extends to the batters armpits opposed to the midpoint between the top of the batter’s shoulders and the top of the batter’s uniform pants, which is used by the MLB. In the case of the catcher dropping the ball on a third strike, a Little League batter would be considered out regardless, whereas in the MLB, the batter would be given the chance to run to first base in the same occasion. Although most of the above rules are typically enforced, many other rules may be enforced on a league by league basis. For example, the Little League rulebook includes a stipulation called the “ten-run rule” which ends the game if a team is leading by 10 points or more by the 4^th inning. However, the an individual League may choose whether or not to waive that rule in their specific play rules.

2.1.2 Currently Tracked Baseball Statistics

The current process of tracking plays and statistics within Little League baseball is almost entirely done through the baseball score sheets shown in Figure 1 below. They have a very limited breadth as to what they can really track and often, as ascertained in interviews with coaches who actually use them, are illegibly marked over by the end of a regular game, eliminating their usefulness.
coach dugout sheet.png

2.1.2 Figure 1: A baseball score sheet obtained from a prospective user.
A diagram on how exactly these papers are used can also be seen below in Figure 2, which shows how cryptic and difficult these can be to read even when carefully and slowly filled in, which is often not the case. The proposed stat-tracking system in this document hopes to remedy this problem, delivering all that these score sheets can record and more in a easily readable format.
back of scoresheet.png

2.1.2 Figure 2: The instructions on how the score sheets are filled out and a few example cases.

2.1.2.1 Batting statistics

The following chart (2.1.2.1 Table 1) contains a list of commonly tracked statistics from when a player is at bat.

Single	1B	Hits on which the batter reached first base safely without the contribution of a fielding error.
Double	2B	Hits on which the batter reached second base safely without the contribution of a fielding error.
Triple	3B	Hits on which the batter reached third base safely without the contribution of a fielding error.
At Bat	AB	Batting appearances, not including bases on balls, hit by pitch, sacrifices, interference, or obstruction.
At Bats Per Home Run	AB/HR	Number of at-bats divided by number of home runs.
Batting Average	BA	Number of hits divided by the number of at bats.
Base on Balls	BB	Times receiving four balls and advancing to first base (also called a "walk").
Batting average on balls in play	BABIP	The frequency of which a batter reaches a base after putting the ball in the field of play.
Walk-to-strikeout ratio	BB/K	The number of base on balls divided by number of strikeouts.
Base Runs	BsR	Estimation of the number of runs a team "should" have scored given their component offensive statistics, as well as the number of runs a hitter/pitcher creates/allows.
Fielder's choice	FC	Times reaching base when a fielder chose to try for an out on another runner.
Ground ball fly ball ratio	GO/AO	The number of ground ball divided by the number of fly ball outs.
Ground into double play	GDP	The number of ground balls hit that became double plays.
Gross Production Average	GPA	1.8 times on-base percentage plus slugging percentage, divided by four.
Grand Slam	GS	A home run scored with the bases loaded, resulting in four runs scoring, and four RBIs credited to the batter.
Hits	H	Number of times reached base because of a batted, fair ball without error by the defense.
Hit By Pitch	HBP	Number of times touched by a pitch and awarded first base as a result.
Home Runs	HR	Number of hits on which the batter successfully touched all four bases, without the contribution of a fielding error.
Intentional Base on Balls	IBB	Number of times awarded first base on balls (see BB above) deliberately thrown by the pitcher. Also known as IW (Intentional Walk).
Strike Out	K	Number of times that strike three is taken or swung at and missed, or bunted foul.
On Base Percentage	OBP	Percentage determined by times reached base (Hits + Intentional Walks + Hit by Pitch) divided by at bats plus walks plus hit by pitch plus sacrifice flies (AB + BB + HBP + SF).
Plate Appearances	PA	Number of completed batting appearances.
Runs Scored	R	Number of times a player crosses home plate.
Runs Created	RC	Statistic that attempts to measure how many runs a player has contributed to his team.
Runs Produced	RP	Statistic that attempts to measure how many runs a player has contributed for their team (RP = R + RBI – HR).
Run Batted In	RBI	Number of runners who scored due to a batters' action, except when batter grounded into double play or reached on an error
Runner in Scoring Position	RISP	The batter's batting average with runners in scoring position (2nd or 3rd base).
Sacrifice Fly	SF	The number of fly ball outs to the outfield which allow a runner already on base to score.
Sacrifice Hit	SB	The number of sacrifice bunts which allows another runner to advance or score.
Slugging Average	SLG	Total bases divided by at bats.
Total Bases	TB	One for each single, two for each double, three for each triple, and four for each home run.
Times on Base	TOB	Number of times reaching base as a result of hits, walks, and hit-by-pitches.
Extra Base Hits	XBH	Doubles plus triples, plus home runs.

2.1.2.1 Table 1: Commonly tracked batting statistics.

2.1.2.2 Base-Running statistics

The following chart (2.1.2.2 Table 1) contains a list of commonly tracked statistics for when a player is already on base, which is mainly focuses on the stealing of bases.

Caught Stealing	CS	Times tagged out while attempting to steal a base.
Runs Scored	R	Number of times reached home base legally and safely.
Stolen Bases	SB	Number of bases advanced other than on batted balls, walks, or hits by pitch.
Stolen Base Attempts	SBA	Number of times a base runner has attempted to steal a base
Stolen Base Percentage	SB%	Percentage of bases stolen successfully. (SB) divided by (SBA).

2.1.2.1 Table 2: A list of commonly tracked base-running statistics

2.1.2.3 Pitching Statistics

The following chart (2.1.2.3 Table 1) contains a list of commonly tracked statistics for pitchers. Many of the stats have the same name as the batting statistics, however in this chart they refer to them being induced by the pitcher.

Base on Balls	BB	Number of times pitching four balls, allowing the batter-runner to advance to first base (also called a "walk").
Bases on Balls per 9 Innings Pitched	BB/9	Number of base on balls times nine divided by innings pitched.
Total Batters Faced	BF	Opponent's total plate appearances.
Balk	BK	The number of times pitcher commits an illegal pitching action or other illegal action while in contact with the pitching rubber, thus allowing baserunners to advance.
Blown save	BS	The number of times entering the game in a save situation, and being charged the run (earned or not) which eliminates his team's lead.
Complete Games	CG	The number of games where player was the only pitcher for his team.
Earned Run	ER	The number of runs that did not occur as a result of errors or passed balls.
Earned Run Average	ERA	The total number of earned runs (see "ER" above), multiplied by 9, divided by innings pitched.
First Pitch Outs Made	FPOM	Number of outs earned where the batter ground or flies out on the first pitch.
Games	G	Number of times a pitcher pitches in a season.
Games Finished	GF	The number of games pitched where player was the final pitcher for his team as a relief pitcher.
Double Plays Induced	GIDP	The number of double play groundouts induced.
Ground Ball Fly Ratio	G/F	Number of ground balls allowed divided by fly balls allowed.
Starts	GS	The number of games pitched where the player was the first pitcher for his team.
Hits Allowed	H	Total number of hits allowed.
Hits per Nine Innings	H/9	Number of hits allowed times nine divided by innings pitched (also known as H/9IP—Hits allowed per 9 innings pitched).
Hit Batsman	HB	Number of times hit a batter with pitch, allowing runner to advance to first base.
Hold	HLD	Number of games entered in a save situation, recorded at least one out, did not surrender the lead, and did not complete the game.
Home Runs Allowed	HRA	The total home runs allowed.
Intentional Base on Balls	IBB	Number of intentional base on balls allowed.
Innings Pitched	IP	number of outs recorded while pitching divided by three.
Strikeouts	K	The number of batters who received strike three.
Strikeouts per Nine Innings	K/9	Strikeouts times nine divided by innings pitched.
Strikeout-to-walk ratio	K/BB	The number of strikeouts divided by number of base on balls.
Loss	L	The number of games where pitcher was pitching while the opposing team took the lead, never lost the lead, and went on to win.
Pitches Thrown	PIT	The Number of pitched thrown.
Quality Start	QS	A game in which a starting pitcher completes at least six innings and permits no more than three earned runs.
Run Average	RA	The number of runs allowed times nine divided by innings pitched.
Relief Run Average	RRA	A function of how many inherited base runners a relief pitcher allowed to score.
Shutout	SHO	The number of complete games pitched with no runs allowed.
Save	SV	The number of games where the pitcher enters a game led by the pitcher's team, finishes the game without surrendering the lead, is not the winning pitcher, and either (a) the lead was three runs or less when the pitcher entered the game; (b) the potential tying run was on base, at bat, or on deck; or (c) the pitcher pitched three or more innings.
Save Opportunity	SVO	When a pitcher 1) enters the game with a lead of three or fewer runs and pitches at least one inning, 2) enters the game with the potential tying run on base, at bat, or on deck, or 3) pitches three or more innings with a lead and is credited with a save by the official scorer.
Win	W	The number of games where pitcher was pitching while his team took the lead and went on to win.
Wild Pitches	WP	Charged when a pitch is too high, low, or wide of home plate for the catcher to field, thereby allowing one or more runners to advance or score

2.1.2.3 Table 1: A list of commonly tracked pitching statistics.

2.1.2.4 Fielding statistics

The following chart (2.1.2.4 Table 1) lists a number of commonly tracked statistics for the fielding players on the defensive half of the inning.

Assists	A	The number of outs recorded on a play where a fielder touched the ball, except if such touching is the putout.
Catcher's Interference	CI	The number of times the catcher makes contact with bat.
Double Plays	DP	One credited for each double play during which the fielder recorded a putout or an assist.
Errors	E	The number of times a fielder fails to make a play he should have made with common effort, and the offense benefits as a result.
Fielding Percentage	FP	The total plays (chances minus errors) divided by the number of total chances.
Innings	INN	The number of innings that a player is at one certain position.
Passed Ball	PB	Charged to the catcher when the ball is dropped and one or more runners advance.
Putout	PO	The number of times the fielder tags, forces, or appeals a runner and he is called out as a result.
Range Factor	RF	9*(putouts + assists)/innings played. Used to determine the amount of field that the player can cover.
Total Chances	TC	Assists plus putouts, plus errors.
Triple Play	TP	One awarded for each triple play during which the fielder recorded a putout or an assist.

2.1.2.4 Table 1: A list of commonly tracked fielding statistics.

2.1.2.5 General statistics

The following chart (2.1.2.5 Table 1) lists a few commonly tracked statistics that do not fit into the other categories and mainly just focus on the scope of entire games rather than individual plays.

Games Played	G	The number of games where the player played, in whole or in part
Games Started	GS	The number of games a player starts
Games Behind	GB	The number of games a team is behind the division leader

2.1.2.1 Table 1: A list of commonly tracked game statistics.

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