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- Squo solves- debris removing satellites
- New lasers can solve over 3000 tons
- Status quo mitigation solves
- Agencies and companies are already developing strategies to solve
- Quo solves- effective ground-based lasers are emerging.
Space DebrisNASA and DoD track, get advance warning, have solvent guidelines, and avoidance procedures that solve.NASA 13 Sep. 26, 2013 National Aeronautics and Space Administration “Space Debris and Human Spacecraft” http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/orbital_debris.html♥Tina Tracking Debris The Department of Defense maintains a highly accurate satellite catalog on objects in Earth orbit that are larger than a softball. NASA and the DoD cooperate and share responsibilities for characterizing the satellite (including orbital debris) environment. DoD’s Space Surveillance Network tracks discrete objects as small as 2 inches (5 centimeters) in diameter in low Earth orbit and about 1 yard (1 meter) in geosynchronous orbit. Currently, about 15,000 officially cataloged objects are still in orbit. The total number of tracked objects exceeds 21,000. Using special ground-based sensors and inspections of returned satellite surfaces, NASA statistically determines the extent of the population for objects less than 4 inches (10 centimeters) in diameter. Collision risks are divided into three categories depending upon size of threat. For objects 4 inches (10 centimeters) and larger, conjunction assessments and collision avoidance maneuvers are effective in countering objects which can be tracked by the Space Surveillance Network. Objects smaller than this usually are too small to track and too large to shield against. Debris shields can be effective in withstanding impacts of particles smaller than half an inch (1 centimeter). Planning for and Reacting to Debris NASA has a set of long-standing guidelines that are used to assess whether the threat of such a close pass is sufficient to warrant evasive action or other precautions to ensure the safety of the crew. These guidelines essentially draw an imaginary box, known as the “pizza box" because of its flat, rectangular shape, around the space vehicle. This box is about a mile deep by 30 miles across by 30 miles long (1.5 x 50 x 50 kilometers), with the vehicle in the center. When predictions indicate that the debris will pass close enough for concern and the quality of the tracking data is deemed sufficiently accurate, Mission Control centers in Houston and Moscow work together to develop a prudent course of action. Sometimes these encounters are known well in advance and there is time to move the station slightly, known as a “debris avoidance maneuver” to keep the debris outside of the box. Other times, the tracking data isn’t precise enough to warrant such a maneuver or the close pass isn’t identified in time to make the maneuver. In those cases, the control centers may agree that the best course of action is to move the crew into the Soyuz spacecraft that are used to transport humans to and from the station. This allows enough time to isolate those spaceships from the station by closing hatches in the event of a damaging collision. The crew would be able to leave the station if the collision caused a loss of pressure in the life-supporting module or damaged critical components. The Soyuz act as lifeboats for crew members in the event of an emergency. Mission Control also has the option of taking additional precautions, such as closing hatches between some of the station’s modules, if the likelihood of a collision is great enough. Maneuvering Spacecraft to Avoid Orbital Debris NASA has a set of long-standing guidelines that are used to assess whether the threat of a close approach of orbital debris to a spacecraft is sufficient to warrant evasive action or precautions to ensure the safety of the crew. Debris avoidance maneuvers are planned when the probability of collision from a conjunction reaches limits set in the space shuttle and space station flight rules. If the probability of collision is greater than 1 in 100,000, a maneuver will be conducted if it will not result in significant impact to mission objectives. If it is greater than 1 in 10,000, a maneuver will be conducted unless it will result in additional risk to the crew. Debris avoidance maneuvers are usually small and occur from one to several hours before the time of the conjunction. Debris avoidance maneuvers with the shuttle can be planned and executed in a matter of hours. Such maneuvers with the space station require about 30 hours to plan and execute mainly due to the need to use the station’s Russian thrusters, or the propulsion systems on one of the docked Russian or European spacecraft. Several collision avoidance maneuvers with the shuttle and the station have been conducted during the past 10 years Squo solves- debris removing satellitesESA 15 European Space Agency June 2015 “ESA heading towards removing space debris” http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Engineering_Technology/Clean_Space/ESA_heading_towards_removing_space_debris♥Tina The e.Deorbit mission came through ESA’s Clean Space initiative, tasked with reducing the environmental impact of the space industry in both the terrestrial and orbital realms. Space debris levels are increasing relentlessly, as colliding objects bequeath more debris and further collisions. Conserving the heavily trafficked and valuable low orbits calls for removing the large objects at a high risk of collision. e.Deorbit would target an ESA derelict in this region, capture it, then safely burn up both the satellite and itself through a controlled atmospheric reentry. Distribution of debris objects larger than 10 centimetres in space Distribution of debris Having proved this approach, multiple missions per year could be flown – and e.Deorbit is being designed with recurring flights in mind New lasers can solve over 3000 tonsPandey 15 Space Lasers To Remove Space Debris? Japanese Researchers Present Ambitious Plan April 18 2015 Avaneesh Pandey has a Bachelor’s degree in political science and has been covering geopolitics and science for International Business Times http://www.ibtimes.com/space-lasers-remove-space-debris-japanese-researchers-present-ambitious-plan-1887510♥Tina Now, a team of scientists from Japan’s Riken research institute have come up with an ambitious plan to eliminate the debris. In a paper published in the latest issue of the journal Acta Astronautica, the researchers proposed a method that basically involves blasting an estimated 3,000 tons of debris through a fiber optic laser mounted on the ISS. This, the researchers claimed, would be a two-step process. Firstly, the researchers plan to use the existing infrared telescope of the European Space Agency’s Extreme Universe Space Observatory (EUSO) -- originally built to detect high-energy cosmic rays bombarding Earth -- to track the space junk. The second part of their proposed plan involves using a fiber-based laser system to shoot the objects until they are knocked out of their orbit and destroyed during re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere. “The new method combining these two instruments will be capable of tracking down and deorbiting the most dangerous space debris, around the size of one centimeter. The intense laser beam focused on the debris will produce high-velocity plasma ablation, and the reaction force will reduce its orbital velocity, leading to its reentry into the earth's atmosphere,” the researchers said in a statement on Friday. Status quo mitigation solvesFoust 14 Cleaning up space junk by Jeff Foust Monday, December 15, 2014 http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2663/1♥Tina So far, governments have dealt with the orbital debris through mitigation: limiting the amount of new debris created. Guidelines developed in the US and widely adopted in other countries outline steps satellite and launch operators can take to reduce the creation of new debris, such as venting propellant tanks and discharging batteries to avoid on-orbit explosions that create large amounts of debris. Agencies and companies are already developing strategies to solveYuzhnoye 14 Jul 30 2014 SPACE DEBRIS REMOVAL. ACTIVE & PASSIVE SYSTEMS http://www.yuzhnoye.com/en/technique/innovative-technologies/space-debris/ Yuzhnoye State Design Office is one of the most well-known and recognized scientific and design companies in the world in the field of space technology development. ♥Tina Currently, many leading space companies are developing space debris removal systems. These systems can conditionally be divided into two types: passive and active ones. Passive systems are mounted onto objects that have to be deorbited in advance, and are activated after their mission’s complete. These systems can use different physics for deorbitation. The Yuzhnoye State Design Office proposes devices the operation principle of which lies in augmentation of their aerodynamic drag force by creating a large surface area due to inflation/deployment of special structures. Active systems represent autonomous spacecraft able to deorbit space debris objects and/or remove them to special graveyard orbits. ACTIVE SYSTEMS LEOSWEEP PROJECT Currently, the Yuzhnoye State Design Office in cooperation with other Ukrainian organizations is taking part in an international project LEOSWEEP, which is partially funded by the European Union within the 7th Framework Program. Quo solves- effective ground-based lasers are emerging.Esmiller 14 Appl Opt. 2014 Nov 1;53(31):I45-54. doi: 10.1364/AO.53.000I45. Space debris removal by ground-based lasers: main conclusions of the European project CLEANSPACE. Esmiller B, Jacquelard C, Eckel HA, Wnuk E. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25402937♥Tina Studies show that the number of debris in low Earth orbit is exponentially growing despite future debris release mitigation measures considered. Specifically, the already existing population of small and medium debris (between 1 cm and several dozens of cm) is today a concrete threat to operational satellites. A ground-based laser solution which can remove, at low expense and in a nondestructive way, hazardous debris around selected space assets appears as a highly promising answer. This solution is studied within the framework of the CLEANSPACE project which is part of the FP7 space program. The overall CLEANSPACE objective is: to propose an efficient and affordable global system architecture, to tackle safety regulation aspects, political implications and future collaborations, to develop affordable technological bricks, and to establish a roadmap for the development and the future implantation of a fully functional laser protection system. This paper will present the main conclusions of the CLEANSPACE project. 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