The Australian Centre for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Studies, qut
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Business giving in AustraliaIn the literature, the quantum and nature of business giving in Australia is at best indicative. International comparisons in the literature are also scarce and, at best, unreliable. McGregor-Lowndes, Flack, et al. (2014a) reported that in 2012–13 donations from individuals were almost five times that of businesses (see Table 12.2). The data published by QUT included monies categorised as ‘sponsorships’, which most large corporations in Australia (including members of the LBG) would not consider as ‘giving’. Rather, they consider sponsorships to be marketing-related activity that is not driven by CSR strategy, nor by more specific CCI strategy. Table 12.2 Total giving in 2012–13 (McGregor-Lowndes, Flack, et al. 2014a)
Global benchmarking research undertaken by the LBG found that Australian corporate members of LBG contributed, on average, 0.49% of their pre-tax profit to community investment and 0.10% of their total revenue. Many Australian companies have foundations that give in absolute dollar terms to the community, including Macquarie Group, Commonwealth Bank, Rio Tinto and Origin Energy. Other companies have invested in social impact bonds. Combined, this investment in the community represents less than 1% of pre-tax profit for most companies. CCI in Australia is characterised by being competitive, more so than in the US and Europe, and more aligned to the commercial interests of the giving corporation (Centre for Corporate Public Affairs and Business Council of Australia 2007). In this competitive environment innovation has characterised the approaches of many large companies to their corporate giving. Emerging trendsBusiness giving is increasingly spoken about in the literature and is seen by most large corporations as central to business strategy (Centre for Corporate Public Affairs and Business Council of Australia 2007). Other trends identified in the literature include: companies with more female board members give more to charity there are different giving patterns across individual firms and industry sectors companies with newer CEOs tend to give more than companies whose CEOs have been in office for longer periods companies with more female senior managers give more money to charity, and companies which are headquartered in lower-income areas give more (Marquis and Lee 2013; List 2011). The manner in which companies manage business giving—moving from a charity mindset to an investment mindset, and from short-term to long-term investment outlooks—is also reflected in much of the literature (Council on Foundations 2012). Corporations are engineering these changes by applying business strategies to their CCI. ReferencesAllen Consulting Group. 2007. Global trends in skill-based volunteering. http://www.nab.com.au/vgnmedia/downld/Global_trends_in_skill-based_volunteering.pdf. Bonini, Sheila, Timothy M Koller and Philip H Mirvis. 2009. Valuing social responsibility programs, McKinsey Quarterly: McKinsey & Company. http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/valuing-social-responsibility-programs. Boston College Center for Corporate Citizenship. 2015. https://ccc.bc.edu/. Butler, S. 2013. "Plan A integral to the rebirth of Marks & Spencer." The Guardian. 8 July, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/07/plan-a-integral-rebirth-marks-spencer. CECP in conjunction with The Conference Board. 2015. Giving in Numbers 2015 Edition. Data from 271 of the world's largest companies, including 67 Fortune 100 corporations. http://cecp.co/measurement/benchmarking-reports/giving-in-numbers.html. Centre for Corporate Public Affairs and Business Council of Australia. 2007. Corporate Community Investment in Australia https://accpa.com.au/resources.php?a=research. Conant, D. 2013. "Why Philanthropy is R&D for business." McKinsey Quarterly. http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/corporatesocialresponsibility/whyphilanthropyisgoodforbusiness. Council on Foundations. 2012. Increasing Impact, Enhancing Value: A practitioner’s guide to leading corporate philanthropy. http://www.cof.org/sites/default/files/documents/files/CorporateGuide.pdf. Doh, J. 2013. "Corporate Foundations: Catalysts of NGO-Business Partnerships." The Journal of Corporate Citizenship (50): 83. Eisner, David, Robert Grimm, Shannon Maynard and Susannah Washburn. 2009. "The New Volunteer Workforce." Stanford University, Center for Social Innovation (Winter 2009). http://ezproxy.slv.vic.gov.au/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/217170729?accountid=13905. Galaskiewicz, J and S Wasserman. 1989. "Mimetic Processes Within an Interorganizational Field: An Empirical Test." Administrative Science Quarterly 34 (3): 454 - 479. Gautier, Arthur and Anne-Claire Pache. 2015. "Research on Corporate Philanthropy: A Review and Assessment." Journal of Business Ethics 126 (3): 343-369. doi: 10.1007/s10551-013-1969-7. Grayson, D and A Hodges. 2004. Corporate Social Opportunity: 7 steps to make corporate social responsibility work for your business. United Kingdom: Greenleaf Publishing. Korngold, Alice. 2005. Leveraging goodwill: Strengthening nonprofits by engaging business: Jossey-Bass. Lilly Family School of Philanthropy. 2015. Giving USA 2015: The annual report of philanthropy for the year 2014. Indianopolis: Giving USA Foundation. http://givingusa.org/. List, J.A 2011. "The Market for Charitable Giving." Journal of Economic Perspectives 25 (2). http://home.uchicago.edu/~jlist/papers/The%20Market%20for%20Charitable%20Giving.pdf. London Benchmarking Group. 2014. Annual Review 2014. http://lbgreview.jsastaging.net. Mangaleswaran, Ramesh and Ramya Venkataraman. 2013. Designing philanthropy for impact: Giving to the biggest gaps in India, Social Sector Practice: McKinsey & Company. http://mckinseyonsociety.com/downloads/reports/Social-Innovation/Designing_Philanthropy_for_Impact.pdf. Marquis, C and M Lee. 2013. "Who is governing whom? Executives, Governance, and the structure of generosity in large U.S. firms.." Strategic Management Journal (34): 483-497. http://www.people.hbs.edu/cmarquis/Marquis_Lee_WHO%20IS%20GOVERNING%20WHOM_SMJ.pdf. McGregor-Lowndes, Myles, Ted Flack, Wendy Scaife, Pamela Wiepking and Marie Crittall. 2014. Giving and volunteering in Australia 2014: Environmental Scan/Literature Review. Brisbane, Queensland: The Australian Centre for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Studies, Queensland University of Technology. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/79593/. Meenaghan, T. 1991. "The Role of Sponsorship in the Marketing Communication Mix." International Journal of Advertising 10 (1): 35 - 47. Mintzberg, H, S Goshal and J Quinn. 1998. The Strategy Process: Prentice Hall. MIT Sloan Management Review. 2005. SMR 186 (Fall): 51. Moir, L and R. Taffler. 2004. "Does Corporate Philanthropy Exist? Business giving to the Arts in the UK." Journal of Business Ethics 54 (2): 149 - 161. Philanthropy Australia. 2016. "Glossary." http://www.philanthropy.org.au/tools-resources/glossary/. Porter, Michael E and Mark R Kramer. 2011. "Creating Shared Value." Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2011/01/the-big-idea-creating-shared-value. Rodrigues, V. 2011. Foundations: Increasing wealth helps boost business engagement: The Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e069d21a-1693-11e1-be1d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3p5EndQ6H. Shapira, R 2012. "Corporate Philanthropy as Signaling and Co-optation." Law Review 80 (5): 1889 - 1939. Statement of Financial Accounting Standards. 1993." Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), (116): 2. Suddaby, R, C Hardy and Q Nguyen. 2011. "Where are the New Theories of Organization?" Academy of Management Review 36 (2): 236 - 246. The Conference Board. 2013. Corporate Philanthropy with a Global Footprint. The Conference Board Research Report. Volunteering Australia. 2011. National Survey of Volunteering Issues. http://www.volunteeringaustralia.org/wp-content/files_mf/1377045635VANSVI2011.pdf. Wiggins, Kaye. 2014. "Responsible business: Making good work pay is next imperative." The Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/065e6bd2-e7fe-11e3-b923-00144feabdc0.html#axzz4DPi3BAVE. Section 3: The recipients and enablers of giving: Nonprofit organistions, social enterprise, fundraising vehicles and referralChapter 13: Nonprofit fundraising Chapter 14: Nonprofit CEOs Chapter 15: Sector adaptions to giving trends Chapter 16: New technologies Chapter 17: Professional advisers and giving Chapter 18: Social enterprise and giving Chapter 19: Big data, giving and volunteering
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