Executive summary 5
Glossary 8
Abbreviations 16
Contents 18
How is this report structured? 26
Section 1: The givers—Individual, household and collective giving and volunteering 1
Chapter 1: Volunteering engagement 2
Dr Christopher Baker 2
What is volunteering? 3
Insights into volunteering behaviour trends 3
International context 4
International volunteering: case studies 4
Australian context 7
Key findings on volunteering in Australia 7
Key issues and emerging trends 9
References 11
Chapter 2: Everyday givers 14
Dr Ted Flack 14
‘Everyday’ givers 15
How much is given and who gives? 17
An international perspective of giving 21
What do we know about the destination of gifts in Australia? 21
Overall trends in individual giving 23
Giving methods and channels 24
Key issues and emerging trends 25
References 26
Chapter 3: High-net-worth individuals and philanthropic foundations 29
Dr Christopher Baker 29
Wealth, foundations and philanthropy 30
Critique 31
International context 32
HNWIs and giving 32
Foundations and data 34
Australian context 36
Foundations 36
Data 36
Insights 38
Transparency 43
Key issues and emerging trends 45
References 47
Chapter 4: How do philanthropists select a charity? 55
Katie McDonald 55
International context 57
Australian context 59
Key issues and emerging trends 62
References 64
Chapter 5: Cultural diversity in giving and volunteering 67
Dr Sharine Barth 67
Introduction 68
The role of cultural values 68
International context 70
Facilitators and barriers to ethnic giving and volunteering 70
Length of stay 70
Language 70
Cultural differences 71
Organisational environment 71
Representation 71
Ethnic vs mainstream giving 72
Australian context 74
Key issues and emerging trends 76
References 77
Chapter 6: Charitable bequests 81
Dr Christopher Baker 81
Social influence 82
Changing attitudes and consistent behaviours 84
Testamentary freedom 85
Wealth, tax and charitable bequests 86
International context 87
Tax and charitable bequests 87
Eye on the prize 89
Australian context 90
Research 90
Key issues and emerging trends 95
Nudging 96
Secular immortality and motivation 97
References 98
Chapter 7: Giving collectives 106
Alexandra Williamson 106
Definitions, demographics and characteristics 107
Definitions and characteristics 107
What giving circles do 109
Demographics 110
Age 111
Typologies 112
Hybrid group 114
International context 116
United States 116
United Kingdom 116
Asia 116
Australian context 117
Key issues, latest research and trends 120
Whose needs are more important? Members or beneficiaries? 120
Diversity and inclusion 121
Establishment and replication of giving circles 121
Networks of circles 121
Developing a giving circle over time and growing membership 122
A teaching and advocacy role for giving circles 122
Issues for the nonprofit beneficiaries and applicants to giving circles 123
Giving circles bring friendship and creative messiness to philanthropy 124
Hosting 125
Types of host organisations 125
Why be hosted? 126
Why be a host? 126
Why decide not to be a host? 126
How to choose and work with a host 127
Experiential learning 127
New questions that have emerged 128
Giving circle contribution amounts 128
Giving circles and ethnicity 129
Donors who have left giving circles 129
NPOs ‘being found’ by giving circles 129
Time cost to NPOs of receiving grants from giving circles 129
Philanthropic versus government responsibilities 129
A choice between grassroots-ness and impact 130
Short-term funders 130
Conflict between needs of donors and needs of beneficiaries 131
Trust, safety and anonymity of giving circles for donors 131
Everyday philanthropists 131
Maturing of giving circles 131
Measuring impact and reporting requirements 132
Value of receiving funding from a giving circle 133
References 134
Chapter 8: Regular, planned, or ‘pledged’ giving 136
Dr Ted Flack and Assoc Prof Wendy Scaife 136
Pledged, planned and regular giving 137
International context 137
Australian context 139
Key issues and emerging trends 140
References 141
Chapter 9: In-kind giving 144
Dr Sharine Barth 144
Introduction 145
International context 146
Corporate giving 146
Disaster response 147
Non-disaster response 149
Australian context 152
Key issues and emerging trends 153
References 155
Section 2: The givers – Business giving and volunteering 158
Chapter 10: Workplace giving 159
Sue Smyllie and Daniel Arias 159
Key theories, definitions and authors 160
International context 161
Australian context 164
Key issues, latest research and emerging trends 167
References 169
Chapter 11: Workplace volunteering 174
Wayne Burns 174
Workplace volunteering 175
International context 177
Australian context 178
Latest research, key issues and emerging trends 179
Skill-based workplace volunteering 182
Reference List 185
Chapter 12: Business giving 187
Daniel Arias 187
The components of business giving 188
Corporate responsibility 188
Corporate community investment 189
Corporate philanthropy 189
Corporate volunteering 190
Corporate foundations 191
From one-way giving to ‘shared value’ 191
From predictive to emergent business giving strategies 195
How much do companies give? 196
Business giving in Australia 200
Emerging trends 201
References 202
Section 3: The recipients and enablers of giving: Nonprofit organistions, social enterprise, fundraising vehicles and referral 205
Chapter 13: Nonprofit fundraising 206
Dr Ted Flack 206
Nonprofit fundraising: An introduction 207
Fundraising as an emerging profession 209
International context 213
What do we know about fundraising efforts in Australia? 213
Government regulation of fundraising 215
Self-regulation of fundraising 217
Key issues and emerging trends 217
References 219
Chapter 14: Nonprofit CEOs 224
Katie McDonald 224
Theories and key authors 225
International context 225
Australian context 227
Key issues and emerging trends 229
Training and development 229
Nonprofit governance — engaging boards around fundraising 229
Broader culture of philanthropy 231
References 232
Chapter 15: Sector adaptions to giving trends 234
Katie McDonald 234
Introduction 235
International context 235
Australian context 236
Key issues and emerging trends 237
Political trends 237
Economic trends 237
Sociocultural trends 238
Technological trends 238
References 240
Chapter 16: New technologies 242
Marie Crittall and Judith Herbst 242
Definitions 243
Email 243
Social media 244
Mobile technologies 244
Peer-to-peer (P2P) fundraising platforms 245
Other third party technologies 245
International context 246
Online giving 246
Social media 247
Mobile giving 248
Australian context 250
Key issues, latest research and emerging trends 251
What fresh questions or subquestions have emerged? 251
Theories, definitions and data-sets 253
International context 255
Rates and patterns of giving in 2015 255
Australian context 258
Rates and patterns of giving in 2015 258
Key issues and emerging trends 259
Opportunities to increase levels of giving among individuals and business 259
How does crowdfunding affect the nonprofit sector’s ability to raise revenue? 261
What affects project success versus the costs for donor retention? 264
How do reported performance outcomes pertaining to crowdfunding influence philanthropists’ decisions about donations? 264
References 266
Chapter 17: Professional advisers and giving 273
Katie McDonald 273
Professional advisers and giving 274
International context 274
Australian context 275
Key issues and emerging trends 277
Strategic investment in social change 277
Win-win 277
Culture of philanthropy 277
References 278
Chapter 18: Social enterprise and giving 280
Dr Sharine Barth 280
Introduction 281
International context 283
Volunteering 283
Giving 284
Government funds 284
Crowdfunding 285
Individual giving 285
Legitimacy 286
Public policy debates 287
Social enterprise as giving and volunteering vehicles 287
Australian context 288
Seed funding organisations 288
Crowdfunding 288
Social enterprise and university collaboration 289
Key issues and emerging trends 289
References 291
Chapter 19: Big data, giving and volunteering 295
Prof Jo Barraket 295
Introduction 296
What is big data? 296
Big data discourses linked to giving and volunteering 296
International context 299
Australian context 300
Key issues and emerging trends 301
References 303
Appendix A: Full reference list 306
