The Australian Centre for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Studies, qut
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Australian contextSimilar to international developments, open data efforts have been initiated by government in Australia, with the establishment of www.data.gov.au following the Australian Government’s Declaration of Open Government. The lack of usability of data about social issues and organisations that is held across different levels of government and different government portfolios in our federated system is broadly recognised within the nonprofit sector and by policymakers and regulators. In its 2010 report on the Contributions of the Not-for-Profit Sector, the Productivity Commission (PC) noted that better knowledge of the contributions of the sector arising from more coordinated data and evaluation frameworks was important. In relation to building better knowledge systems the PC made four recommendations related to minimising compliance costs and maximising the use of diverse data sources and collection methodologies. While these recommendations have not been implemented, establishing the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission (ACNC) has provided the impetus for some standardised data collection and reuse, with current and past data-sets lodged with www.data.gov.au. These data, along with relevant data-sets from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and Australian Taxation Office (ATO), are being increasingly utilised by the research community to analyse the effects of philanthropic and nonprofit practice, and in open data hackathons to develop new applications that match available resources with those in need (Pro Bono News 2015). While interest in the use of big data to support strategic philanthropy is starting to grow in Australia, it was (and still is) a very new area of practice at the time of this review. In the commercial realm, National Australia Bank (NAB) has been making use of its credit card data to generate the NAB Charitable Giving Index since 2010. In 2014 Philanthropy Australia’s National Conference keynote speaker was Bradford K. Smith, President of the Foundation Center, who spoke on the need for philanthropy and NPOs to embrace big data and take a collaborative approach to data integration (Smerdon 2014b). Platforms drawing on inferred data are being used by some NPOs in Australia to match volunteer skills with needs (Sri 2015). Efforts to achieve collective impact through interorganisational and cross-sector collaboration have emerged over the past three years, with data coordination to diagnose problems, identify leverage points for intervention and measure progress central to some of these (see, for example, the work of the Geelong Regional Alliance 2015). Key issues and emerging trendsGiven the nascent nature of this area of practice, research evidence is very limited at this stage. A systematic literature search identified four industry reports and three relevant peer-reviewed academic articles that were based on empirical research. Within the limited literature, the main issues identified include: the need for ethical as well as practical frameworks for big data usage (Easton-Calabria and Allen 2015; Taylor et al. 2014) the extreme challenges for effective integration of data of limited standardisation—of both data-sets and knowledge management taxonomies—of data held by and about NPOs and foundations (Smith 2014; Taylor et al. 2014) the great variability of quality and comprehensiveness of data between organisations and sectors (Easton-Calabria and Allen 2015; Mead and Dreicer 2013; Taylor et al. 2014), and a lack of accessibility of data, where access includes not just data availability but the human resources, skills, information literacy and technological systems needed to mobilise it (Blackbaud 2014b; Easton-Calabria and Allen 2015). Similar to other capacity issues canvassed in the literature on philanthropy and nonprofit management, smaller organisations appear to be relatively disadvantaged in making use of big data due to resource constraints (Blackbaud 2014b; Easton-Calabria and Allen 2015; Mead and Dreicer 2013). While the promise of big data to both enable giving and volunteering and achieve social and environmental progress is great, the reality for many NPOs and philanthropic organisations is more muted. As is observed in the small literature on this topic to date, many organisations are grappling simply with making better use of their internal (medium) data and accessing open data that are available to them. Substantially greater capacity to access, store and share big data-sets is needed if the promises of big data are to be realised. The use of big data also raises new ethical dilemmas for advancing social progress with respect to individual and collective rights that require active involvement of civil society. ReferencesBlackbaud. 2014. Data-Driven Fundraising: How not-for-profits in the UK are using data and CRM to improve fundraising and further their missions. London: Blackbaud. https://www.blackbaud.co.uk/document.doc?id=360. Bria, Francesca. 2015. Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe: DSI Final Report: European Union. http://www.nesta.org.uk/sites/default/files/dsireport.pdf Carman, Joanne G. 2009. "Nonprofits, Funders, and Evaluation: Accountability in Action." The American Review of Public Administration 39 (4): 374-390. doi: 10.1177/0275074008320190. de Las Casas, Lucy, Tracey Gyateng and David Pritchard. 2013. The power of data: Is the charity sector ready to plug in?: NPC. http://www.thinknpc.org/publications/the-power-of-data/ Easton-Calabria, Evan and William L Allen. 2015. "Developing ethical approaches to data and civil society: From availability to accessibility." Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 28 (1): 52-62. doi: 10.1080/13511610.2014.985193. Fildes, Nic. 2013. "Charities could make big deal with Big Data." The Times. 16/11/2013. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/industries/technology/article3924485.ece. Frost, Jeana H. and Michael P. Massagli. 2008. "Social uses of personal health information within PatientsLikeMe, an online patient community: What can happen when patients have access to one another's data." Journal of Medical Internet Research 10 (3): e15. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1053. Geelong Regional Alliance. 2015. Report to the Region. February 2015. http://www.g21.com.au/sites/default/files/resources/web_2015_reporttoregion_fnl.pdf. Jensen, Brennen. 2014. "Strength in Storytellin; In an era of big data, many nonprofits return to the ancient art of connecting on an individual level." Chronicle of Philanthropy. 6/11/2014. https://philanthropy.com/article/Strength-in-Storytelling/152299. Laney, Doug. 2001. "3D data management: Controlling data volume, velocity and variety." Application Delivery Strategies: Meta Group. http://blogs.gartner.com/doug-laney/files/2012/01/ad949-3D-Data-Management-Controlling-Data-Volume-Velocity-and-Variety.pdf Luke, Belinda, Jo Barraket and Robyn Eversole. 2013. "Measurement as legitimacy versus legitimacy of measures." Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 10 (3/4): 234-258. doi: 10.1108/QRAM-08-2012-0034. Mead, Kathlyn and Elizabeth Dreicer. 2013. Advancing Philanthropy through Data Analytics: Grant Making Organizations Can Know More, Learn More And Accomplish More California: Posiba and The California Endowment. https://www.posiba.com/20140326_posibatce_white-paper-advancing-philanthropy.pdf PR Newswire. 2013a. "Tableau Foundation Supports Data for Good Movement with Grants to DataKind and Bayes Impact." PR Newswire 13/03/2015. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/tableau-foundation-supports-data-for-good-movement-with-grants-to-datakind-and-bayes-impact-300049382.html. PR Newswire. 2013b. "Teradata honoured by the white house for leadership in bringing big data analytics to governments and non-profits." PR Newswire, 12/11/2013. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/teradata-honored-by-the-white-house-for-leadership-in-bringing-big-data-analytics-to-governments-and-non-profits-231587871.html. Pro Bono News. 2015. "ACNC data ‘hack’ shows charity impact." Pro Bono News. http://www.probonoaustralia.com.au/news/2015/09/acnc-data-%E2%80%98hack%E2%80%99-shows-charity-impact#. Productivity Commission. 2010. Contribution of the Not-For-Profit Sector, Research Report. Canberra: Australian Government. http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/94548/not-for-profit-report.pdf. Rheingold, Howard. 1993. The virtual community: Homesteading on the electric frontier. Reading: Addison Wesley. Smerdon, Xavier. 2014. "Philanthropy has a bright future: Even in the era of Justin Bieber." Pro Bono News. 3/9/2014. http://www.probonoaustralia.com.au/news/2014/09/philanthropy-has-bright-future-even-era-justin-bieber. Smith, Brad. 2014. "Developing a Culture of Knowledge Management: The three types of data foundations need—and how they must use them." Stanford Social Innovation Review. http://ssir.org/articles/entry/developing_a_culture_of_knowledge_management Sri, Nathan. 2015. "Perfect match: Harnessing big data to find the right volunteers." Pro Bono News. 18/6/2015. http://www.probonoaustralia.com.au/news/2015/06/perfect-match-harnessing-big-data-find-right-volunteers. States News Service. 2012. "Reporting commitment opens up grants data: Fifteen of the U.S.’s largest foundations partner with the Foundation Center, encourage others to join effort for philanthropic transparency." States News Service. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-304810726.html. States News Service. 2014. "Points of light: How nonprofits are using big data." States News Service. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-373182251.html. Taylor, Linnet, Josh Cowls, Ralph Schroeder and Eric T. Meyer. 2014. "Big Data and Positive Change in the Developing World." Policy & Internet 6 (4): 418-444. doi: 10.1002/1944-2866.POI378. Worth, Dan. 2013. "HP big data tools help wildlife charity save the planet." V3.co.uk, 10/12/2013. http://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/2318103/hp-big-data-tools-help-wildlife-charity-save-the-planet. 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