Table S29. Checklist of the Class Reptilia (Subphylum Vertebrata, Phyllum Cordata)
Scientific names
|
English name
|
Distribution
|
Status IUCN
|
Occurrence
|
Threats
|
Caretta caretta
|
Loggerhead turtle
|
Throughout the Mediterranean Sea. Nesting: Eastern Mediterranean Sea
|
EN
|
Resident
|
Habitat loss and degradation, by-catch, plastic debris, boat strikes
|
Chelonia mydas
|
Green turtle
|
Mainly distributed in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, sightings records in western Mediterranean Sea. Nesting: Eastern Mediterranean Sea
|
EN
|
Resident
|
Habitat loss and degradation, by-catch, plastic debris, boat strikes
|
Dermochelys coriacea
|
Leatherback turtle
|
Sighting mainly in the western Mediterranean Sea; few observations in Ionian Sea, Aegean Sea, Turkey, Cyprus, Egypt and Israel
|
CR
|
Transient*
|
|
Eretmochelys imbricata
|
Hawksbill turtle
|
Few sightings in Marseille, Albania, southern Sicilian coast, Malta
|
DD
|
Transient*
|
|
Lepidochelys kempi
|
Kemp's Ridley turtle
|
Few sightings in Spanish waters, Malta and France
|
DD
|
Transient*
|
|
* DD= Data Deficient, NA=Not Assessed, VU= Vulnerable, EN= Endangered, CR= Critically Endangered
| The diversity of the past and temporal patterns (by Heike K. Lotze) Table S30. Ecologically and economically important species of the Adriatic Sea for which long-term data were available and that were included in historical diversity trends
We considered 64 species or species groups belonging to 7 functional groups, 6 taxonomic groups, and 22 ecological guilds [data were adapted from ref. 1, where a complete list of references for the Adriatic Sea can be found in the Supporting Online Material].
Functional group
|
Taxonomic group
|
Ecological guild
|
Species or species group
|
Common and scientific names
|
LARGE CARNIVORES
|
Mammals
|
Large whales
|
Whales
|
Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus), fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus)
|
|
Mammals
|
Small whales
|
Dolphins
|
Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)
|
|
Mammals
|
Pinnipeds
|
Monk seal
|
Monachus monachus
|
|
Reptiles
|
Turtles
|
Sea turtles
|
Most abundant: Loggerhead (Caretta caretta), less abundant: Leathery Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), Kemp turtle (Lepidochelys kempii)
|
|
Fish
|
Diadromous fish
|
Sturgeons
|
Several species: Adriatic sturgeon (Accipenser naccarii, endemic), Beluga / Giant sturgeon (Huso huso), Europena sturgeon (A. sturio)
|
|
Fish
|
Pelagics, large
|
Bluefin tuna
|
Thunnus thynnus
|
|
Fish
|
Pelagics, large
|
Other tuna
|
Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda), frigate tuna (Auxis thazard), skip-jack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus), plain bonito (Orcynopsis unicolor)
|
|
Fish
|
Pelagics, large
|
Swordfish
|
Xiphias gladius
|
|
Fish
|
Pelagics, large
|
White shark
|
Carcharodon carcharias
|
|
Fish
|
Pelagics, large
|
Angular rough shark
|
Oxynotus centrina
|
|
Fish
|
Pelagics, large
|
Soupfin shark
|
Galeorhinus galeus
|
|
Fish
|
Pelagics, large
|
Sharpnore seven gill shark
|
Heptranchias brucus
|
|
Fish
|
Pelagics, large
|
Other sharks
|
Squalus spp., Scyliorhinus spp.
|
|
Fish
|
Groundfish, large
|
Rays
|
Sandy ray (Leucoraja circularis)
|
|
Fish
|
Groundfish, large
|
White skate
|
Dipturus alba
|
|
Fish
|
Groundfish, large
|
Common skate
|
Dipturus batis
|
|
Fish
|
Groundfish, large
|
Grouper
|
Dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus), other groupers (Epinephelus spp.)
|
|
Fish
|
Groundfish, large
|
Sea bass
|
Common bass / European sea bass: Dicentrarchus labrax
|
|
Fish
|
Groundfish, large
|
Adriatic / European hake
|
Merluccius merluccius
|
|
Fish
|
Groundfish, large
|
Murena / moray eel
|
Muraena helena
|
|
Birds
|
Raptors
|
Eagle
|
White-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), spotted eagle (Aquila clanga)
|
|
Birds
|
Seabirds
|
Pelicans
|
Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus), White pelican (P. onocrotalus)
|
|
Birds
|
Waders
|
Flamingo
|
Greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber / roseus)
|
|
Birds
|
Waders
|
Crane
|
Grus grus
|
LARGE HERBIVORES
|
Reptiles
|
Turtles
|
Sea turtles
|
Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)
|
|
Birds
|
Waterfowl
|
Geese, swans
|
Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus)
|
SMALL CARNIVORES
|
Fish
|
Groundfish
|
Flatfish
|
Flounder (Platichthys flesus), Commons sole (Solea vulgaris), brill (Scophthalmus rhombus)
|
|
Fish
|
Groundfish
|
Turbot
|
Psetta maxima
|
|
Fish
|
Groundfish
|
Red mullet
|
Mullus barbatus
|
|
Fish
|
Groundfish
|
Grey mullets
|
Mugil spp., Liza spp.
|
|
Fish
|
Groundfish
|
Sea bream
|
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), Axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne)
|
|
Fish
|
Groundfish
|
Pandora
|
Red or common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus)
|
|
Fish
|
Groundfish
|
Anglerfish
|
Lophius budegassa, Lophius piscatorius
|
|
Fish
|
Groundfish
|
Whiting
|
Merlangius merlangus
|
|
Fish
|
Pelagics, small
|
Sprat
|
Sprattus sprattus
|
|
Fish
|
Pelagics, small
|
Sardine
|
Sardina pilchardus
|
|
Fish
|
Pelagics, small
|
Anchovies
|
Engraulis encrasicolus
|
|
Fish
|
Pelagics, small
|
Jacks
|
Blue jack mackerel (Trachurus picturatus), Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus)
|
|
Fish
|
Pelagics, small
|
Mackerel
|
Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus)
|
|
Fish
|
Diadromous
|
Eel
|
Anguilla anguilla
|
|
Fish
|
Diadromous
|
Trout
|
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykis), endemic trout (Salmo letnica)
|
|
Invertebrates
|
Cephalopods
|
Octopus, Squid, Cuttlefish
|
Horned octopus (Eledone cirrhosa), Musky octopus (Eledone moschata), Common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), European squid (Loligo vulgaris)
|
|
Invertebrates
|
Crustaceans
|
Norway lobster
|
Nephrops norvegicus
|
|
Invertebrates
|
Crustaceans
|
Shrimp
|
Deepwater rose shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris), shrimp (Penaeus kerathurus)
|
|
Invertebrates
|
Gastropods
|
Whelk
|
Murex brandaris, M. trunculus
|
|
Birds
|
Shorebirds
|
Shorebirds
|
e.g. Wood sandpiper (Tringa glareola), black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus), avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta), Kentish plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus)
|
|
Birds
|
Waders
|
Heron, egret, ibis
|
Night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), little egret (Egretta garzetta), great white egret (E. alba), squacco heron (Ardeola ralloides), purple heron (Ardea purpurea), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus)
|
|
Birds
|
Waterfowl
|
Ducks
|
Great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus), ducks: ruddy shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea), shelduck (Tadorna tadorna), goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), mergansers (Mergus spp.)
|
|
Birds
|
Seabirds
|
Gulls
|
Mediterranean gull (Larus melanocephalus), slender-billed gull (Larus genei), herring gull (Larus cachinnans), Audouin’s gull, great black-headed gull
|
|
Birds
|
Seabirds
|
Cormorants
|
Phalacrocorax carbo, pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus)
|
|
Birds
|
Seabirds
|
Terns, shearwater
|
Common tern (Sterna hirundo), little tern (Sterna albifrons), sandwich tern (Sterna sandvicensis), gull-billed tern (Gelochelidon nilotica), Mediterranean shearwater
|
SMALL HERBIVORES
|
Birds
|
Waterfowl
|
Ducks
|
Wigeon (Anas penelope), marbled teal (Anas angustirostris), teal (Anas crecca), shoveler (Anas clypeata), gadwall (Anas strepera), pochard (Aythia ferina), pintail (Anas acuta), garganey (A. querquedula), coot (Fulica atra)
|
|
Invertebrates
|
Echinoderms
|
Black sea urchin
|
Paracentrotus lividus
|
|
Invertebrates
|
Gastropods
|
Limpets
|
Patella coerulea, P. ulyssiponensis
|
|
Invertebrates
|
Gastropods
|
Top shells
|
Gibbula adansoni, G. adriatica, G. ardens, G. varia
|
SUSPENSION FEEDERS
|
Invertebrates
|
Oysters
|
Oyster
|
Ostrea adriatica, O. edulis, O. Lamellosa
|
|
Invertebrates
|
Mussels
|
Scallops
|
Pectinid (Pecten jacobaeus)
|
|
Invertebrates
|
Mussels
|
Mussels
|
Razor shells, clams, mussels (Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovinzialis, M. marioni, Cerastoderma edule, Abra ovata, Loripes lacteus)
|
|
Invertebrates
|
Mussels
|
Striped Venus
|
Venus (Chamelea) gallina
|
|
Invertebrates
|
Sponges
|
Sponges
|
e.g. Dalmatian sponge (Spongia officinalis [var. adriatica and var. mollissima]), Spongia agaricina, Hippospongia communis
|
|
Invertebrates
|
Corals
|
Gorgonians
|
Eunicella singularis, E. cavolinii, Paramuricea clavata, P. chameleon
|
MACROPHYTES
|
Vegetation
|
Seagrass
|
Seagrass
|
Posidonia oceanica (endemic)
|
|
Vegetation
|
Macroalgae
|
Rockweeds
|
Cystoseira, Sargassum hornschuchi
|
WETLANDS
|
Vegetation
|
Wetlands
|
Salt marshes
|
Salt marshes
|
Table S31. Timing of different cultural periods around the Adriatic Sea [after 1,2]
Time BC–AC
|
Cultural period
|
>100000 BC
|
Prehuman
|
100,000 – 6000 BC
|
Hunter gatherer
|
6000 – 900 BC
|
Agricultural
|
900 – 500 BC
|
Local market
|
500 BC – 600 AD
|
Classical period / Regional market
|
600 – 1500 AD
|
Medieval period
|
1500 – 1800 AD
|
Early modern
|
1800 – 1900 AD
|
Late modern / Industrial
|
1900 – 1950 AD
|
Early global period
|
1950 – 2000 AD
|
Late global period
|
References
1. Lotze HK, Lenihan HS, Bourque BJ, Bradbury RH, Cooke RG, et al. (2006) Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas. Science 312: 1806-1809.
2. Haywood J (1997) Atlas of World History. Oxfordshire Abingdon, UK: Andromeda Oxford.
Table S32. Ranking of current threats for various taxonomic groups in the Mediterranean Sea
Threats to diversity were ranked by experts of this synthesis from 0 to 5 (1: lowest in importance, 5: highest in importance) for 13 taxonomic groups, taking into account the relative importance of each threat to the biodiversity of the group.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pollution
|
Eutrophication
|
Habitat degradation
|
Exploitation
|
Aquaculture
|
Invasions
|
Climate change
|
Maritime traffic
|
Others
|
1
|
Seaweeds and seagrasses
|
4
|
4
|
5
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
2
|
Porifera
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
2
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
3
|
Anthozoa
|
3
|
|
3
|
2
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
4
|
Mollusca
|
3
|
3
|
5
|
3
|
2
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
|
5
|
Cumacea
|
2
|
2
|
4
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
6
|
Decapoda
|
3
|
2
|
5
|
4
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
2
|
|
7
|
Ascidiacea
|
1
|
2
|
5
|
2
|
|
3
|
3
|
|
|
8
|
Sipuncula
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
1
|
|
9
|
Nematoda
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
|
1
|
|
2
|
|
|
10
|
Vertebrata (Pisces)
|
1
|
1
|
5
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
|
11
|
Vertebrata (Mammalia)
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
|
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
12
|
Vertebrata (Reptilia)
|
3
|
|
3
|
3
|
|
|
2
|
2
|
|
13
|
Vertebrata (Aves)
|
2
|
|
5
|
5
|
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table S33. Ranking of future threats to diversity (considering 10 years from now) for various taxonomic groups in the Mediterranean Sea
Threats to diversity were ranked by experts of this synthesis from 0 to 5 (1: lowest in importance, 5: highest in importance) for 13 taxonomic groups, taking into account the potential impact of each threat on the biodiversity of the group.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pollution
|
Eutrophication
|
Habitat degradation
|
Exploitation
|
Aquaculture
|
Invasions
|
Climate change
|
Maritime traffic
|
Others
|
1
|
Seaweeds and seagrasses
|
3
|
3
|
5
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
|
|
2
|
Porifera
|
2
|
1
|
4
|
2
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
3
|
Anthozoa
|
3
|
|
4
|
3
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
4
|
Mollusca
|
3
|
3
|
5
|
3
|
2
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
|
5
|
Cumacea
|
3
|
3
|
5
|
|
|
2
|
2
|
|
|
6
|
Decapoda
|
3
|
2
|
5
|
5
|
1
|
3
|
3
|
2
|
|
7
|
Ascidiacea
|
1
|
3
|
5
|
2
|
|
2
|
2
|
|
|
8
|
Sipuncula
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
3
|
1
|
3
|
3
|
2
|
|
9
|
Nematoda
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
|
1
|
|
3
|
|
|
10
|
Vertebrata (Pisces)
|
2
|
1
|
5
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
|
11
|
Vertebrata (Mammalia)
|
4
|
4
|
3
|
4
|
1
|
|
3
|
2
|
2
|
12
|
Vertebrata (Reptilia)
|
4
|
|
4
|
4
|
|
|
3
|
2
|
|
13
|
Vertebrata (Aves)
|
1
|
|
5
|
5
|
|
1
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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