"The Gestation of the Codex" or, "From Scroll and Tablets to Codex and Beyond"
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| codices, arranged here chronologically. Notice that it is in the 2nd century ce that the codex format begins to take hold in these materials.:
M-P2021.71 POxy 61.4189 almanac 136-144? (after 144?)
M-P2021.75 POxy 61.4193 almanac 195-203 (after 203) M-P2021.69 POxy 61.4188a almanac 201-208 (after 208) M-P2021.87 POxy 61.4203 almanac Saturn for 215/216 (after 216) M-P2021.78 POxy 61.4196 almanac 218-220 (after 220) M-P2021.72 POxy 61.4190 almanac 241-243 (after 243) M-P2021.73 POxy 61.4191 almanac 236-245 (after 245) M-P2021.91 POxy 61.4205 five day almanac 257/258 (after 258) M-P2021.92 POxy 61.4205a five day almanac [see 2021.91 "same hand?"] M-P2021.39 POxy 61.4163 tables (after 259) M-P2021.93 POxy 61.4206 five day almanac 272-274 (after 274) M-P2021.74 POxy 61.4192 almanac 276-280 (after 280) M-P2021.76 POxy 61.4194 almanac 272-286 (after 286) M-P2021.94 POxy 61.4207 five day almanac 289-291 (after 291) M-P2021.81 POxy 61.4197 perpetual almanac (3rd c) M-P2044 POxy 3.470 horoscope (3rd c) M-P2053 PSI 3.158 on planets (3rd c) M-P2066.4 PSI 15.1495 (unedited) fragment (3rd c) M-P2033.1 POxy 46.3299 planetary tables (3rd c?) M-P2024 POxy 31.2551 kings of Egypt/astrological text (3/4th c) M-P2039 PErl 14 astrological treatise (3/4th c) M-P2021.77 POxy 61.4195 almanac 300-304 (after 304) M-P2021.98 POxy 61.4211 five day almanac 306/307 (after 307) M-P2021.12 POxy 61.4143 Ptolemaic tables (after 329) M-P2010 PHeid 34 (after 349) M-P2037 (4/5th) PVindob 19370+ for year 348 or 424 M-P2017.1 POtago frg (later 4th c) M-P2021.14 POxy 61.4145 calculations (4th c) M-P2021.47 POxy 61.4173 tables (4th c) M-P2021.48 POxy 61.4173a tables (4th c) M-P2021.84 POxy 61.4200 almanac Jupiter (4th c) M-P2067 PGM 4.835-849 astrological section (4th c) M-P 2021.49 (nd) M-P2021.61 (nd) M-P2021.62 (nd) M-P2021.79 (nd) M-P2021.82 (nd) M-P2020 (5th) M-P2021.58 (5th c) ]] Professor Cavallo sums up his position by describing the motivation for the change to the codex as 'pressure from below' (una spinta dal basso) and links this with the profound social and economic changes which transformed classical society into the world of late antiquity. According to him, the break-up of the fragile equilibrium of the Antonine age led to a progressive sharpening of class divisions, with the social elite, the society of the roll, slowly but steadily shrinking into an ever smaller minority and becoming increasingly alienated from what Professor Cavallo claims to be the new reading public of the middle and lower classes. Such a period of change may well have facilitated the growth in popularity of the codex, but it does not explain it. If Professor Cavallo's thesis is at best not proven, we must search [[71]] for an alternative, beginning with a list of non-Christian codices which have been, or can be, plausibly assigned to the second century [[add first century codex mentioned above n. 84]]. In this list the items, seventeen in all, are denominated by their Pack-2 numbers [=Mertens-Pack\3 online]; we have further added the reference numbers in the 'Consolidated List of Codices consulted' in E. G. Turner, The Typology of the Early Codex, together with the notes on dating there given (and which does not always agree with our own). The first two to be listed have long been well known as among the earliest surviving examples of parchment codices: 01 Pack-2 293. Demosthenes, De falsa legatione 11-14, 16-25, 27-28, 30-32 = P.Lit.Lond. 127 (Brit.Libr. inv. Add. MS.34473, art.1). Fayum? Typology 47 (ii; iv\in. Cavallo-Maehler)
The remaining examples apart from no. 16, are all on papyrus: 03 Pack-2 3. Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and Cleitophon Clitopho et Leucippe VI 14-15, 16-17 = P.Mil.Vogl. 3.124. Oxyrhynchus ? Typology 2 (ii; iii\ex. G. Cavallo; ii ? ed. pr. Vogliano; iii/iv W.H. Willis)
[[Mertens-Pack\3 lists these early parchment codices as well (code "CM" = codex membranae -- June 2006 version) 0519.1 (formerly 0514) Hesiodus, Catalogus fr. 70 = PSI 14.1383. Prov? (II/III Turner; III ? Bartoletti)
0747. Homer, Iliad V 406-413, 440-443 = P.Mil.Vogl. 2.33 (inv. 630). Tebtynis. Typology 122 (ii/iii E.G.T.; i/ii ed pr Vandoni; ii Roberts) 2651 [CPP 0156] Fragment of a theme or notes on the Troy legend = P.Strasb. inv. G 1352. Prov? Roman period; perhaps written by a slave [different hands on each side?] \n/ The following 14 also came up with a search of first century codices (13 papyri): 1437.05 (undated) POxy 4171 Ptolemaeus math. 2021.49 (undated) POxy 4174 Table des mouvements moyens de la lune 2021.61 (undated) POxy 4182 Ephéméride 2021.62 (undated) POxy 4183 Ephéméride 2021.79 (undated) POxy 4196a Almanach 2021.82 (undated) POxy 4198 Almanach perpetual 2021.92 (undated) POxy 4205a Almanach for 5 days 2111.02 (undated, provisional) P.Prag. inv. G IV 71 + 156 Traité de palmomancie (inédit) 2580.02 (undated, provisional) P.Duk. inv. 755 (antea P.Rob. inv. 14) Diatribe cynique (où sont mentionnés Alexandre le Grand, Isocrate, des médecins, Clitophon)? (inédit) 2762 (undated) Sept signes isolés du "commentaire" (tétrades 72-73, 78, 83-84, 88-89 P.Monts.Roca 1) = P.Ant. inv. 2. Antinoé ? 2799.01 (undated, provisional) Texte littéraire ? (inédit) = P.Duk. inv. 48(a) 2799.03 (undated, provisional) Texte littéraire ? (inédit) = P.Duk. inv. 55 2799.06 (undated, provisional) Texte littéraire ? (inédit) = P.Duk. inv. 663 (olim MF75 4) 3022.2 (undated) Fragment indéterminé = CLA Suppl. 1753 (P.Louvre inv. E 7113). 6 lignes sur chaque face (parchment) The following 10 were listed as 1-2nd century, in addition to the aforementioned list by R&S: 1190.01 [CPP 0468] why codex? only one side inscribed? = P.Mil. Vogl. 3.119. 1st c. CE. 0136.3 (undated, provisional) Aristides (Aelius) (?), Ars rhetorica I (Or. II Behr = XLV Dindorf) (inédit) = P.Oxy. s.n. Oxyrhynchus II 0298.13 Demosthenes, Adversus Leptinem 33 (), 36 () = P.Oxy. 56.3843. Oxyrhynchus II ? 1301.01 Menander, Epitrepontes 291-9, 338-45, 376-99, 421-47 = P.Oxy. 60.4022. Oxyrhynchus II 1957.2 Hexamètres = P.Ant. 3.117. Antinoé II 2021.71 Almanach, pour 136-144 (?) = P.Oxy. 61.4189 Jones. Oxyrhynchus après 144 ? 2021.83 Almanach mensuel, Jupiter, pour 14-6a = P.Oxy. 61.4199 Jones. Oxyrhynchus II 2040.02 Traité astrologique : distinction des planètes en bénéfiques et maléfiques = P.Med. inv. 160. Prov? II avec indication de la pagination 2300.01 Traité de rhétorique = P.Oxy. 53.3708. Oxyrhynchus II (/III ?) 2389 Fragment médical = P.Rain. 1.32 (P. Vindob. inv. G 29250 = MPER NS XIII 19). Prov? II (Harrauer - Sijpesteijn; III Gerstinger) The following 30 or so items were listed for ca 200 CE: 0019.2 Aeschines socrat., Miltiades = Oxyrhynchus milieu II/IIIex. (IIIin. CPF) 0256.01 Demosthenes, Olynthiaca I 13-19 = P.Oxy. 62.4310. Oxyrhynchus II/III 0258.1 Demosthenes, Olynthiaca III 26-29 (), 29-33 () = BKT 9.185 (P.Berol. inv. 21280). Hermopolis IIex./IIIin. 0260.02 Demosthenes, In Philippum I 47, 50-51 = P.Wash.Univ. 2.66 (inv. 398). Prov? II/III 0263.3 Demosthenes, De Halonneso 21-22, 25-26 = P.Laur. 4.135 (inv. III/316). Prov? IIex./IIIin. (éd.; III G. Cavallo, comm. pers.) 0272 Demosthenes, Pro Megalopolitanis 8-10, 12-13 = P.Berol. inv. 13283. Hermopolis II/III 0414.1 Euripides, Phoenissae 3-40, 51-54, 60-63 = P.Oxy. 47.3321. Oxyrhynchus IIex./IIIin 0857.1 Homerus, Ilias X 178-184, 228-234 = P.Ant. 3.162. Antinoé II/III 0936 Homerus, Ilias XVI 507-518, 531-548 = P.Berol. inv. 16348. Prov? II/III (Poethke; III ed. pr.) 0939.1 Homerus, Ilias XVI 697-703, 735-740 = P.Ant. 3.163. Antinoé II/III. Typ. 159 a 1003 Homerus, Ilias XXIII 135-48 et 178-91 = P.Cairo inv. 47268. Oxyrhynchus III (Turner, Typ 171a.; II/III éd.) 1066.2 Homerus, Odyssea VII 28-34 (®), 70-6 (¯) = P.Köln 1.41 (inv. 1031). Prov? II/III 1155.1 Homerus, Odyssea XXIV 488-91, 519-22 = P.Ant. 3.177. Antinoé II/III 1159.01* [CPP 039] Vocabulary to Homer, Iliad, i 4-18 = POxy 3207 2/3 CE 1162.1 Homerica, Scholia minora à Ilias I 73-4, 80-1 = P.Narm. inv. 69.43. Narmouthis II/III 1170.44 Homerica, Scholia minora à Ilias II 303-328 (308-320 in lacuna) () et 463-493 (471-478 in lacuna) () = P.Oxy. 67.4635 (inv. 66 6B.28/F(1)b + 68 6B.19/J(1-3)F). Oxyrhynchus II/III 1191.1 [CPP 471] Homerica, Commentaire à Ilias XI 321 (?), 324, 326, 334, 353 = P.Med. inv. 72.13. Prov? IIex./IIIin. 1206 [CPP 039] Homerica, Collection d'hypotheseis d'Ilias XXII-XXIII et Odyssea II-III = P.Ant. 2.69. Antinoé II/III "not clear that this is a codex" (Turner, Typ.) 1258.05 Isocrates, Nicocles 45-47 = P.Oxy. 69.4725 (inv. 72/20(b)). Oxyrhynchus IIex./mil. III 1294.1 Lysias, Arguments de 22 discours (dont plusieurs titres nouveaux) = P.Oxy. 31.2537. Oxyrhynchus IIex./IIIin. 1344 Philo Judaeus, Fragments de De ebrietate; De posteritate Caini, Sacrarum Legum allegoriae; Quod deterius potiori insidiari soleat; De mercede meretricis, et autres traités, avec un titre = PSI 11.1207 + P.Oxy. 9.1173 + 11.1356 + 18.2158 + P.Haun. 1.8 (inv. 322). 1516 [CPP 418] Thucydides, Historiae II 65.6-8 et 12, 67.2, 68.1-5, 79.5-6, 80.3-5, 81.1-3, 81.8-82, with marginal scholia = P.Berol. inv. 13236. Hermopolis IIex./IIIin. 1527.11 Thucydides, Historiae V 111.4, 112.2-3; VI 52-55; VII 2.4 = P.Oxy. 61.4105 + P.Laur. inv. III/269 D. Oxyrhynchus IIex./III 1609 Fragment d'une collection d'épigrammes (?) = P.Rain. 3.14 (P.Vindob. inv. G 29282). Fayoum II/III 1801 [above??] Poésie épique : catabase orphique = P.Bon. 1.4 (inv. 24). Prov? II/III (éd. et Turner; II Roberts; III/IV Pack2) fol. 1-4 et 5v du même codex composite que 552.1 1957.81 Vers = BKT 9.33 (P.Berol. inv. 21132). Hermopolis (ou Fayoum) II/III 2014 Tables astronomiques ("Tables faciles") = P.Lond. 3.1278 (Brit.Libr. inv. 1278). Prov?. c. 200 (éd.; III Baccani) 2021.38 Tables pour le soleil = P.Oxy. 61.4162 Jones. Oxyrhynchus II/III 2043.16 Sur les qualités des signes du zodiaque = P.Oxy. 65.4476. Oxyrhynchus IIex./IIIin. 2113 Traité de palmomancie = PSI 6.728. IIex./III (P. Degni, dans Mostra2 ; IV éd.) 2462* [CPP 180] mythological fragment (?), related to Orpheus and Dionysus. = PSI 07, 850 (G. Vitelli - G. Coppola, 1925). 2/3? c 2581.1 Philosophie ou traité scientifique ? = P.Ant. 3.145. Antinoé II/III 2738* [CPP 362] school text; grammar/philology = Ber. Berl. Mus. 34 (1913), p. 219 (G. Plaumann) (only transcription of the masculine noun-adjective pair). (now lost). 2/3 c 2850.2 Prose (rhétorique ?) = P.Mil.Vogl. 6.261 (inv. 78). Prov? II/III The first and most obvious characteristic of these codices is that they are a very mixed lot -- prose and verse, scientific and technical, -- and this suggests, as a first conclusion, that it may be a mistake to search for any one cause for the transition from roll to codex in all cases. [[rather dismissive and overstated]] If we now examine the items in detail, we may begin by considering whether any of these fragments may come from 'one-volume' manuscripts. This would certainly appear to be the case with the last [no. 17], the Republic of Plato. This [[72]] contains approximately 59 στίχοι to the page, and since the total number of στίχοι in all ten books of the Republic, according to the figures for the individual books given by Birt, Buchwesen, p. 442, is 11,846, P.Oxy. 3157, if it contained the entire work, would have been a codex of almost exactly 100 leaves ( = 200 pages). The size of the page seems to have been about 13 x 22 cm, and if we take the thickness of the papyrus as 0.3 mm, the hypothetical manuscript would have been a very handy volume measuring 13 x 22 x 3 cm, excluding the binding. By contrast, the contemporary P. Oxy. 47.3326, a fragment of a roll of Book 8 of the Republic, according to the editor 'probably contained this book and no more; this would make it about seven metres long.' All this suggests that some other manuscripts in the above list may have been one-volume editions. The Xenophon, for instance (no. 9) might have contained the entire Cyropaedia (10,8I7 στίχοι according to Birt, op. cit., p. 441), as was certainly the case with the third-century codex P. Ryl. 3.549. We may similarly speculate whether the fragment of the Paeans (no. 8) came from a complete Pindar, and whether the Achilles Tatius (no. 3) contained the whole of Leucippe and Cleitophon.\172/ \172/ At a rough estimate the romance ran to about 5500 στίχοι, and so could have been contained in quite a small codex. [[Note that Pack-Mertens 1 is an opisthograph of Achilles Tatius, Clitopho et Leucippe II 2, 3-5 (), 14, 5-7 () = P.Schub. 30 (P.Berol. inv. 16971) from Hermopolis (iii), with the text of that romance on both sides.]] But this is clearly not the whole of the story. The two grammatical fragments (nos. 10 and 11) suggest a use in education, and if so it may have been the convenience of the codex in exposition that motivated the adoption of the new form. [[Inded, the evidence for codex use in educational contexts is very strong, as Cribiore demonstrates.]] The same reason may explain the presence of the two medical fragments (nos. 12 and 13), if these were used for instruction. The role played by Homer (nos. 6 and 7) in primary education needs no emphasizing. Convenience of use might also explain the Homeric lexicon (no. 14) and, in a different context, the fortune-telling Homeromanteion (no. 5). This last makes it all the more surprising that, as noted above, scribes who copied works of fortune-telling, divination and magic signally failed to take advantage of the codex format. [[add comments on scholia texts, and mythography?]] [[Here is the evidence divided by approximate types of content:, with M-P number first:
0552.1 [formerly 0645+1901]. Homeromanteion +1801 (Epic Katabasis) = P.Bon. 1.3 (inv. 24b2 + 24f). Prov? Typology 107 (ii/iii; ii C.H.R.) [R&S #05] 1218.1. [CPP 046] P.Oxy. 30. 2517. Lexicon to Homer. Typology 207a (ii) [R&S #14] 1159.01* [CPP 039] Vocabulary to Homer, Iliad, i 4-18 = POxy 3207 2/3 CE 1162.1 Homerica, Scholia minora à Ilias I 73-4, 80-1 = P.Narm. inv. 69.43. Narmouthis II/III 1170.44 Homerica, Scholia minora à Ilias II 303-328 (308-320 in lacuna) () et 463-493 (471-478 in lacuna) () = P.Oxy. 67.4635 (inv. 66 6B.28/F(1)b + 68 6B.19/J(1-3)F). Oxyrhynchus II/III 1191.1 [CPP 471] Homerica, Commentaire à Ilias XI 321 (?), 324, 326, 334, 353 = P.Med. inv. 72.13. Prov? IIex./IIIin. 1206 [CPP 039] Homerica, Collection d'hypotheseis d'Ilias XXII-XXIII et Odyssea II-III = P.Ant. 2.69. Antinoé II/III "not clear that this is a codex" (Turner, Typ.) <> Other "classical" authors (literature) 0293. Demosthenes, De falsa legatione 11-14, 16-25, 27-28, 30-32 = P.Lit.Lond. 127 (Brit.Libr. inv. Add. MS.34473, art.1). Fayum? Typology 47 (ii; iv\in. Cavallo-Maehler) [R&S #01] 0437. Euripides, Cretans (with marginalia) = BKT 5.2.73-79 (P.Berol. inv. 13217). Hermopolis. Typology 80 (ii ?; I/II éd.; 2e moitié II Turner, Typ.; iii Cavallo) [R&S #02] 0003. Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and Cleitophon Clitopho et Leucippe VI 14-15, 16-17 = P.Mil.Vogl. 3.124. Oxyrhynchus ? Typology 2 (ii; iii\ex. G. Cavallo; ii ? ed. pr. Vogliano; iii/iv W.H. Willis) [R&S #03] 0311 - Commentary on Demosthenes, In Aristocratem 1-18, 209 (?) (ed. pr.) ou traité de rhétorique (éd.) ? = P.Yale 2.106 (P.CtYBR inv. 1534). Prov? Typology 52 (iii E.G.T.; ii ed, C.H.R; II (ed. pr.; II ou IIex. Roberts; III Turner, Cavallo [comm. pers.])) [R&S #04] 1362. Pindar, Paeans VI-VII (avec lacunes) = PSI 2.147. Oxyrhynchus (Pintaudi; Hermopolis Magna éd.). Typology 250 (ii ed., E.G.T.) [R&S #08] 1546. Xenophon, Cyropaedia I 6, 3-11; II 1, 30 = P.Oxy. 4.697 (TCD PAP inv. E.9). Oxyrhynchus. Typology 280 (ii = CHR, van Haelst; ed iii) [R&S #09] 1284.3 Lollianus, Phoinikika. Typology 223a (late ii) [R&S #15] 1398.2 Plato, Parmenides. Typology 254 (iii/iv E.G.T.; ii ed.) [R&S #16] 1422.1 P. Oxy. 44.3157. Plato, Republic = P.Oxy. 44.3157. Oxyrhynchus II. Typology 255a (ii) [R&S #17] 0519.1 (formerly 0514) Hesiodus, Catalogus fr. 70 = PSI 14.1383. Prov? (II/III Turner; III ? Bartoletti) 0136.3 (undated, provisional) Aristides (Aelius) (?), Ars rhetorica I (Or. II Behr = XLV Dindorf) (inédit) = P.Oxy. s.n. Oxyrhynchus II 0298.13 Demosthenes, Adversus Leptinem 33 (), 36 () = P.Oxy. 56.3843. Oxyrhynchus II ? 1301.01 Menander, Epitrepontes 291-9, 338-45, 376-99, 421-47 = P.Oxy. 60.4022. Oxyrhynchus II 1957.2 Hexamètres = P.Ant. 3.117. Antinoé II 0019.2 Aeschines socrat., Miltiades = Oxyrhynchus milieu II/IIIex. (IIIin. CPF) 0256.01 Demosthenes, Olynthiaca I 13-19 = P.Oxy. 62.4310. Oxyrhynchus II/III 0258.1 Demosthenes, Olynthiaca III 26-29 (), 29-33 () = BKT 9.185 (P.Berol. inv. 21280). Hermopolis IIex./IIIin. 0260.02 Demosthenes, In Philippum I 47, 50-51 = P.Wash.Univ. 2.66 (inv. 398). Prov? II/III 0263.3 Demosthenes, De Halonneso 21-22, 25-26 = P.Laur. 4.135 (inv. III/316). Prov? IIex./IIIin. (éd.; III G. Cavallo, comm. pers.) 0272 Demosthenes, Pro Megalopolitanis 8-10, 12-13 = P.Berol. inv. 13283. Hermopolis II/III 0414.1 Euripides, Phoenissae 3-40, 51-54, 60-63 = P.Oxy. 47.3321. Oxyrhynchus IIex./IIIin 1258.05 Isocrates, Nicocles 45-47 = P.Oxy. 69.4725 (inv. 72/20(b)). Oxyrhynchus IIex./mil. III 1294.1 Lysias, Arguments de 22 discours (dont plusieurs titres nouveaux) = P.Oxy. 31.2537. Oxyrhynchus IIex./IIIin. 1344 Philo Judaeus, Fragments de De ebrietate; De posteritate Caini, Sacrarum Legum allegoriae; Quod deterius potiori insidiari soleat; De mercede meretricis, et autres traités, avec un titre = PSI 11.1207 + P.Oxy. 9.1173 + 11.1356 + 18.2158 + P.Haun. 1.8 (inv. 322). 1516 [CPP 418] Thucydides, Historiae II 65.6-8 et 12, 67.2, 68.1-5, 79.5-6, 80.3-5, 81.1-3, 81.8-82, with marginal scholia = P.Berol. inv. 13236. Hermopolis IIex./IIIin. 1527.11 Thucydides, Historiae V 111.4, 112.2-3; VI 52-55; VII 2.4 = P.Oxy. 61.4105 + P.Laur. inv. III/269 D. Oxyrhynchus IIex./III 1609 Fragment d'une collection d'épigrammes (?) = P.Rain. 3.14 (P.Vindob. inv. G 29282). Fayoum II/III 1801 [above??] Poésie épique : catabase orphique = P.Bon. 1.4 (inv. 24). Prov? II/III (éd. et Turner; II Roberts; III/IV Pack2) fol. 1-4 et 5v du même codex composite que Download 0.89 Mb. Share with your friends:
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