The Global 200 : a representation Approach to Conserving the Earth’s Distinctive Ecoregions
Download 2.75 Mb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- Indo-Malayan
- Australasia
- Neotropical
AfrotropicalS udd-Sahelian Flooded Grasslands and Savannas [97] – Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Uganda Geographic Location: Central and Eastern Africa Biodiversity Features: A series of disjunct seasonally flooded grassland areas—including those wetlands associated with Lake Chad—and perennial swamps comprise an ecoregion that dots Central Africa. The largest block, located in Sudan, contains one of the largest floodplains in Africa. The Sudd River is important for numerous resident and migratory water birds. In addition, the ecoregion supports large populations of mammals, including areas that witness seasonal migrations of mammals across the ecoregion as the water levels change. IT COMPRISES AREAS THAT HAVE HIGH SPECIES RICHNESS, AND ARE ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR MIGRATORY BIRDS. Selected Species: Among the most abundant species are the white-eared kob (Kobus kob), the tiang (Damaliscus lunatus tiang) and the Mongalla gazelle (Gazella thomsonii albontata), which make large-scale migrations over the relatively undisturbed habitat of the Sudd River. Other mammals include the Nile lechwe (Kobus megaceros) and hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). The largest population of the shoebill (Balaeniceps rex) in the world is found among aquatic plants. This ecoregion is also the wintering grounds of the endangered white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus). Other birds found here include two endemic species: river prinia (Prinia fluvialis) and Fox’s weaver (Ploceus spekeoides). General Threats: The swamps in the eastern block of the ecoregion still remain as a vast near-wilderness area. Although the effects that civil war has had on this once remote region are unclear, poaching may be affecting some mammal populations. Threats to the continued existence of the biodiversity of the western blocks, including both the Lake Chad and Inner Niger delta flooded savannas, come from large scale plans to divert water for agricultural and industrial uses. Z ambezian Flooded Savannas [98] – Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia Geographic Location: Southern Africa Biodiversity Features: The Okavango Delta and associated flooded grasslands and savanna habitats that constitute the Zambezian Flooded Savannas ecoregion are among the most important biological sites in Africa. Besides a rich diversity of birds, this ecoregion supports significant populations of large mammals, such as the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). AN EXTENSIVE CHAIN OF FLOODED GRASSLANDS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA, with extraordinary concentrations of large VERTEBRATES Selected Species: Many African mammals move seasonally with the rise and fall of floodwaters, following the changing vegetation. Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsprymnus ellipsprymnus and K. e. defassa), puku (Kobus vardonii), lechwe (Kobus leche), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) and sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei) are common inhabitants of the floodplains of southern Africa. Bird species include slaty egret (Egretta vinaceigula), wattled crane (Grus carunculatus), and pygmy goose (Nettapus auritus). The Barotse water snake (Crotaphopeltis barotseensis) and striped swamp snake (Limnophis bicolor) are endemic reptiles. General Threats: The human populations of these wetland areas are generally low, largely due to the high density of disease-carrying organisms (especially malaria mosquitoes, tsetse flies, and aquatic snails that transmit bilharzia). Some of the threats include cattle ranching, and contamination from heavy metals, insecticide and agricultural runoff. Insecticide pollution includes DDT used for malaria control in Namibia and a number of less persistent compounds used for tsetse control in Botswana. Water diversion for irrigation and hydroelectric dams have already affected some floodplain systems, and are threatening others. Excess withdraw from the Okavango Riveris being discussedby partner countries. Thiscould have deleterious effects on the functioning of the delta ecosystems. Indo-MalayanR ann of Kutch Flooded Grasslands [99] – India, Pakistan Geographic Location: Eastern Asia Biodiversity Features: These seasonally flooded salt marshes represent the only flooded grasslands in the Indo-Malayan realm. Expanses of mangroves and desert vegetation comprise portions of this ecoregion as well. Some of the endemic and endangered plant species include Tamarix kutchensis, Ziziphus williamsii and Cyperus dwarkensis. These habitats support a number of threatened mammals and a rich diversity of birds, including many migrants. THE ONLY FLOODED GRASSLANDS FOUND IN THE INDO-MALAYAN BIOGEOGRAPHIC PROVINCE. Selected Species: A number of threatened mammals are present within the ecoregion: leopard (Panthera pardus), Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus), chousingha (Tetracerus quadricornis), and blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra). Bird species include greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) and lesser flamingo (P. minor), Indian courser (Cursorius coromandelicus), red-wattled lapwing (Vanellus indicus), Sarus crane (Grus antigone), common crane (Grus grus), white stork (Ciconia ciconia), and Asian open bill stork (Anastomus oscitans), among numerous others. General Threats: Despite the fact that areas in the Rann of Kutch remain largely intact, it is considered vulnerable to development pressures. In addition, large portions of the Indus Delta have been destroyed as a result of fuelwood—the only source of firewood for local peoples—and fodder collection on top of other activities related to grazing. Construction projects, water diversions, and logging all pose further threats. Neotropical
verglades Flooded Grasslands [100] – United States Geographic Location: Southern tip of Florida Peninsula in Southeastern North America Biodiversity Features: Lying between temperate and subtropical America, between fresh and brackish water, between shallow bays and deeper coastal waters, the Florida Everglades have a diverse range of habitats. This is one of the world’s only rain-fed flooded grasslands on limestone. The region contains some 11,000 species of seed-bearing plants, 25 varieties of orchids, both tropical (palms) and temperate (oak) tree species, and even such desert plants as cactus and yucca. The Everglades support 323 bird species, 150 fish species, and 400 species of land and water vertebrates, 36 of which are endangered. unique, rain-fed flooded grassland on carbonate SUBSTRATES Selected Species: Species include Schaus' swallowtail (Papilio aristodemus) an endangered butterfly formerly distributed here but currently found only in the Florida Keys, Florida tree snail (Liguus fasciatus), the endangered Florida panther or cougar (Felis concolor coryii), American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus), and American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Among the many bird species are the snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis), the short-tailed hawk (Buteo brachyurus), swallow-tailed kite (Elanoides forficatus), and the endangered Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus). Waterbirds include roseate spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja), limpkin (Aramus guarauna), wood stork (Mycteria americana), and white ibis (Eudocimus albus). General Threats: Urban development, industrial agriculture, pollution, introduction of exotic species, and major changes in the water flow threaten the Everglades. antanal Flooded Savannas [101] – Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay
Geographic Location: Central South America Biodiversity Features: The Pantanal represents one of the world's largest wetland complexes and supports abundant wildlife populations. The region is noted for huge seasonal aggregations of water birds and caiman (Caiman latirostris). The Pantanal is comprised of a mosaic of flooded grasslands and savannas, gallery forests, and dry forests. During the rainy season over 80 percent of the region floods, a process that helps modify the severity and frequency of floods downstream along the Río Paraguay. One of the world’s largest wetlands complexes, one of the best examples of flooded savannas in southern South America Selected Species: Species include jabiru stork (Jabiru mycteria ), hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), jaguar (Panthera onca), and broad-nosed caiman (Caiman latirostris). General Threats: Agricultural expansion, charcoal production, water projects, pollution, gold mining, mercury pollution, overfishing, uncontrolled nature tourism, and road construction pose severe threats to the Pantanal. Montane Grasslands and Shrublands The plants and animals of tropical montane paramos display striking adaptations to cool, wet conditions and intense sunlight. Around the world, characteristic plants of these habitats display features such as rosette structures, waxy surfaces, and abundant pilosity. Afrotropical
thiopian Highlands [102] – Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan Geographic Location: Northeastern Africa Biodiversity Features: This ecoregion spans the largest area of land over 2,000 m elevation in Africa, and contains a large number of endemic species in all taxonomic groups. One of the few montane regions of Africa with a highly distinctive biota at continental scales Selected Species: Endemic species include the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), the rarest canid in the world, as well as Walia ibex (Capra walie), mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni), and giant root rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus). Among those species endemic to the ecoregion are amphibians such as grassland forest treefrog (Leptopelis yaldeni), Bale Mountains frog (Ericabatrachus baleensis), and Osgood's Ethiopian toad (Spinophrynoides osgoodi). Birds with limited distributions include the Ankober serin (Serinus ankoberensis) and the white-winged flufftail (Sarothrura ayresi). General Threats: Ethiopia's highlands are among the most densely populated agricultural areas in Africa. Expanding agriculture, shifting cultivation, fires, and overgrazing are major threats to the biological diversity of these ecosystems.
outhern Rift Montane Woodlands [103] – Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia Geographic Location: Southeastern Africa Biodiversity Features: This ecoregion is comprised of a number of disjunct mountains and ranges—some peaks top 3,000 m—that support a mosaic of habitats naturally fragmented into areas of grassland and forest. These habitats, combined with the high degree of isolation, support a rich array of endemic species of plants and animals, including some species that are restricted to single mountains. HIGH LEVELS OF ENDEMISM, INCLUDING SEVERAL LOCAL ENDEMICS FOUND ON INDIVIDUAL MOUNTAINS Selected Species: The endangered Mulanje cedar (Wilddringtonia whytei) is among the most well known plant species found in this ecoregion. Bird species such as Namuli apalis (Apalis lynesi), Cholo alethe (Alethe cholensis), and Sharpe’s greenbul (Phyllastrephus alfredi), not to mention reptiles such as Ngosi Volcano Chameleon (Chamaeleo fuelleborni), South African Stumptail Chameleon (Rhampholeon nchisiensis), and Eumecia johnstoni comprise a portion of the endemic fauna. General Threats: Much of the ecoregion was converted to tea plantations and other agricultural uses some time ago. For the most part, what remains of these forests has been protected since the 1920s. However, present day forest and woodland conversion to agriculture is still of concern. Other threats include firewood collection, wild fires, and invasion by alien species.
ast African Moorlands [104] – Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda Geographic Location: Eastern Africa Biodiversity Features: The montane grasslands of East Africa represent a poorly protected and rapidly declining habitat. These grasslands support a remarkable diversity of plants, and provide habitat for many unique bird species. These INCLUDE SOME OF the only examples of alpine moorlands in Africa Selected Species: Plant species include giant groundsels (Dendro senecio) and lobelias (Lobelia). Bird species include several members of the Afromontane sunbirds; among these are the Stuhlmann’s double-collared sunbird (Nectarinia stuhlmanni), Regal sunbird (Nectarinia regia) and Rockefeller’s sunbird (Nectarinia rockefelleri).Other bird species here include handsome francolin (Francolinus nobilis), Archer’s robin-chat (Cossypha archeri), and stripe-breasted tit (Parus fasciiventer). General Threats: Fire, grazing, and agriculture threaten this ecoregion. D rakensberg Montane Shrublands and Woodlands [105] – Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland Geographic Location: Southern Africa Biodiversity Features: These habitats occupy the mid to upperelevations—exhibiting patterns of regional altitudinal variation—of the Drakensberg Mountains in South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho as well as the Stormberg, Mount Andersson, and Soutpansberg Mountains farther to the north. The ecoregion is important for the large numbers of endemic grassland plants it supports, including areas of quartzite and dolomite rock in the northwestern portion. HIGH LEVELS OF ENDEMISM AMONG PLANTS, AND REPTILES TO A LESSER EXTENT DISTINGUISH THIS ECOREGION’S BIOTA. Selected Species: Bird species include Rudd’s lark (Heteromirafa ruddi), Drakensberg siskin (Serinus symonsi), orange-breasted rockjumper (Chaetops aurantius) and black-capped mountain babbler (Lioptilus nigricapillus). Plant species include Festuca caprina and several cycads, such as Encephalartos natalensis. The Drakensberg dwarf chameleon (Bradypodion dracomontanum) and species such as the spiny crag lizard (Pseudocordylus spinosus), Soutspansberg rock lizard (Australolacerta rupicola), Prickly Girdled Lizard (Pseudocordyl us spinosus), and Cottrell’s mountain lizard (Tropidosaura cottrelli) are among the reptiles found nowhere else in the world. Endemic amphibians include the mist belt chirping frog (Arthroleptella ngongoniensis) and aquatic river frog (Rana vertebralis). General Threats: Threats include conversion to agriculture, timber extraction, fire, bark-stripping of medicinal trees, soil erosion, cattle-grazing, firewood collection, aforestation with exotic trees, and otherinvasive plants. AustralasiaCentral Range Subalpine Grasslands [106] – Indonesia, Papua New GuineaGeographic Location: Central New Guinea Biodiversity Features: These disjunct meadow habitats form a tiny ecoregion—the only example of alpine shrublands in Australasia—that surrounds the highest peaks of New Guinea. Many unique plant, mammal, and bird species are found only in these sensitive areas. Today, approximately one-fifth of this fragile ecoregion has been destroyed. Selected Species: Endemic animals include two mammals, a shrew mouse (Pseudohydromys murinus) and a rat (Rattus novaeguineae) in addition to a number of birds: MacGregor’s bird of paradise (Macgregoria pulchra), Papuanb thornbill (Acanthiza murina), and wattled ploughbill (Eulacestoma nigropectus). General Threats: Much of this ecoregion remains intact. Indo-MalayanK inabalu Montane Scrub [107] – Malaysia Geographic Location: Northeastern Borneo Biodiversity Features: At 4,101 m, Mount Kinabalu is the highest mountain in Southeast Asia. It supports the greatest concentration of wild orchids on earth, with more than 77 species in addition to more magnolia species than in any comparable area. In total, there are estimated to be over 4,500 species of vascular plants in over 180 families with 950 genera. Many of the rarest species are restricted to ultramafic outcrops. The upper slopes harbor tree-like species of rhododendron, (Rhododendron buxifolium), heath rhododendron (Rhododendron ericoides), endemic pitcher plants, ferns, mosses, and figs. The fauna is also rich, with 289 species of birds (254 residents), 290 species of butterflies and moths, 7 species of treeshrew (including the endemic mountain treeshrew, Tupaia montana), 28 of the 34 Bornean species of squirrels, and over 90 lowland mammal species. This ecoregion blends higher elevation shrubland as well as lower forests. The only Asian example of tropical alpine shrublands with high levels of endemism Selected Species: Species include orchids (family Orchidaceae), pitcher plants (Nepenthes spp.), and heath rhododendron (Rhododendron ericoides). Mountain treeshrew (Tupaia montana), grizzled leaf monkey (Presbytis comata), Sunda otter-civet (Cynogale bennettii), Whitehead's pigmy squirrel (Exilisciurus whiteheadi), and the large pencil-tailed tree mouse (Chiropodomys major) are just a few of the characteristic mammals of the ecoregion. Among the numerous endemic birds found here are mountain serpent eagle (Spilornis kinabaluensis), red-breasted partridge (Arborophila hyperythra), and black-sided flowerpecker (Dicaeum monticolum). General Threats: Visitor pressure, absence of buffer zones, which has led to the illegal collecting of rare plants, lack of enforcement, commercial logging encroachment, shifting cultivation especially in the lower elevation of western Kinabalu Park, and degazettement of part of Kinabalu Park for mining and golf course development. Neotropical
orthern Andean Paramo [108] – Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Geographic Location: Northeastern South America Biodiversity Features: Paramo formations are restricted to the high peaks and mountain ranges of the tropics. Although paramo-like formations occur on isolated peaks and ranges in eastern and central Africa, in New Guinea, and on Mt. Kinabalu in Borneo, this habitat type is most extensive in the Neotropics. Paramo plants and animals display remarkable adaptations to the cold and dry conditions of high elevations. Many species are restricted to these habitats, and local endemism occurs in a wide range of taxa, particularly on more isolated peaks. These are the richest and largest examples of tropical montane grasslands and shrublands in the world, with high levels of endemism at regional and local scales General Threats: Frequent burning, grazing, the development of forest plantations, and conversion of habitats for agriculture threaten Paramo formations in some areas. Selected Species: Species include mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque), spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), frailejon (Espeletia spp.), and Tyrian metaltail hummingbird (Metallura tyrianthina).
Central Andean Dry Puna [109] – Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, PeruGeographic Location: Western South America Biodiversity Features: Overall, this ecoregion encompasses the south-central portion of the Andes Mountains and is characterized by a cold, dry climate. However, within this rather course, general pattern the numerous microclimates present provide the conditions necessary to support a rich array of well-adapted plants and animals. In particular, numerous mammals are found here and nowhere else. HIGH LEVELS OF ENDEMISM, PARTICULARLY FOR MAMMALS Selected Species: Mammals found here include 14 endemics, a possum (Gracilinanus aceramarcae), an armadillo (Chaetophractus nationi), and chozchoz (Octodontomys gliroides), the single species of the endemic genus. Wider ranging species include South American fox (Pseudalopex culpaeus), guanaco (Lama guanicoe), and the deer, Hippocamelus antisensis. General Threats: Conversion of lands to agriculture or for more extensive grazing may be cause for concern in this ecoregion. Palearctic
ibetan Plateau Steppe [110] – Afghanistan, China, India, Pakistan, Tajikistan Geographic Location: High plateau north of the Himalayas in Central Asia Biodiversity Features: The Tibetan Plateau is situated at the juncture of two zoogeographic realms, the Palearctic and Oriental. Due to its size and its position near the tropics, the Tibetan Plateau is one of the most ecoloically diverse alpine communities on Earth. Habitats range from gravelly, wind-blown perilacial environments to moist alpine pastures and scrub. THE TIBETAN PLATEAU INCLUDES The most intact example of montane grasslands in Eurasia with a relatively intact vertebrate fauna, The plateau is also one of the largest remaining terrestrial wilderness areas on Earth Selected Species: The region has highfaunal diversity. Many ungulate species are native to the plateau, since its expanses are well-suited to fleetfooted mammals that graze large areas. These are abundant in some areas and reduced in others, either as a result of hunting or competition with domestic livestock. Species include Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsoni), Tibetan wild ass (Equus hemionus), wild yak (Bos grunniens), and white-lipped deer (Cervus albirostris). Predators include snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and Tibetan sand fox (Vulpes ferrilata). Other species, such as the wolf (Canis lupis) and the Himalayan brownbear (Ursus arctos) are considered threatened. The Hume's ground jay (Pseudopodoces humili) is one of many characteristic bird species. Large raptors such as Himalayan griffon Gyps himalayensis and lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) also occur in the mountainous parts of the Tibetan Plateau.
EGeneral Threats: Despite low population density, hunting threatens many species of mammals and large birds.
Middle Asian Montane Steppe and Woodlands [111] – Afghanistan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, UzbekistanGeographic Location: Central Asia Biodiversity Features: This ecoregion is comprised of the Tian Shan, Pamirs and other, lesser mountain ranges. As is common in mountain regions, altitudinal complexity leads to the creation of isolated habitats and associated species diversity. The most diverse ecosystems are mixed forests and meadows between 1000 and 3000 meters where up to 15 percent of the flora is endemic. Higher mountain meadows possess remarkably high insect diversity. THIS CENTRAL ASIAN EXAMPLE OF A MONTANE GRASSLAND EXHIBITS A HIGH LEVEL OF ENDEMISM AND IS RECOGNIZED AS A CENTER OF PLANT DIVERSITY Selected Species: Forests of walnut (Juglans regia), and wild apple (Malus spp.) are found in the mid-montane slopes. Spruce (Picea schrenkiana) and juniper (Juniperus turkestanica) forests also form unique biotic communities. Grass species such as Festuca valesiaca, Potentilla nervosa and Primula algida dominate subalpine and alpine steppe. Carex pachystylis¸ and Poa bulbosa, are found on lowland grass savannas in the eastern Tian Shan and Pamirs. Examples of mammal species are snow leopard (Panthera unica), Tian Shan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus), Siberia mountain goat (Capra sibirica), Menzbier’s marmot (Marmota menzbiere), markhor (Capra falconeri) and Tian Shan argalis (Ovis argalis karelini). Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus), and ibisbill (Ibidorhyncha struthersii) are some of the avian residents of these mountainous lands. General Threats: Water diversion projects, deforestation, industrialization,and human population expansion threaten the biodiversity of this ecoregion, particularly at lower elevations. In higher altitude zones, grazing is of significant concern. astern Himalayan Alpine Meadows [112] – Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal Geographic Location: Mountains of South-Central Eurasia Biodiversity Features: The high elevation meadow and shrub habitat of India, Nepal, Bhutan, northern Myanmar and China supports a high diversity of species. Taxanomic groups that are especially species-rich include birds, butterflies and plants, many of which are rare or endemic. THE MOUNTAINS OF THE EASTERN HIMALAYA SUPPORT One of the world’s richest alpine floras with high levels of endemism Selected Species: Endemic plant species known from the alpine meadows of the region include Lactuca cooperi and Juncus sikkimensis, both of which are threatened. Ground orchids are an important part of the flora, and many of these are collected as medicinal species. Numerous species of dwarf Rhododendron occur here. These include Rhododendron calciphila, R. crebriflorum, R. chryseum, R. riparium, R. sanguineum, R. saluenense, and many others. In eastern Nepal, Rhododendron nivale, an aromatic species with miniscule leaves, grows to elevations of 5000 m. Mammals of this region include snow leopard (Panthera pardus), the endemic red goral (Naemorhedusbaileyi), the endemic squirrel (Petauristasp.), wolf (Canis lupis), the dhole or Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus). Himalayan black bear (Ursus thibetanus), and red panda (Ailurus fulgens). These species are characteristic of the subalpine elevations, but may wander above treeline as well. Among the numerous birds found in this ecoregion are the yellow-backed sunbird (Aethopyga nipalensis), redheaded trogon (Harpactes erythrocephalus), Himalayan Quail (Ophrysia superciliosa), and Impeyan Pheasant (Lophophorus impejanus). General Threats: The primary human activity in the Eastern Himalayan alpine is livestock grazing. Yaks, yak-cattle crosses, goats and horses are present in most accessible places that support adequate vegetation. Ecological effects include competition for forage with wild ungulates, fuelwood consumption, especially when milk is made into cheese, and hunting of predators like wolf and snow leopard. Medicinal plant collection and activities related to mountain tourism may also have some local impact here. Tundra Extreme northern latitudes support vast frozen plains; numerous lakes and small streams also characterize these landscapes. Structurally, the Tundra is a treeless expanse that supports communities of sedges and heaths as well as dwarf shrubs. Vegetation is generally scattered, although it can be patchy reflecting changes in soil and moisture gradients. Most precipitation falls in the form of snow during the winter while soils tend to be acidic and saturated with water where not frozen. Nearctic
laskan North Slope Coastal Tundra [113] – Canada, United States Geographic Location: Northeastern North America Biodiversity Features: Because of the harsh, northern latitude, mountainous climate and terrain of the North Slope of the Brooks Range, vegetation cover is sparse, and restricted largely to valleys and lower slopes. Nevertheless, this region supports numerous species of rare plants; particularly many dwarf varieties and shrubs. The Porcupine caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) herd breeds here, one of North America’s largest. One of the world’s most intact and diverse examples of arctic tundra, many outstanding large-scale ecological phenomena still relatively intact Selected Species: The shrubby tundra vegetation found here consists of dwarf birch (Betula sp.), willow (Salix spp.), northern Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), and a nearly continuous cover of mosses on wet soils. These include Aulacomnium, and Ditrichum. Mammal species include polar bear (Ursus maritimus), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), Dall sheep (Ovis dalli), caribou (Rangifer tarandus), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), red fox (Vulpes fulva) and brown and collared lemmings (Lemmus trimucronatus, and Dicrostonyx groenlandicus respectively). Among the bird species found in this ecoregion are Smith's longspur (Calcarius pictus), bluethroat (Luscinia svecica), snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca), gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus), peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), and rough-legged hawks (Buteo lagopus).
General Threats: Development for oil seriously threatens the ecological integrity of this ecoregion. C anadian Low Arctic Tundra [114] – Canada Geographic Location: Northern North America Biodiversity Features: This region contains excellent habitat for waterfowl; in fact, many species of birds depend on these habitats for the majority, if not all, of their nesting habitat. These include much of the world’s population of lesser and greater snow geese (Chen caerulescens), Red-throated loon (Gavia stellata), Canada geese (Branta canadensis), and others. Flowering herbaceous plants, many restricted to these habitats, brighten the tundra in summer. One of the largest and most outstanding examples of arctic tundra in North America Selected Species: Most of the ecoregion is characterized by a continuous cover of shrubby tundra vegetation. Tundra-forest transitional areas include black spruce (Picea mariana), white spruce (P. glauca), tamarack (Larix laricina), dwarf birch (Betula sp.), willow (Salix spp.), heath species, and many lichen species. Barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus), grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), polar bear (Ursus maritimus), arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), moose (Alces alces), Arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii), river otters (Lontra canadensis), least weasels (Mustela nivalis), and brown lemming (Lemmus trimucronatus) are other mammals typically found in this ecoregion. Bird species characteristic of the area include snowy owls (Nyctea scandiaca), Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus), Red-necked phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus), and Hoary redpoll (Carduelis hornemanni). General Threats: Tourism, oil and gas exploration, and pollution are threats to the biodiversity in this ecoregion. Palearctic enno-Scandia Alpine Tundra and Taiga [115] – Finland, Norway, Russia, Sweden Geographic Location: Northern Europe Biodiversity Features: Some of the most rugged terrain in all of Europe is located in this ecoregion as the mountains have been deeply gouged by glaciers and numerous rivers. The ecoregion also contains rolling meadows, birch and pine forests, extensive wetlands and heathlands. The array of diverse habitats supports an unusual variety of flora and fauna for this latitude. Rivers of the Kola Peninsula provide valuable spawning habitat for native salmon. Dense bird colonies are common along the coast and on nearby islands. The ecoregion includes a large number of protected areas that are linked across international boundaries. Inaccessibility offers additional protection to rare plants and larger predators. SOME OF THE MOST INTACT HABITATS IN EUROPE, CONTAINING AN UNUSUALLY HIGH DIVERSITY OF PLANTS FOR SUCH HIGH LATITUDES Selected Species: Characteristic fauna include widespread species such as lynx (Lynx lynx), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), bear (Ursus arctos), and muskox (Ovibos moschatus). Golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria), lapland bunting (Calcarius lapponicus), common scoter (Melanitta nigra), and rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus) are examples of birds found in the region. Representative plants include Rhododendron lapponicum, Lotus corniculatus, Gentiana purpurea, Papaver radicatum, Artemisia norvegica and northern beech fern (Dryopteris phegopteris). Many of the lakes support plentiful populations of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). General Threats: Petroleum development, logging and tourism all have negative effects in this ecoregion. Climate change could increasingly threaten the integrity of habitats.
aimyr and Siberian Coastal Tundra [116] – Russia Geographic Location: Central region of north coast of Eurasia, including the Yamal and Gydan peninsulas Biodiversity Features: This ecoregion contains a wide range of montane and coastal tundra habitats in relatively intact condition. The largest migrating herd of wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Asia is contained within this ecoregion. It also provides nesting areas for approximately 50 bird species, of which nine are endangered. The region's freshwater systems support nearly 60 species of fish and are important spawning grounds for certain species. THE HOME OF THE LARGEST MIGRATING HERD OF WILD REINDEER AND A NESTING GROUND FOR NUMEROUS SPECIES OF WATERFOWL Selected Species: Large mammals include reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), polar bear (Thalarctos maritimus), walrus (Odobenus rosmarus laptevi), and wolf (Canis lupis). Bean goose (Anser fabalis), red breasted goose (Rubibrenta ruficollis), lesser white-fronted goose (Anser erythropus), gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), and Bewick's swan (Cygnus bewickii) are listed in Russia’s Red Book. General Threats: While much of the Arctic remains intact, mining, heavy industry, nuclear power plants, and air pollution threaten certain locations. Climate change could increasingly threaten the integrity of habitats.
hukote Coastal Tundra [117] – Russia Geographic Location: Northeastern corner of Eurasia Biodiversity Features: Adjacent to sunken Berengia, the Chukote Peninsula has functioned as a distribution center for a significant amount of arctic flora and fauna. Nowadays, both Chukotka and the Alaskan tundra exhibit higher species richness and abundance than adjacent tundras to the east and west. In Chukotka alone, approximately 50 plants are considered Berengian endemics. The ecoregion represents the westernmost limit of distribution for many North American species. species rich tundra with berengian relicts of asiatic and american origin. Selected Species: There is an abundance of common arctic mammals such as polar bear (Thalarctos maritimus), wolf (Canis lupis), Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens), and Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus). Seabird colonies of crested auklet (Aethia cristatella), least auklet (A. pusilla) and Parakeet auklet (Cyclorrhynchus psittacula), populate the coastline along with spoon-billed sandpiper (Eurynorhynchus pygmeus), horned and tufted puffin (Fratercula corniculata and Lunda cirrhata) on the shores. Examples of rare endemic plants in the Russian Red Book include Artemisia senjavinensis, Cardamine sphenophylla, and Arabidopsis tschuktschorum. General Threats: The region suffers from increasing exploitation of wildlife in addition to industrial development. The growing demand for eggs of rare birds by collectors now threatens several endangered species. Climate change could increasingly threaten the integrity of habitats. At this time, there are no existing protected areas on the peninsula. Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub ecoregions are characterized by hot and dry summers, while winters tend to be cool and moist. Most precipitation arrives during these months. This combination has led to the development of vegetation in each of the ecoregions that is very similar in the structural characteristics: broadleaf evergreen shrubs and and dwarf trees. Associated with these plants is an herbaceous understory. Fire is a frequent visitor to these MHTs, thus, most plants are adapted to, or even dependent on, this disturbance for their persistence. Afrotropical
ynbos [118] – South Africa Geographic Location: Southern tip of Africa Biodiversity Features: Recognized as one of the botanical kingdoms of the world, the Fynbos region of South Africa has a richer flora than any other area of comparable size in Africa. There are an estimated 8,500 species of vascular plants found here, of which 70 percent are endemic. One of only five Mediterranean shrublands in the world, THIS ECOREGION HARBORS EXCEPTIONALLY High PLANT endemism in both species & genera AS WELL AS high beta diversity. globally outstanding radiations in several plant taxa Selected Species: Among the thousands of impressive plant species found here are the marsh rose (Oromthamnus zeyheri), king protea (Protea cynaroides), pincushion protea (Leucospermum cordifolium), Amaryllis belladona, Gladiolus pillansii, Erica thunbergii, Tritoniopsis burchellii, Aulax cancellata, Mimetes splendidus, Nebelia sphaerocephala, and Cyrtanthus flammosus. Recently discovered plants include such species as Mimetes chrysanthus and Leucadendron eucalyptifolium. A number of restioids, or ancient forerunners to today’s true grasses, are characteristic of fynbos, including Chondrophetalum tectorum, Askidiosperma nitidum, and Anthochortus crinalis. The region supports a diverse array of frogs and other amphibians, including several sensitive species: the endangered Table Mountain ghost frog (Heleophryne rosei), the vulnerable Cape rain frog (Breviceps gibbosus), the restricted Cape caco (Cacosternum capense), and the Cape platanna (Xenops gilli). Cape sugarbird (Promerops cafer), orange-breasted sunbird (Nectarinia violacea), and Cape francolin (Francolinus capensis) are among the birds found in this ecoregion. Mammal species include a number of endemics, such as bontebok (Damaliscus dorcasdorcas), grysbok (Raphicerus melanotis), plus two species of Cape golden moles, Chrysochloris asiatica and C. visagiei. Endemic reptiles include the rare geometric tortoise (Psammobates tentorius), southern adder (Bitis armata), Cape rock gecko (Afroedura hawequensis), black birded lizard (Cordylus niger), and small-scaled leaf-toed gecko (Goggia microlepidota). General Threats: This area has been heavily settled for several centuries, and large areas of natural vegetation, particularly in the lowlands, have been cleared for agriculture and urban development. Invasive alien species, both plant and animal, together with altered fire regimes, pose great threats to this ecoregion. Australasia
outhwestern Australia Forests and Scrub [119] – Australia Geographic Location: Southwestern Australia Biodiversity Features: Like Chilean matorral, South African fynbos, or Californian chaparral, habitats in southwestern Australia enjoy a Mediterranean climate, with mild temperatures, winter rain, and summer drought. Combined with well-drained, generally sandy soils, these conditions give rise to rare plant and animal communities. Among the Mediterranean shrublands worldwide, those in southwestern Australia support the second richest plant communities, next to the extremely rich Fynbos of southern Africa. This botanical province also contains other forest, woodland, and heath communities of very high botanical diversity and endemism, including approximately 5,500 vascular plants, of which approximately 68 percent are endemics. TOGETHER WITH THE SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA ECOREGION, One of only five Mediterranean shrubland COMPLEXES in the world, which collectively harbor 20% of the Earth’s plant species, high endemism at species & genera levels, high beta diversity, the only Mediterranean shrublands in australia Selected Species: Characteristic tree species include bushy yate (Eucalyptus lehmannii), jarrah (E. marginata), red flowered mallee (E. erythronema), and many others. Other plant species include Albany pitcher plant (Cephalotus follicularis), blue china orchid (Caladenia gemmata), and many-flowered fringed lily (Thysanotus multiflorus). Red-winged wren (Malurus elegans), splendid fairywren (M. splendens), singing honeyeater (Lichenostomus virescens), and the endemic noisy scrub bird (Atrichornis clamosus) are just a few of the birds in this ecoregion. Members of the endemic herpetofauna of this ecoregion include species such as many-eyed gecko (Diplodactylus polyophthalmus), keel-scaled skink (Ergernia pulchra), purple blind snake (Ramphotyphlops leptosoma), slender treefrog (Litoria adelaidensis), swamp burrowing frog (Heleioporus inornatus), and Nicholls' toadlet (Metacrinia nichollsi). Mammals with restricted ranges include Ningaui yvonnae and banded hare-wallaby (Lagostrophus fasciatus), plus a number of other species with wider distributions: numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus), red-tailed phascogale (Phascogale calura), and honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus). General Threats: Unsustainable logging, expansion of agricultural clearing, overgrazing, weeds and feral animals, burning and altered fire regimes, urban development, introduced plant species and diseases (Phytophthora fungus) are major threats.
outhern Australia Mallee and Woodlands [120] - Australia Geographic Location: Southern Australia Biodiversity Features: Together with the southern Australia ecoregion, one of only five Mediterranean shrubland complexes in the world. Although not as rich as the nearby Mediterranean shrublands in southwestern Australia, these woodlands are extremely diverse, supporting an array of plant and animal wealth. Native plant communities include those dominated by mallee (Eucalyptus diversitfolia) that are distributed along coastal dunes and swampy areas dominated by species of Gahnia. COMPRISING A PORTION OF ONE OF THE FIVE MEDITERANNEAN SHRUBLAND COMPLEXES IN THE WORLD, THIS ECOREGION IS AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTOR TO WORLDWIDE PLANT DIVERSITY. IT IS ALSO RELATIVELY HIGH IN SPECIES RICHNESS FOR A NUMBER OF ANIMAL TAXA, INCLUDING MAMMALS AND REPTILES Selected Species: Dominant plants include mallee (Eucalyptus diversitfolia), Melaleuca lanceolata, and Hakea rugosa in addition to numerous herbaceous species such as morning flag (Orthrosanthus multiformis), desert baeckea (Baeckea crassifolia), and silvery phebalium (Pheballium bullatum). Birds found in this ecoregion are numerous; among those with the smallest ranges are beautiful firetail (Stagonopleura bella), skylark (Alauda arvensis), little raven (Corvus mellori), Gilbert’s whistler (Pachycephala inornata), and the endemic red-lored whistler (P. rufogularis). General Threats: Much of the native vegetation in this ecoregion has been cleared for agriculture or for grazing. Today portions of the ecoregion are managed for commercial forestry including some public lands. Nearctic
alifornia Chaparral and Woodlands [121] – Mexico, United States Geographic Location: Southwestern North America Biodiversity Features: California coastal sage, or chaparral, is one of the most endangered ecosystems in North America. Development along the increasingly crowded seashore threatens to destroy this rare habitat. THIS ECOREGION IS One of THE five Mediterranean shrublands, WHICH tOGETHER, harbor 20% of the Earth’s plant species. high endemism at species & genera levels, high beta diversity, the only Mediterranean shrubland in North America Selected Species: Species include the endangered California gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica), Costa’s hummingbird (Calypte costae), coast horned lizard (Phrynosoma coronatum), and rosy boa (Lichanura trivirgata). Other animals found here are the endangered Heermann kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermani), Santa Cruz kangaroo rat (Dipodomys venustus), and white-eared pocket mouse (Perognathus alticolus). The flora of this ecoregion includes tree species such as gray or foothill pine (Pinus sabiniana), scrub oak (Quercus dumosa), California buckeye (Aesculus californica), the rare Gowen cypress (Cupressus goveniana), the rare Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa), and a wealth of endemic plant species, including the extremely rare San Gabriel Mountain liveforever (Dudlea densiflora), Catalina mahogany (Cercocarpus traskiae) and the threatened most beautiful jewel-flower (Streptanthus albidus ssp. Peramoenus) General Threats: Threats involve the establishment of exotic species, overgrazing by cattle, and disruption of the natural fire regime. NeotropicalC hilean Matorral [122] – Chile Geographic Location: Southwestern South America Biodiversity Features: The Chilean matorral represents the only Mediterranean scrub ecoregion in all of South America, and one of only five such ecosystems in the world. High levels of species richness, and regional and local endemism, particularly among plants characterize the plant and animal life. One of only five Mediterranean shrublands in the world, which collectively harbor 20% of the Earth’s plant species, high endemism at species & genera levels, the only Mediterranean shrubland in SOuth america Selected Species: Plant species include the cactus Trichocereus litoralis, four endemic tree genera (Gomortega, Jubaea, Legrandia, Pitavia), and one endemic tree family (Gomortegaceae), as well as members of the Nothofagus genus, the southern beeches. Numerous other endemic plant genera include Pitavia, Valdivia, Gomortega, Tetilla, Lardizabala, and Latua. Jubea is a monotypic endemic genus containing Jubea chilensis, the huge and locally distributed Chilean palm. Mammals include 5 endemic rodents, as well as the mouse opossum, Marmosa elegans. Birds include 15 endemics, 3 in the family Rhinocryptidae. There are also numerous lizards of the Liolaemus genus, the south american swifts. General Threats: The ecoregion is threatened by conversion for agriculture, pasture, and development, frequent anthropogenic fires, exotic species, and grazing. Palearctic
editerranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub [123] – Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canary Islands (Spain), Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Gibraltar (U.K.), Greece, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Madeira Islands (Portugal), Malta, Monaco, Morocco, Portugal, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Western Sahara (Morocco), Yugoslavia Geographic Location: Southern Europe, Northern Africa, western Near East and Asia Minor Biodiversity Features: Known as the cradle of civilization, the Mediterranean region has been subject to ecosystem degradation for millennia. Yet the region retains its biological significance due to a high level of plant endemism and the occurrence of many relict species, especially along the coasts. The variety of flora is estimated at over 25,000 species, of which over half are endemic. Turkey and Greece still contain a large proportion of endemic plants. The Atlas mountian chain in Morocco is also noted for its high number of endemic plants. an Impressive DIVERSITY OF VASCULAR PLANTS, INCLUDING 13,000 ENDEMICS, GROW IN THESE LANDSCAPES SURROUNDING THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA. Selected Species: Habitats throughout the ecoregion support numerous endemic plants: Polygonum idaeum, found on limestone mountains, the grazing-resistant Verbascum spinosum, the monotypic Petramarula pinnata, and the relict species Jankaea heldreichei and Arabis josiae. Most large mammals within the region are considered endangered. They include leopard (Panthera pardus), endemic Maghreb deer (Cervus elaphus barbaricus) macaque (Macaca sylvanus), Iberian lynx (Lynx pardina), bear (Ursus arctos), wolf (Canis lupus), Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) and Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia). Bird species include white-breasted kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis), Bonelli’s eagle (Hieraaeutus pennatus), long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus), lesser short-toed lark (Calandrella rufescens), rufous bush robin (Cercotrichas glactotes), Moussier’s redstart (Phoenicurus moussieri), black wheatear (Oenanthe leucura), scrub warbler (Scotocerca inquieta), fan-tailed warbler (Cisticola juncidis), olive-tree warbler (Hippolais pallida), laurel pigeon (Columba junoniae) and spectacled warbler (Sylvia conspicillata). Reptiles include banded lizard-fingered gecko (Saurodactylus fasciatus), Mediterranean worm lizard (Blanus mettetali), and Andreansky’s lizard (Lacerta andreanskyi). General Threats: Most natural communities have been degraded or permanently altered throughout the Mediterranean basin. The ecoregion is threatened by continuing conversion to agriculture, pasture, and urban areas. Frequent fires, logging of remaining native woodlands, exotic species, and intensive grazing are also threats. Deserts and Xeric Shrublands Worldwide Deserts and Xeric Shrublands vary greatly in the amount of annual rainfall they receive; however, generally evaporation exceeds the total amount rainfall in these regions. Temperature variability is also extremely diverse in these remarkable lands. Not surprisingly, the diversity of climatic conditions—though quite harsh—supports a rich diversity of habitats. Many of these habitats are ephemeral in nature—reflecting the paucity and seasonality of available water. Woody-stemmed shrubs and plants characterize vegetation in these regions. Above all, these plants have evolved to minimize water loss. Animal biodiversity is equally well-adapted and quite diverse. Directory: downloads downloads -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations downloads -> Dynatest 3031 lwd light Weight Deflectometer downloads -> Forth coming competitive exams downloads -> Brush High School Morning Announcements Friday, September 05, 2014 all school downloads -> Year 9 The Arts — Music downloads -> Years 7 and 8 standard elaborations — Australian Curriculum: Music draft downloads -> Chris Young sets 2016 “I’m Comin’ Over” Tour headlining dates downloads -> Slavery and Abolition: the Plymouth Connection Introduction downloads -> Summer Assignment Download 2.75 Mb. Share with your friends:
|