The ministry of economic development of the republic of azerbaijan rehabilitation and closure of unauthorized dump sites in the greater baku area environmental
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- 4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 4.1. OPEN DUMPS PROBLEMS
- Impact on surface water.
- Impact on human health.
- 4.2. IDENTIFICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 4.2.1 Introduction
- 4.2.2.1. Biophysical impact
- 4.2.2.2 Social-economic impact
- 4.2.2.3. Cultural impact
- 4.2.4. Characterization of dump sites project impact as a function of weaknesses
- Low level weakness Medium level weakness High level weakness
- Natural living environment
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Table 3.3 A list of the State protected historical-cultural monuments of Greater Baku according to their value In Mashtaga, the biggest settlement of Baku, there are the monuments of relatively later era besides the human dwelling remnants related the Bronze and Iron Ages: BIRA ARBUTAY mosque (1414), KHOJA AYDAMİR mosque, Gazikhana, Khoja Karbalayi Huseyn mosque (XVIII century), mosque built in XIII-XIV centuries where 40 m high minaret was added later, XVII century bath-house, water reservoir (XIX century); Agil Baba, Khoja Aslan, Hasanbey, Khoja Aydamir tombs (XVIII century). Ancient mosques, roads, water reservoirs, ancient grave-yard (XV century), bath-houses, human settlements related to the Bronze Age are preserved in “Gala” Baku State Historical – Ethnographic Reserve located in Gala settlement. Gala settlement which is distinguished with its originality in Absheron is sometimes called “Ichari Shahar” (Old Town) of Baku. The Fire Worshipers Temple in Baku, Atashgah (XVII century) is located on the rocks in Surakhany settlement. Here, the natural gas coming out from the earth is burning for many thousand years. Ancient “Ichari Shahar” (Old Town) is the most interesting among the Baku historical monuments and surrounded by big tower wall from three sides. The Palace of Shirvanshahs and various constructions complexes related to it (mausoleum, the Palace mosque, court-house, the Palace bath-house, mausoleum of Seyid Yahya Bakuvi, the Palace scientist (Darvish tomb) are located here. The Palace of Shirvanshahs was built by Şirvanşah I Khalilullah (1417-1462) and his son, Farrukh Yasar (1462-1501). Juma mosque also is of interest among the Ichari Shahar ancient monuments. One text written by Sultan Oljaytun (XIII century) is left in the building of this mosque. Gyz Galasy (Maiden’s Tower) built in XII century and one of the most significant historical-architectural monuments of Azerbaijan is located at the Ichari Shahar (Old Town) side. 4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 4.1. OPEN DUMPS PROBLEMS One can say that all human activities create wastes in a certain form. Most of the separate parts of wastes, including those from houses and offices are not directly hazardous in itself for the public health. But when those wastes are taken (or not taken) kept, collected and unloaded they can create risks for the environment and public health. The control over those risks is regulated by the environmental and public health related Laws and Regulations. Indeed, some of the earliest Regulations on the environment and public health relate to the solid waste management in the cities and prohibition of their unloading in the streets. Big heaps of uncontrolled decaying materials in the residential areas are easily accessible for rodents that spread diseases. Creation of the environment for some infectious diseases with arboviruses as well as for the propagation of insects and flies is connected with wastes. Some flying insects are directly the sources of endemic diseases conducting. Wastes that are not collected also block the drainage channels thus increasing the health problems connected with the stagnant water collection. Besides, waste that is not collected always creates danger for people, especially children living not far from those places to be physically injured. In general, the environmental protection, clean and healthy living condition in the cities, settlements and villages is impossible without the reliable and regular collection and elimination of waste. It is true that a lot of efforts have been demonstrated in Baku and settlements for the improvement of waste collection services. Now, it is high time to pay that attention to the improvement of waste unloading standards. Open unloading is neither safe nor hygienic. It is clear that simply collecting wastes from the city streets and their unloading around the city or the sites near the settlements in order to prevent the risks is not realistic at present. If wastes are not rendered harmless at the sites which do not comply with the relevant standards and they are unloaded at the open site, this can have a negative impact on the environment’s components described below: Impact on surface water. This impact mainly happens when effluents containing hazardous components in unauthorised waste mix with surface water. Toxic sodium chlorides, organic matters (BOD, COD) and nitrogen compounds dominate in metals (heavy metals) contained in effluents. Impact on ground and ground water. The main reasons for this impact are wastes and effluents containing various contaminators. Impact on atmosphere. Illegal open dumping of organic, or partly organic waste, results in an anaerobic degradation of the waste and consequently a production of landfill gas, consisting mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. If the landfill gas is not collected and burnt it can cause odour problems in the neighbourhood and will also contribute to an increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The whole period of landfill gas generation from the site depends on the waste type and anaerobic activity in the landfill. When mixed with oxygen the landfill gas poses a risk for explosions and the occurrence of landfill gas also increases the risk for fires at the landfill. Aerosols from the leachate treatment facility may also be emitted and windblown. There are two main sources of odour at the site: odour from the degradation of the organic waste (landfill gas) and odour from the leachate ponds. Impact on human health. Open dump sites also have a strong negative impact on the human health. In general, four categories of impacts of badly projected and operated waste disposal sites on the human health can be identified:
Disposal of the remnant waste on the ground is inevitable. This is the last point of any waste management system. But the sites for the waste unloading have to be accordingly built and operated, otherwise the city authorities and local population will continue thinking that their health problems are only connected with waste collection. Open disposal of waste is the mostly spread disposal method. If the last leaving place for waste is the open dump site, then no careful waste collection or treatment can mitigate the hazards of disposal for the health. The main impact ways of open dump sites on the environment is schematically shown infigure 4.1.
Figure 4.1. The ways of exposure to hazardous impact because of the open dump sites (Source: Solid Waste Dump Sites in the countries with Medium- and Low Income: Technical Instructions on Planning, Construction and Operation. WB, Technical Article №. 426, WB, Washington, D.C. 1999) 4.2. IDENTIFICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 4.2.1 Introduction Any kind of changes connected with the activities relating to solid waste management in the environmental condition can be accepted as the ecological impact. The main aim of the impact identification is the exact defining of separate (concrete) areas that can be exposed to impact in the process. Impact can be hazardous or useful. Identification of impacts begins at the vision and analysis of work volume stage. As ESIA analyses still go on, “new” impacts requiring further examinations can be identified. The quantitative description of impacts is the most difficult side of ESIA. But, for the Solid Waste Management sector this, in certain degree, can be done on the basis of corresponding processes and technologies used. 4.2.2. Types of Impacts The following types of impacts have to be examined:
4.2.2.1. Biophysical impact Biophysical impact has to cover physical impacts on the biophysical reserves connected with the implementation of SWM project, for example:
4.2.2.2 Social-economic impact The assessment of social-economic changes connected with the implementation of the Solid Waste Management project shows the social-economic impact condition inside and outside the project site. The impact can be positive (for example, chance for new work places for the local population) or negative (e.g. social conflict).
4.2.2.3. Cultural impact Impact of the Solid Waste Management project on the cultural and religious environment of the site should be studied. The historical places and traditional experiences (rules) that can have an impact are included in those studies. 4.2.3 Nature of impacts Due to their nature, impacts can be classified as follows:
a) Direct impact: The direct impact means the direct changes of the current ecological condition being the result of the project activities, e.g. bad smell from the uncovered or full containers from where the waste falls down and spreads in the accumulation places, keeping wastes for several days in the transportation station, uncontrolled waste disposal in dump sites without its covering with sand. b) Indirect impact: The indirect impact is also known as the second impact; it appears when the impact of environment’s one component creates the reciprocal impact for other related components. The direct impact can have long-term (with serious ending) results and depending on the concrete system structure and function accepted by the project it can create a number of indirect impacts. High-performance economic activity connected with building a new entry road to the dump site inside and outside the project area is an example of indirect impact on the dump site project (with long-term results). c) Cumulative impact: Though an impact of a separate activity on the environment can not be so significant, at the same time the joint impact made of a series of similar impacts created by one or more projects can be significant. Special attention should be paid to the cumulative impacts similar to those created by the solid waste management projects that have an impact on the identified site distributing common reserves. For the project implementation with less expenditure, distribution of the central waste transportation station and/or solid waste dump site for many residential areas inside the district is an example of cumulatively profitable impact. Cumulative impact can be predicted beforehand through accumulation of individual impacts. 4.2.4. Characterization of dump sites project impact as a function of weaknesses The specialists of ACEP Company made an inventory of unauthorised dump sites (UDS) in the Greater Baku area. The representatives of “Tamiz Shahar” OJSC also participated in the inventory process. The reports prepared on the inventory materials have been agreed with “Tamiz Shahar” OJSC. During the next process, the field researches were carried out with the representatives of HPC-PASECO Ltd Company that prepared the Feasibility Study and Conceptual Design reports on the Components included in the Advisory services for the “Designing of the rehabilitation and/or closure of facilities designed for making the wastes in the Greater Baku area including the Balakhany landfill harmless”. ACEP representatives participated in the process of UDS risk assessment done by HPC-PASECO Ltd Company. The risk assessment for each area was carried out including the criteria described below
After the risk assessment and identification of impacts as shown above (4.2.2), a method of functions of impacts’ weak points was used during the assessment of the environmental impact of the unauthorised dump sites and the project on the closure/rehabilitation of dump sites. The weak points based on the characterization of the project impacts are reviewed in the Table 4.1. given below.
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